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Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Nature of Science
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Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Dec 25, 2015

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Leonard Collins

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Page 1: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before?

Important Vocabulary

Inference

Indirect evidence

Nature of Science

Page 2: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.
Page 3: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.
Page 4: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.
Page 5: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.
Page 6: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.
Page 7: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

The Black Box Lab

Purpose Materials Procedure Results Table (20 pts)Post Lab Questions (30 pts)

Page 8: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.
Page 9: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.
Page 10: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Results (20 pts)

Box # Inferences Model

Example

a)

b)

c)

1

a)

b)

c)

Page 11: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Post Lab Questions (30pts)

1. How did you construct your model of what was in the boxes?

2. How do you know if something exists if you have never seen it before?

3. How does this lab relate to the scientific method?

4. To create a more accurate model, what would you want to do next without looking inside the boxes?

5. How do you think scientists use or have used empirical evidence to create models? (hint: think about topics in this class)

Page 12: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Contents of Each Box

• Box 1- Wooden block

• Box 2 - 3 Pennies

• Box 3 - 2 Straws

• Box 4 - 10 Stickers

• Box 5 - Pill Canister

• Box 6 – 2 Rubber bands

• Box 7 - 1 Dice

• Box 8- 10 Beads

• Box 9 - 10 Lima Beans

• Box 10 - 2 Cotton Balls

Page 13: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Closure: watch video “have you ever seen an atom?”

Exit Pass – how does today’s lab relate to the discovery of the atom?

What does an atom actually look like?

http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?v=yqLlgIaz1L0
Page 14: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

It is now your turn to do some research…

You will be assigned a scientist to become an expert on

This scientist had an impact on the historical development of the atom

YOUR JOB: give a creative, informative poster on your scientist and how they influenced the historical development of the atom

You are then going to share your poster with others to inform them about your scientist.

Historical Scientists Jigsaw Activity

Page 15: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Textbook Info

Dalton – pg 77-78

Thomson – pg 79

Rutherford – pg 81

Bohr – pg 91

DeBroglie – pg 91

Page 16: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Atoms

New section in table of contents

Page 17: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Aristotle & Democritus

First philosophers to start thinking about the atom and its component

Smallest divisible component vs. indivisible particle

Page 18: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Dalton

Billiard Ball Model

Provided evidence for how we know atoms exist

Page 19: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

EQ 1: How do we know atoms exist?

KC 1: Law of definite proportions – a chemical compound always contains the same elements in exactly the same proportions by weight or mass

KC 2: Law of conservation of mass

KC 3: Law of multiple proportions – when 2 elements combine to form 2 or more compounds, the mass of one element that combines with a given mass of the other is in the ratio of small whole numbers

Page 20: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

EQ 2: What are the five postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory

The ancient Greeks tried to explain matter, but the scientific study of the atom began with John Dalton in the early 1800's.

Page 21: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

KC 1: All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms, which cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed

Many ancient scholars believed matter was composed of such things as earth, water, air, and fire.

Many believed matter could be endlessly divided into smaller and smaller pieces

EQ 2: What are the five postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory

Page 22: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

KC 2: Atoms of a given element are identical in their physical and chemical properties

KC 3: Atoms of different elements differ in their physical and chemical properties

EQ 2: What are the five postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory

Page 23: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

KC 4: Atoms of different elements combine in simple, whole-number ratios to form compounds

KC 5: In chemical reactions,

atoms are combined,

separated, or rearranged

but never created,

destroyed, or changed

EQ 2: What are the five postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory

Page 24: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Thomson

Plum pudding model

Introduced the idea that electrons are located outside the nucleus

Page 25: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Rutherford

Discovered the nucleus

Used the gold foil experiment

Page 26: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

EQ 3: What model of the atom will we use?

KC 1: Bohr suggested that electrons move in circular orbitals around the nucleus

Bohr’s model of the atom gives us a good starting point for understanding more about the atom

Page 27: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

EQ 3: What model of the atom will we use?

KC 2: How to draw a Bohr model of an atom

1) Find your element on the periodic table.

