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XlECehc Abh hhaehc a fLafr HLV jaL XlECehc Abh hhaehc a fLafr
HLV jaL XlECehc Abh hhaehc a fLafr HLV jaL XlECehc Abh hhaehc a
fLafr HLV jaL J A~heL jahc, k J A~heL jahc, k J A~heL jahc, k J
A~heL jahc, k
pl AaL ALl Lll En fQl J fLn Ll quRm L p En pde HV pl AaL ALl Lll
En fQl J fLn Ll quRm L p En pde HV pl AaL ALl Lll En fQl J fLn Ll
quRm L p En pde HV pl AaL ALl Lll En fQl J fLn Ll quRm L p En pde
HV
hb quR z H jahc Aeku fbha Shel pQe quR A~Sh fcb bL fkujL hb quR
z H jahc Aeku fbha Shel pQe quR A~Sh fcb bL fkujL hb quR z H jahc
Aeku fbha Shel pQe quR A~Sh fcb bL fkujL hb quR z H jahc Aeku fbha
Shel pQe quR A~Sh fcb bL fkujL
~chv pwOVa OVehml pwjnez HC jahc eeih eca qu kMe ~chv pwOVa
OVehml pwjnez HC jahc eeih eca qu kMe ~chv pwOVa OVehml pwjnez HC
jahc eeih eca qu kMe ~chv pwOVa OVehml pwjnez HC jahc eeih eca qu
kMe ~heLih fjZa ~heLih fjZa ~heLih fjZa ~heLih fjZa
qu k, HC hn hr fLafr Bqam p LlRe z jqe Bqam ke H hn qu k, HC hn
hr fLafr Bqam p LlRe z jqe Bqam ke H hn qu k, HC hn hr fLafr Bqam p
LlRe z jqe Bqam ke H hn qu k, HC hn hr fLafr Bqam p LlRe z jqe Bqam
ke H hn
Aa pnMmih p LlRe Hhw Hl rar houcJ H nMml BJai LlRe z Aa pnMmih p
LlRe Hhw Hl rar houcJ H nMml BJai LlRe z Aa pnMmih p LlRe Hhw Hl
rar houcJ H nMml BJai LlRe z Aa pnMmih p LlRe Hhw Hl rar houcJ H
nMml BJai LlRe z
frl H jahcl ch Aeku fbhl fZLm Bq p Lle eC hfrl H jahcl ch Aeku
fbhl fZLm Bq p Lle eC hfrl H jahcl ch Aeku fbhl fZLm Bq p Lle eC
hfrl H jahcl ch Aeku fbhl fZLm Bq p Lle eC hlw ~chv pm p lw ~chv pm
p lw ~chv pm p lw ~chv pm p
quR HV pa hm je eul Le pkN eC z quR HV pa hm je eul Le pkN eC z
quR HV pa hm je eul Le pkN eC z quR HV pa hm je eul Le pkN eC z
Bjl XlECehc fkmQe Ll paC cMa fC k, ~heL Nhoeu H al Le i Bjl
XlECehc fkmQe Ll paC cMa fC k, ~heL Nhoeu H al Le i Bjl XlECehc
fkmQe Ll paC cMa fC k, ~heL Nhoeu H al Le i Bjl XlECehc fkmQe Ll
paC cMa fC k, ~heL Nhoeu H al Le i
eC z A~Sh fcbl ameu ~Sh fZl p LWj AeL hn SVm J Aieh z Ecqle eC z
A~Sh fcbl ameu ~Sh fZl p LWj AeL hn SVm J Aieh z Ecqle eC z A~Sh
fcbl ameu ~Sh fZl p LWj AeL hn SVm J Aieh z Ecqle eC z A~Sh fcbl
ameu ~Sh fZl p LWj AeL hn SVm J Aieh z Ecqle
lf hm ku k, lf hm ku k, lf hm ku k, lf hm ku k, A~Sh fcbl Aem
