Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) fought and gained independence for the Algerian Muslims Revolution spread into Tunisia and Morocco in the.

Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) fought and gained independence for the Algerian Muslims

Revolution spread into Tunisia and Morocco in the mid 1950s

French presence in North Africa was gone

Britain had a large number of troops in Egypt

Stationed in Iran to keep supply lines open to the Soviets

Britain replaced Iran’s leader Occupied Syria and Iraq Had a mandate for Palestine

Balfour Declaration reversed (1939) infuriating the Jewish Agency

Britain refused to allow Holocaust survivors to resettle in Palestine

(1946) Irgun: Zionists group who waged a terrorist campaign against the British authorities

Menachem Begin: leader who blew up the King David Hotel in Jerusalem

(1947) Britain gave up their Palestinian mandate and referred problem to the U.N.

UN voted to partition Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states

Jerusalem would be an international city

The new Jewish nation infuriated Palestinian Arabs

(1948) Israel declared itself a state

David Ben-Gurion: 1st Prime Minister

Armies from neighboring Arab countries moved against Israel

(1949) Israel defeated Arab world and gained more territory

Hundreds of Thousands were expelled from their lands and were living in refugee camps

Israeli government wouldn’t allow Palestinians to return to their land nor pay for taken property

Palestinian lands were given to Jewish immigrants

Most Arab countries wouldn’t take refugees in order to force Israel to give back land

Israel used Kibbutz to increase economy

1922 Egypt 1923 Turkey 1932 Iraq 1932 Saudi Arabia 1941 Lebanon 1946 Jordan 1961 Syria 1971 United Arab Emirates/Qatar

(1945-1952) Effort to negotiate complete British evacuation failed

King Farouk I led a corrupt government

1952- Group of army leaders overran the government

Gamal Abdel Nasser emerged as the new leader

Wanted to rid Egypt of foreign domination

Emphasized land reform, industrialization, control over the economy, women’s rights

Modernization projects were very expensive

(1955) Nasser announced an arms agreement with Czechoslovakia (Communist)

U.S. and Britain offered money for the Aswan Dam project

Nasser hesitated, waiting for a better offer

He recognized communist China

U.S./British offer withdrawn, Nasser viewed it as an insult

(1956) He nationalized the Suez Canal

British/French had funded the Suez Canal, Egyptian labor built it

Hero to the Arab world, enemy of the West

Egyptians refused to allow Israeli ships to pass

Israel, Britain, and France conspired to overthrow Nasser

Israel took control of the Sinai peninsula, Britain/France controlled Mediterranean side

President Eisenhower threatened to cut off aid

Nasser became the most popular Arab leader

Egypt mobilized against Israel, cut off sea route to Asia and Africa

War with powerful Israel or losing face with the rest of the Arab world?

June 5th, 1967: Israel launched an attack

Captured the Sinai peninsula and the Gaza strip in 6 days

Drove back Syria, Iraq, and Jordan

Claimed more territory

Palestinians lost faith in the Arab world

Relied on their own guerilla organization led by Yasir Arafat

U.S. and the Soviet Union tried to seek permanent peace in the Middle East

Nasser died (Sept. 1970), was replaced by Anwar Sadat

Egypt/Syria secretly planned an attack against Israel (Oct. 6th 1973)

Israel started to lose but pushed back into Egyptian territory

Sadat shocked the world with a famous speech

President Jimmy Carter met with Sadat and Menachim Begin in Maryland

Egypt and Israel signed a peace treaty

Palestinian terrorist attacks continued

Arabic word for, “shaking” Began in December of 1987 Young Palestinians threw

rocks, bottles, and homemade weapons

Israeli army responded with bombings

Yitzhak Rabin and Yasir Arafat agreed on a peace settlement

Self government in the West Bank and the Gaza strip and recognition of Israel

Met in Washington D.C. to sign an agreement

A radical Israeli assassinated Rabin

February 2001, Ariel Sharon elected prime minister

His treatment on the Palestinians earned him the nickname

Palestinians responded to Sharon’s appointed with renewed violence

Mass production created a need for oil

Countries gave prospectors permission to search for deposits

Petrodollars filled the pockets of local rulers

Did go towards social welfare projects and economic developments

Oil producing countries demanded a larger portion of the profits

Iran nationalized its oil industry and the West stopped buying

Didn’t effect oil supplies

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

Worked to set oil production levels and oil prices

Has ability to boycott the sale to certain countries

Production is expected to decline in oil fields outside of the Persian Gulf area

(By 1971) Britain had removed most of its troops from the region

Iran became the leading power Mohammed Reza Pahlavi

(shah) was relied upon to keep order

Discontent grew in Iran

Economic downfall and the shah’s secret police inflamed the Iranians

Many Iranians took a renewed interest in Islam

Many opposed the shah’s modernization efforts

He was banished since 1964 76-year old religious leader

spoke out against the shah He returned and established

an Islamic republic Iranian militants captured 60

Americans in our embassy for 444 days

(1979) Saddam Hussein took control of the government

Used execution/imprisonment to eliminate competition

Used chemical weapons against the Kurds

(1988) Iran-Iraq war ended, Iraq had the strongest and most well-equipped army in the Arab world

Accused Kuwait of stealing their oil; their high level of production was driving down prices

Annexed Kuwait (Aug. 8th) World opinion against the

invasion Iraq was poised to attack Saudi

Arabia

Coalition of 30 nations came together

U.N. imposed economic sanctions and set a date for withdrawal

Deadline passed, Desert Shield became Desert Storm

Coalition forces led by the U.S. large air strikes for 40 days

Iraq launched missile attacks against Saudi Arabia and Israel

Ground forces moved into Kuwait and southern Iraq

Iraqi forces retreated from Kuwait; liberated within weeks

Iraqi’s rebelled against Saddam

U.N. ordered Saddam to stop producing weapons of mass destruction

Saddam made inspections difficult