A World in Flames: Rise of Dictators. Explain how leaders in Europe and the US failed to respond to Nazi Germany’s military aggression and persecution.

Chapter 11

A World in Flames: Rise of Dictators

Essays for Ch 11 TestDO 2 OF THESE QUESTIONS

Explain how leaders in Europe and the US failed to respond to Nazi Germany’s military aggression and persecution of Jews and other groups. In what ways did leaders like Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill rally their nations to take action?

Why were many German Jews and Jews in other parts of Europe unable to flee and immigrate to the United States (and other countries) when the Nazis took power?

Describe FASCISM and the beliefs of its followers. Explain how Fascist ideology contributed to the global warfare that caused World War II.

CBA

To what extent, if any, should civil liberties be restricted during times

of war?

You will write a position paper on this topic You will cite a minimum of 5 sources to defend

your position This will be written after the holiday break

Rise of Dictators

Totalitarian Rule: A government that exerts total control over a nation (government, economics, religion, home) * Leaders use terror and intimidation to silence any opposition

Hitler and Mussolini had FASCIST governments [Franco in Spain will use Fascism as well]

Stalin had a COMMUNIST government

Fascists and Communists were fierce enemiesGerman, Italy, Japan (& Russia) were all

“EXPANSIONIST” expansionism refers to the doctrine of a state expanding its territorial base (or economic influence) usually, though not necessarily, by means of military aggression.

COMMUNISM a political theory derived from Karl Marx,

advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Dictators DICTATOR: a person exercising absolute

power, especially a ruler who has absolute, unrestricted control in a government without hereditary succession.

Book Work p. 266-268Use your books to fill in information about the 3

dictators of the time STALIN - - - - ->

<- - - MUSSOLINIHITLER - - - - ->

Stalin 1927-1953 – Soviet Dictator

5 Year Plans: Stalin’s plan to modernize agriculture and build new industries

Stalin’s Economic Plans• Communism meant the state owned/controlled

EVERYTHING• Stalin tried to modernize economy with 5year plans• USSR/Russia too big/complex for this to work

Stalin Reign of Terror• When “plans” failed, Stalin needed to blame someone• PURGES to remove enemies and undesirable individuals• “Show Trials” for any who Stalin saw as disloyal• 7 million arrested, 1 million killed, millions in labor camps• Stalin’s power was absolute• People of Russia ADORED/FEARED Stalin and his party

Mussolini 1922-1943 – Italian dictator

After WWI, Mussolini rose to power in Italy “Il Duce” organized the Fascist party to bring order “Blackshirts” terrorized and intimidated all Italians The King appointed Mussolini Prime Minister hoping it

would satisfy him Mussolini seized power (dictatorship)

• Economic reforms brought order and some prosperity to Italy• Elections suspended (to maintain order), other political parties

outlawed• Europe praised Mussolini for fixing Italy’s economy

Mussolini had visions of another Roman Empire• “ITALY IS NOTHING WITHOUT CONQUEST”• Italy will invade Ethiopia and crush them quickly

Hitler (enraged by the terms of the Treaty of Versailles

1932-1945 German Dictator

The Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers’ Party)

• A form of fascism based on racial superiority and nationalism• Hitler’s powerful public speaking quickly made him the leader of the

party• Nov. ‘23 – Nazi’s tried to overthrow German gov’t – failed• Hitler sentenced to 5 year (only served 9 months)• Mein Kampf – outlined Hitler’s philosophy and his plan for Germany

• Strengthen German Military * Aryan Race policies• Removal of “undesirables

Hitler Becomes Chancellor (Great Depression hit Germany hard)

• Nazi Party won majority in 1932 election for Reichstag• Hitler appointed Chancellor (head of govt) by President to appease