2) Determine the number of electrons – it is the same as the atomic number.

3) Determine the number of circular orbits the atom has.

4) Add electrons = atomic number

- 1st shell can hold two

- 2nd and 3rd can hold eight

Page 28: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Bohr model of the atom

Elements in the 1st period have one energy level.

Elements in the 2nd period have two energy levels, and so on.

Page 29: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

C

Bohr model of the atom

Draw a nucleus with the element symbol inside.

Carbon is in the 2nd period, so it has two energy levels, or shells.

Draw the shells around the nucleus.

Page 30: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Bohr model of the atom

Element name

Atomic number = number of protons = number of electrons (for now…)

Element symbol

Average atomic mass

Page 31: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

C

Bohr model of the atom

Add the electrons.

Carbon has 6 electrons.

The first shell can only hold 2 electrons.

Page 32: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

C

Bohr model of the atom

Since you have 2 electrons already drawn, you need to add 4 more.

These go in the 2nd shell.

Add one at a time -starting on the right side and going counter clock-wise.

Page 33: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

C

Bohr model of the atom

Check your work. You should have 6 total

electrons for Carbon. Only two electrons can

fit in the 1st shell. The 2nd shell can hold up

to 8 electrons. The 3rd shell can hold 18,

but the elements in the first few periods only use 8 electrons.

Page 34: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Bohr model of the atom

KC 3: The lowest allowable energy state of an atom is called its ground state.

KC 4: When an atom gains energy, it is in an excited state.

Wavelike properties of electron help relate atomic emission spectra, energy states of atoms, and atomic orbitals

Page 35: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.
Page 36: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Bohr model of the atom

A photon is a particle of electromagnetic radiation having zero mass and carrying a quantum of energy.

When a photon strikes an atom it gives the atoms more energy. If enough photons strike an atom it may cause electrons to jump levels.

Page 37: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Bohr model of the atom

KC 5: The excited state occurs when an atom has a higher potential energy than it has at its ground state.

When an excited atom falls back to its ground state the substance will give off a unique color of light.

Page 38: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Bohr model of the atom

KC 6: The behavior of electrons is still not fully understood, but it is known that they do not move around the nucleus in circular orbits

We use Bohr’s model because it is easy to picture and gives us a basic understanding of the atom

Page 39: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Whiteboard Practice

Draw the Bohr model for the following elements:Boron

Calcium

Chlorine

Nitrogen

Page 40: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

EQ 4: What is an atom made of?

Know Want to know Learned

Page 41: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

EQ 4: What is an atom made of?

KC 1: An atom is made of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons. Electrons move around the nucleus.

Page 42: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

EQ 4: What is an atom made of?

KC 2: The number of protons and the mass number define the identity of the atom

Each element contains a unique positive charge in their nucleus

Page 43: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

What is an atom made of?

KC 3: The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom identifies the element and is known as the element’s atomic number

Page 44: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Atoms and Isotopes

All atoms of a particular element have the same number of protons and electrons but the number of neutrons in the nucleus can differ

KC 4: Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes

Page 45: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.
Page 46: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.
Page 47: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Atomic Mass and Isotopes

The relative abundance of each isotopes is usually constant

Isotopes containing more neutrons have a greater mass

Isotopes have the same chemical behavior

KC 5: The atomic mass is the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Page 48: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Atomic Mass and Isotopes

Page 49: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Isotopes

There are 2 ways you will see isotopes written:

Aluminum-27

Al2713

Page 50: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

One atomic mass unit (amu) is defined as 1/12th the mass of a carbon-12 atom

One amu is nearly, but not exactly, equal to one proton and one neutron.

Atomic Mass

Page 51: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Calculating Averages

If you are shopping, and something is $24.99 and 15% off, how much would you pay?