Lih ilpjfZ J pnMmih p Ll quRz A~Sh fcbl Aem Lih ilpjfZ J pnMmih p
Ll quRz A~Sh fcbl Aem Lih ilpjfZ J pnMmih p Ll quRz A~Sh fcbl Aem
Lih ilpjfZ J pnMmih p Ll quRz
Efl H AZm Bhl Lih SVm LWjl BJau fZ SNa pheih p Ll Efl H AZm Bhl
Lih SVm LWjl BJau fZ SNa pheih p Ll Efl H AZm Bhl Lih SVm LWjl BJau
fZ SNa pheih p Ll Efl H AZm Bhl Lih SVm LWjl BJau fZ SNa pheih p
Ll
quR z Bjl flr Ll cMa fC L ApdlZ Lnm J fuu HmL hep Ll quR z Bjl
flr Ll cMa fC L ApdlZ Lnm J fuu HmL hep Ll quR z Bjl flr Ll cMa fC
L ApdlZ Lnm J fuu HmL hep Ll quR z Bjl flr Ll cMa fC L ApdlZ Lnm J
fuu HmL hep Ll
quR kje, fVe, quR kje, fVe, quR kje, fVe, quR kje, fVe, jSj J
HeSCj fia z jSj J HeSCj fia z jSj J HeSCj fia z jSj J HeSCj fia
z
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SNal H ApdlZ LjL fkhrel fl hwn naL hhaehc ham h jb qph Sh SNal H
ApdlZ LjL fkhrel fl hwn naL hhaehc ham h jb qph Sh SNal H ApdlZ LjL
fkhrel fl hwn naL hhaehc ham h jb qph
fjZa quRz fjZa quRz fjZa quRz fjZa quRz
Bjl H houV fwMeM Bjcl Ae fLne pjq fkmQe LlR Hhw hajeJ Bjl H houV
fwMeM Bjcl Ae fLne pjq fkmQe LlR Hhw hajeJ Bjl H houV fwMeM Bjcl Ae
fLne pjq fkmQe LlR Hhw hajeJ Bjl H houV fwMeM Bjcl Ae fLne pjq
fkmQe LlR Hhw hajeJ
H dl Ahqa luR z L houVl la Aedhe Ll aH dl Ahqa luR z L houVl la
Aedhe Ll aH dl Ahqa luR z L houVl la Aedhe Ll aH dl Ahqa luR z L
houVl la Aedhe Ll a HMeJ feh Ll qm z HMeJ feh Ll qm z HMeJ feh Ll
qm z HMeJ feh Ll qm z
XlECehcl fael LlZXlECehcl fael LlZXlECehcl fael LlZXlECehcl fael
LlZ
Fehwn naLl jdiN hhaehcl phQ hLn OV, H jahcl Caqp Aepe Fehwn naLl
jdiN hhaehcl phQ hLn OV, H jahcl Caqp Aepe Fehwn naLl jdiN hhaehcl
phQ hLn OV, H jahcl Caqp Aepe Fehwn naLl jdiN hhaehcl phQ hLn OV, H
jahcl Caqp Aepe
Llm fQe Np cn Hl Evp fJu ku z 1859 pm Qmp XlECel The Llm fQe Np
cn Hl Evp fJu ku z 1859 pm Qmp XlECel The Llm fQe Np cn Hl Evp fJu
ku z 1859 pm Qmp XlECel The Llm fQe Np cn Hl Evp fJu ku z 1859 pm
Qmp XlECel The Origin of
Species fLna qJul fl H jahc hnl he fLna qJul fl H jahc hnl he
fLna qJul fl H jahc hnl he fLna qJul fl H jahc hnl he SNa HL lafZ
BmQel houh SNa HL lafZ BmQel houh SNa HL lafZ BmQel houh SNa HL
lafZ BmQel houh
qph Ai quz fbhl faV fSa Bmcih k Bq p LlRe, H fL qph Ai quz fbhl
faV fSa Bmcih k Bq p LlRe, H fL qph Ai quz fbhl faV fSa Bmcih k Bq