Nazi’s• Hitler suspended free speech and free press• Stormtroopers used to ‘silence’ opposition• Burned down Reichstag and blamed the Communists – used to pass law

giving him dictatorial powers

Hitler Germany Rearms (in violation of Treaty of

Versailles)• Nazi’s begin spending huge on rebuilding military (work &

power)• Public works to hire unemployed built up German

infrastructure• Lebensraum (living space) – Hitler looked to expand,

regaining territory• 1936 Rhineland retaken, no action by European power

Hitler signs an alliance with Italy, Japan would join later AXIS POWERS

Germany Expands• 1938 Austria overtaken by German military (GB and Fr

objected but did not act)APPEASEMENT: Chamberlin (GB) and Daladier

(Fr) met with Hitler and Mussolini to try to keep the peace. They will give them the Sudetenlands if they would stop. People cheered “peace in our times,” but Hitler did not stop

Japan Difficult economic times lead Japan (like

Germany) towards militarism, dictatorshipo Japan had to import most everythingo Military leaders blamed politicians for economic

problems, believed Japan was DESTINED to dominate Asia

o Japan seized lands to secure resources – Manchuria had OIL• Japan will invade and take control of Manchuria• US reacts by cutting off imports of metal & oil• Emperor wanted to make peace with America and ordered

troops withdrawn. Tojo, the leader of the military refused• The military now was in control of Japan and expanded

their invasion of China, sweeping through the country• Rape of Nanking – Japanese troops took city, killing as many as

300,000

• Tojo took over as Prime Minister of Japan

POD assignment Each POD will be assigned a small section in the

book They are to read and discuss the event/topic You need to be able to explain the 5W’s to the

classo WHOo WHATo WHEREo WHENo WHY

POD assignment Each POD will be assigned a small section in the

book They are to read and discuss the event/topic You need to be able to explain the 5W’s to the

classo WHOo WHATo WHEREo WHENo WHY

World War II Begins Austrian Anschluss

o Hitler called for the reunification of all “German speaking” peopleso 1938 – Hitler threatened to invade Austria unless Nazi-Austrians

were given high government postso Austrian PM agreed, but would put to a peoples’ voteo Hitler, fearing the outcome, invaded Austria. He called it

“ANSCHLUSS” or unification of Austria and Germany Munich Crisis (Europe wanted to AVOID another war)

o Hitler’s next target were the Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia)o The Czech’s resisted – the French and Soviets promised aid if Hitler

attackedo Neville Chamberlain, PM of England, pledged support to Franceo A meeting was called in Munich for the world leaders (Hitler,

Chamberlain, Mussolini, Clemenseau)• Hitler agreed to end expanding if he was allowed to keep Austria &

Chechoslovakia• Chamberlain returned to England claiming “PEACE IN OUR TIME”

World War II Begins Hitler Demands Danzig

o Shortly after Munich agreement, Hitler demanded control of Danzig, a city in Poland that was 90% german (but part of Poland since WWI)

o England and France were convinced war was coming, announced they would back Poland if they were attacked. This encouraged Poland to refuse Hilter

The Nazi-Soviet Pacto Hitler ordered his foreign minister to negotiate with Stalin over Polando The NON AGGRESSION PACT between Germany and USSR promised not to

attack each other and to split up Polando Pact shocked the world (as Fascism/Communism were enemies), but it freed

Hitler up from worrying about attack from the east

Invasion of Poland o On Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland using a new tactic called

“BLITZKRIEG”o Britain and France immediately declared war on Germany and WWII had

beguno In less than 1 month, Germany and defeated Polando England and France awaited the German attacko Again, using BLITZKRIEG, Germany drove thru Belgium and into France,

trapping French and British forces

World War II Begins Miracle at Dunkirk

o British and French troops driven back to English Channel at Dunkirko The British mounted and all-out evacuation of troopso More than 338,000 British and French troops rescued by water in what

became known as the “MIRACLE AT DUNKIRK”o 3 weeks later, the French government surrendered to Germanyo French leader, Charles de Gaulle escaped and worked with the Allies through

out the war to free France from German control

Britain Remains Defianto England the only nation in Europe left to fight the Nazi’s – Hitler expected

them to negotiate a peace but England remained defiant

o “Even though large tracts of Europe and many old and famous states have fallen or may fall into the group of the Gestapo and all the odious apparatus of Nazi rule, we shall not flag or fail, we shall go on to the end . . . We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be . . . We shall never surrender, never. . . .” Winston Churchill

o German air force, the LUFTWAFFE, began bombing England’s military o After an accidental bombing of London, England bombed Berlino Hitler would react by launching the “Battle of Britain”, a non-stop bombing

campaign on London

American Neutrality America was concerned about the rise of dictators, but

not enough to get involved – ISOLATIONISM”

THE NYE COMMITTEE – looked into the allegation that gun makers “tricked” the US into entering the war to make money. Report issued that convinced even more Americans that ISOLATIONISM was the way to go

LEGISLATING NEUTRALITY – Congress passed the NEUTRALITY ACT in 1935 making it illegal for Americans to sell arms to any country at war.