Page 52: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Average Atomic Mass

KC 6: The average atomic mass of an element is the weighted average mass of the isotopes of that element

Page 53: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Average Atomic Mass

Average atomic mass = (mass1 x abundance1) + (mass2 x abundance2) + …

Istotope Mass Abundance Total

Mg - 24 23.985 0.7870 18.876

Mg - 25 24.986 0.1013 2.531

Mg - 26 25.983 0.1117 2.902

Average atomic mass = 24.309 amu

Page 54: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Practice Problems

1. The four isotopes of lead and its abundances are: Pb-204, 1.37%; Pb-206, 26.26%; Pb-207, 20.82%; and Pb-208, 51.55%. Calculate lead’s approximate atomic mass.

Istotope Mass Abundance Total

Pb-204

Pb-206

Pb-207

Pb-208

Average atomic mass =

Page 55: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Practice Problems

2. Calculate the average atomic mass of neon if neon exists naturally as 90.92% neon-20, 0.257% neon-21, and 8.82% neon-22.

Istotope Mass Abundance Total

Average atomic mass =

Page 56: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

Practice Problems

3. Titanium has 5 common isotopes: 46Ti (8.0%), 47Ti (7.8%), 48Ti (73.4%), 49Ti (5.5%), 50Ti (5.3%). What is the average atomic mass of titanium?

Page 57: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

EQ 5: How do you determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom?

Atom Basics – building blocks of chemistry These are must knows!!

Page 58: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

You must be able to answer the following questions…

1. What is my name?

2. What is my atomic number?

3. What is my average atomic mass?

4. (Pick one of my isotopes on the left side of the card). What would the atomic mass of that particular atom?

5. How many protons do I have?

6. How many neutrons do I have?

7. How many electrons do I have if I am neutral?

8. (Pick an ion of the right side of the card). How many protons and electrons do I have?

9. (Consider that I am the previous chosen isotope above and a neutral atom) What happens to me if I gain a

p+_________ no_________ e- ________

10. What happens to me if I lose a

p+_________ no_________ e- _________

Page 59: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

1. What is my name?

Page 60: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

2. What is my atomic number?

KC 1: An atom’s atomic number is equal to the number of protons, which is found on the periodic table

Page 61: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

3. What is my average atomic mass?

KC 2: Average atomic mass is the averages of all of the isotopes of an element. This number is calculated and based on abundance, but also found on the periodic table.

Page 62: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

4. What is the atomic mass of a particular isotope?

Page 63: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

5. How many protons do I have?

KC 3: The number of protons is equal to the atomic number, which is found on the periodic table

Page 64: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

6. How many neutrons do I have?

KC 4: The atomic mass = protons + neutrons

Atomic number = number of protons

KC 5: neutrons = atomic mass – atomic number

Page 65: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

7. How many electrons do I have if I am neutral?

KC 6: The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons in a neutral atom

Page 66: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

8. How many protons and neutrons do I have if I am neutral?

If the atom is neutral, the protons and neutrons are found from the atomic mass and atomic number of that particular isotope

Protons = atomic number

Neutrons = atomic mass – atomic number

Page 67: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

9. & 10. What happens if I gain/lose a p+, n0, and e-?

KC 7: When the number of protons changes, the identity of the element changes

KC 8: When the number of neutrons changes, the atomic mass changes

KC 9: When the number of electrons changes, the atom is no longer neutral and has a charge

Page 68: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

What happens if I gain/lose a p+, n0, and e-?

Example: Calcium – 40

p+________________ no________________ e- _________________

Page 69: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.
Page 70: Bell Ringer: How do you know something exists if you have never seen it before? Important Vocabulary Inference Indirect evidence Bell Ringer: How.

1. What is my name?

2. What is my atomic number?

3. What is my average atomic mass?

4. (Pick one of my isotopes on the left side of the card). What would the atomic mass of that particular atom?

5. How many protons do I have?

6. How many neutrons do I have?

7. How many electrons do I have if I am neutral?

8. (Pick an ion of the right side of the card). How many protons and electrons do I have?

9. (Consider that I am the previous chosen isotope above and a neutral atom) What happens to me if I gain a

p+_________ no_________ e- ________

10. What happens to me if I lose a

p+_________ no_________ e- _________


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