All living things are called organisms. Biodiversity is the short form of Biological Diversity. Biodiversity refers to the wide variety of organisms.

BIODIVERSITY

WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY? All living things are called organisms.

Biodiversity is the short form of Biological Diversity.

Biodiversity refers to the wide variety of organisms on Earth.

BIODIVERSITYHabitat Biodiversity

Rainforest Tigers, monkeys, snakes, deer, wild orchids, squirrels, fern, elephants, etc

Pond Frogs, fish, tadpoles, water lily, water hyacinth, snails, dragonflies

Desert Camels, lizards, cacti, rats, snakes

Polar region Polar bears, arctic foxes, seals, penguins, moss, lichens, snow rabbits

Sea Sharks, dolphins, whales, seaweed, oyster, prawns

Soil Earthworms, snakes, ants, millipedes, centipedes, fungi, bacteria, scorpions

CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS Classification of the organisms is the

sorting of organisms (animals or plants) into groups which have similar characteristics.

There are 5 major groups:AnimalsPlantsFungi (mould)BacteriaSimple organisms (unicellular organisms)

CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS

Animals

Vertebrates

Fish Birds Amphibians

Reptiles

Mammals

Invertebrates

VERTEBRATES Animals with backbone or spinal column.

It’s long, strong and flexible.

It supports the body, anchors the limbs and protects the spinal cord.

Usually large in size.

INVERTEBRATES Animals without backbones.

Usually small in size. These animals have simple body systems.

Insects make up about 90% of all invertebrates.

FISH Cold-blooded (poikilotherm) Live in water Bodies are covered with slimy scales Carry out external fertilisation (outside

female body) Lay eggs Breathe through gills Examples: pomfret, sea horse, eel, stingray**** Sharks give birth to their young

AMPHIBIANS Cold-blooded (poikilotherm) Live in water and on land Bodies are covered with moist skin Carry out external fertilisation (outside

female body) Lay eggs Breathe through lungs (adults) gills (young) Examples: frogs, toads, salamander

REPTILES Cold-blooded (poikilotherm) Live on land Bodies are covered with hard dry scales Carry out internal fertilisation (inside female

body) Lay eggs Breathe through lungs Examples: lizards, snakes, crocodiles,

turtles, tortoise**** Anaconda give birth to their young

BIRDS Warm-blooded (homeotherm) Live on land Bodies are covered with feathers and wings Carry out internal fertilisation (inside female

body) Lay eggs Breathe through lungs Examples: duck, pigeon, penguin, eagle,

ostriches

MAMMALS Warm-blooded (homeotherm) Live on land Bodies are covered with hair or fur Carry out internal fertilisation (inside female

body) Give birth to their young and breast feeding Breathe through lungs Examples: humans, cows, bats, cats,

porcupine, etc

MAMMALS Echidnas lay eggs Whales live in water and give birth

Platypus lays eggs Bats have wings Armadillos have scales Anteaters lay eggs

INVERTEBRATES Invertebrates account for more

than 90% of the species in the animal kingdom.

Many of the invertebrates are small I size and they have simple body structures.

They cannot grow too big because they do not have a backbone to support their weight.

INVERTEBRATES Insects (butterflies, bees, wasps, etc) Scorpion Molluscs Worms Crabs Prawns Spiders

INVERTEBRATES

invertebrates

Jointed legs

3 pairs 4 pairs More than 4 pairs

Not jointed legs

Worm-like

Non-worm like

3 PAIRS OF LEGS Butterflies Grasshoppers Beetles Crickets Ants Cockroaches

4 PAIRS OF LEGS Spiders Scorpions Mites ticks

MORE THAN 4 PAIRS OF LEGS Millipedes Centipedes Shrimps crabs Lobsters

WORM-LIKE Leeches Earthworms Flatworms Tapeworms Roundworms

NON-WORM-LIKE Jellyfish Starfish Snails Sea anemones Cuttlefish Squids

CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS

Plants

Flowering

Monocotyledons

Dicotyledons

Non-Flowering

Conifers Algae Ferns Mosses

FLOWERING PLANTS

MONOCOTYLEDONS Seeds with one cotyledon. Fibrous roots Leaves with parallel veins Most are herbaceous plants, non-woody stems.

Examples: maize, paddy, grass, orchid, sugar cane, banana, etc.

ONE COTYLEDON

FIBROUS ROOTS

PARALLEL VEINS

DICOTYLEDONS Seeds with two cotyledon. Tap roots Leaves with network veins Most are woody stems. Examples: mango tree, durian tree, sunflower, rubber tree, etc.

Monocotyledo

ns

Dicotyledo

nsCotyledon One Two

Roots Fibrous roots

Tap roots

Leaves Parallel veins

Network veins

Stem Non-woody

Woody

Examples Maize, paddy, banana

Sunflower, rose,

cactus

NON - FLOWERING

PLANTS

WAYS OF REPRODUCTION Moss : spores Fern : spores Yeast : budding Conifers : seeds in the cones

MOSSES It has simple stems and tiny leaves No true roots Reproduce through spores produced in

capsules at the end of the stalks

EXAMPLES OF MOSSES

MossLiverwort

FERNS It has stems, leaves and roots It reproduces through spores produced

in capsules on the underside of the leaves (fronds)

live on land and in moist shady places

EXAMPLES

Bird’s nest fern Staghorn’s fern

CONIFERS Have roots, stems and needle-like

leaves Do not produce flowers but cones Reproduce through seeds in the cones

EXAMPLES

Pine tree Spruce

ALGAE Unicellular or multicellular organisms Do not have true stems, leaves or roots Live in water or moist places Examples:

ChlorellaSeaweedPhytoplanktonSpirogyraYeast – reproduce through budding

PHYTOPLANKTON

SPIROGYRA

THE IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY TO THE ENVIRONMENT

Contributes wealth of resources such asFoodFuelsTimberShelterSpicesClothingHerbsMedicinesMaintain carbon, water and oxygen cycles

HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT DESTROY THE NATURE Illegal logging Hunting of wild animals Widespread clearing of forests for

housing and urbanisation Overfishing Mining Agricultural activities Building dams

SOURCE OF MEDICINES AND HERBS

Many plants are rich sources of traditional and modern medicines.

These are used to treat and prevent diseases.

SOURCE OF GENETIC DIVERSITY Biodiversity enhances the wealth of gene pools t further increase diversity in the future generations.

SOURCE OF RAW MATERIALS The diversity of trees and plants enable timber, textile and paper industries to flourish.

SOURCES OF FOOD

Plant and animals diversity provides a variety of food.

SOURCE OF CLEAN WATER

Wetlands and forests provide clean water through repeated filtrations.

SOURCE OF FRESH AIR

Plants and trees take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release oxygen during photosynthesis.

SOURCE OF MEDICINES AND HERBS

Many plants and rich sources of traditional and modern medicines.

These are used to treat and prevent diseases.