This would be amended in 1936 to include either side in a civil war because Spain was fighting a civil war

* Shortly after US action, Hitler and Mussolini pledged to back Franco in the Spanish Civil War* Japan will sign on with Germany and Italy – Axis Powers

Revised Neutrality Act of 1939

US Congress passed another NEUTRALITY ACT in 1938 – any non-military goods purchased from the US was on a “CASH AND CARRY” basis to prevent any US ships from being sunk, and maybe drawing the US back into war

FDR found a way around the Neutrality Actso Britain asked the US for old WWI ships to help replenish

their Navyo “Destroyers for Bases” - FDR gave/sent 50 old

destroyers to Britain in exchange for US access to British bases in the Atlantic Ocean

o US people accepted this deal – they favored England over Germany

o Issue wasn’t giving aid, it was HOW MUCH/WHAT KIND of aid

FDRoosevelt’s Internationalism

FDR wanted “INTERNATIONALISM” or trade between countries to continue (believed it created prosperity and prevented wars)FDR warned that the NEUTRALITY ACTS might “drag us into war instead of keeping us out”

When Japan invaded China, FDR claimed the NEUTRALITY ACTS did not apply and authorized the sale of arms to China

Four Freedoms Speech FDR gave a major speech to help convince the

American people that there were GOOD REASONS why the US needed to be part of this fight

Four Freedoms Speech explained what we had that countries under totalitarian rule did not have** Freedom of Speech** Freedom of Worship** Freedom from Want** Freedom from Fear

People could understand and were willing to be part of saving these basic freedoms that we took for granted

Lend – Lease Act By December 1940 – Britain was out of funds to

fight the war FDR proposed a new program, the LEND LEASE ACT

o Britain could borrow military goodso After the war, they could return them or pay rent on them

This program will be extended to the USSR in 1941 when Germany invaded Russia

FDR was willing to support any fight against Nazi Germany

Hemispheric Defense Zone

Getting supplies to England was a big issue – Germany still ruled the seas with their submarineso The US could not defend British ships and remain neutral

FDR declared the entire Northern Atlantic a “hemispheric defense zone” and therefore neutralo The US Navy could protect ships in neutral waterso The US Navy could reveal the position of Germany

submarines to the British if they were found in the neutral zone

The Atlantic Charter FDR and Churchill met to develop a plan for a post

war worldo Democratico Non-aggressiono Free Tradeo Economic Advancemento Freedom of the Seas

Churchill later said FDR said he was just waiting for an event to justify the US entry into the waro Tensions between the US and Germany escalated as German

U-Boats sunk an American ship that had been warning British ships of U-Boat positions

o The following month, 2 more US ships were sunk

Japan Attacks PEARL HARBOR

America “EMBARGOS” Japano US tried economic pressure to stop Japan from advancing in Asiao “STRATEGIC MATERIALS” like iron, steel, oil were withheld from Japano US Lend-Lease program used with China as well, also angering Japano Needing more resources, Japan planned on attacking SE Asiao America was the only power in position to stop their planso While negotiations for peace continued, Japan planned a surprise attack

Surprise Attacko US had decoded a message that made it clear Japan was planning for

waro US did not believe Hawaii a target because it was too far from Japano December 7, 1941 – Japan hit Pearl Harbor, catching the US totally off

guardo 8 battleship, 3 cruisers, 3 destroyers and 4 other vessels were sunko 180 aircraft were destroyed and 2,403 Americans were killedo Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan the next day

• Congress voted 388 to 1 to declare war on Japan

Germany Declare WAR on US

Hitler believed war with Japan would occupy the US Hitler UNDERESTIMATED the US

o Hitler hoped Japan would help Germany against Russia after Europe and America were defeated

o US believed Hitler was the bigger threat at the momento The US would begin a fight with Japan (Navy), but they

would also quickly commit to fighting with the Allies in Europe (Army)

o On December 11, 1941, Germany and Italy both declared war in the US

WORLD WAR II HAD BEGUN FOR AMERICA

THE HOLOCAUSTNazi Persecution of the Jews

The HOLOCAUST killed nearly 6 million European Jews* It also killed nearly 6 million other “undesirables”

So HOW DID THIS HAPPEN?

**The Nuremberg Laws: the strongest laws were targeted at the Jewish population in areas controlled by Germany

^^ Deprived Jewish people of their rights* banned marriage between a Jew and a German* barred Jews from holding public office or voting* compelled to adopt “jewish” sounding names* identifying markers (on ID cards, yellow stars on clothing)* Jews prohibited from being lawyers, doctors

The HOLOCAUSTNazi Persecution of the Jews

Most Jewish people chose to stay, did not believe this would last long It became increasingly difficult to make a living, buy food, pay rent

KRISTALLNACHT (the Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938** Hitler ordered an attack on Germany’s Jewish population** The ‘police’ were forbidden from intervening as thugs/Gestapo rioted

- Anti-Jewish violence erupted in Germany and Austria- 91 Jewish people killed- 30,000 Jewish men taken to Concentration Camps- 100’s were injured- 7,500 businesses destroyed- 100’s of synagogues were destroyed/burnt

** Life for Jewish people in Germany took an evil turn. From here on in, they were the target of the German government’s Jewish persecution

Jewish Refugees Try to Flee

Many families were now looking to escape Germany o 250,00 will successfully flee Nazi Germany, including Albert Einstein

LIMITS ON JEWISH IMMIGRATIONo US had limits on the number of people from any one regiono German laws forbid leaving Germany with more than $4 so America

feared these immigrants would be “public charges” and denied VISA applications to the US

INTERNATIONAL RESPONSEo Several countries announced they could take in NO MORE Jewish

refugeeso Several ships will load up and sail in hopes some country would take

them in, but it did not happen. These ships became floating refugee ships

SAINT LOUIS AFFAIRo A ship called “THE SAINT LOUIS” arrived at Cuba with 930 Jewish

refugeeso The ship was refused. It sailed to Florida. It was reusedo It sailed to France, Holland, then Great Britain. They were allowed to

disembark. Most of these people ended up in Death Camps

The Final Solution 1942 – Wannsee Conference – Nazi leaders met to

coordinate the “FINAL SOLUTION” to their Jewish problemo Previous ways (shooting) wasn’t working fast enough to

eliminate all the “undesirable” people (Jews, Gypsies, other conquered people)

Concentration Campso Jewish from Germany and areas the Germans had

conquered were rounded up and taken to detention centers known as CONCENTRATION CAMPS where they worked them until they died from hunger, exhaustion or disease

o The young, old, sick would be sent to EXTERMINATION CAMPS (aka – death camps) to be executed in gas chambers

Extermination Camps Auschwitz, Sobibor, Treblinka, Dachau were the worst

of the death camps Auschwitz averages 12,000 killed PER DAY 1.6 million died at Auschwitz Upon arrive, prisoners were sorted

o Healthy or skilled men and women would go to work campso Elderly, sick, children would go to the gas chamber

Most of the Jewish people of Europe were murdered How something this horrid could happen is still debated

o German people’s sense of injury after WWIo Severe economic problemso Hitler’s control over the German peopleo Fear of Hitler’s SS/Gestapoo History of ANTI-SEMITISM and discrimination in Europe

Essays for Chapter 11 Explain how leaders in Europe and the US failed

to respond to Nazi Germany’s military aggression and persecution of Jews and other groups. In what ways did leaders like Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill rally their nations to take action?

Why were many German Jews and Jews in other parts of Europe unable to flee and immigrate to the United States (and other countries) when the Nazis took power?

Describe FASCISM and the beliefs of its followers. Explain how Fascist ideology contributed to the global warfare that caused World War II.