p LlRe, H fL qph Ai quz fbhl faV fSa Bmcih k Bq p LlRe, H fL
XlECe H dlel hl Ahe Nqe Lle z XlECe ch Lle pLm fSa HLV pdlZ
XlECe H dlel hl Ahe Nqe Lle z XlECe ch Lle pLm fSa HLV pdlZ XlECe H
dlel hl Ahe Nqe Lle z XlECe ch Lle pLm fSa HLV pdlZ XlECe H dlel hl
Ahe Nqe Lle z XlECe ch Lle pLm fSa HLV pdlZ
fh flo (fh flo (fh flo (fh flo (Common Ancestor) bL pjul hhae
pje f bL pjul hhae pje f bL pjul hhae pje f bL pjul hhae pje flhael
jdj haje lf lhael jdj haje lf lhael jdj haje lf lhael jdj haje
lf
dlZ LlR z dlZ LlR z dlZ LlR z dlZ LlR z
XlECe eSC hmRe k, al H jahc Le jSha ~heL pal Efl faa eu hlw
XlECe eSC hmRe k, al H jahc Le jSha ~heL pal Efl faa eu hlw XlECe
eSC hmRe k, al H jahc Le jSha ~heL pal Efl faa eu hlw XlECe eSC
hmRe k, al H jahc Le jSha ~heL pal Efl faa eu hlw
H a H a H a H a ihL kl jhlihL kl jhlihL kl jhlihL kl jhl HLV
fkuj hM j z HLV fkuj hM j z HLV fkuj hM j z HLV fkuj hM j z
-
76 / 88
fLafr XlECe al fLl HLV Adu fLafr XlECe al fLl HLV Adu fLafr
XlECe al fLl HLV Adu fLafr XlECe al fLl HLV Adu The Difficulties on
Theory nle nle nle nlej j j j
eSC LR lafZ fn Efe LlRme kl Le El al eSlC Se Rm e z eSC LR lafZ
fn Efe LlRme kl Le El al eSlC Se Rm e z eSC LR lafZ fn Efe LlRme kl
Le El al eSlC Se Rm e z eSC LR lafZ fn Efe LlRme kl Le El al eSlC
Se Rm e z
XlECe dle LlRme flhaa hel ANNal pb pb ea eae BhLll jdj XlECe dle
LlRme flhaa hel ANNal pb pb ea eae BhLll jdj XlECe dle LlRme flhaa
hel ANNal pb pb ea eae BhLll jdj XlECe dle LlRme flhaa hel ANNal pb
pb ea eae BhLll jdj
al ASe fn pjql El MyS fJu kh gm al jahcL pjbe fce Lla pqua al
ASe fn pjql El MyS fJu kh gm al jahcL pjbe fce Lla pqua al ASe fn
pjql El MyS fJu kh gm al jahcL pjbe fce Lla pqua al ASe fn pjql El
MyS fJu kh gm al jahcL pjbe fce Lla pqua
Llh z Llh z Llh z Llh z L cxMl hou XlECel H fanl pfZ hfla OVe
OVR z Abv hel L cxMl hou XlECel H fanl pfZ hfla OVe OVR z Abv hel L
cxMl hou XlECel H fanl pfZ hfla OVe OVR z Abv hel L cxMl hou XlECel
H fanl pfZ hfla OVe OVR z Abv hel
ANNal pdel jdj XlECehcl jm chmC HLl fl HL A~heL J iqe ANNal pdel
jdj XlECehcl jm chmC HLl fl HL A~heL J iqe ANNal pdel jdj XlECehcl
jm chmC HLl fl HL A~heL J iqe ANNal pdel jdj XlECehcl jm chmC HLl
fl HL A~heL J iqe
qph fjZa quR z qph fjZa quR z qph fjZa quR z qph fjZa quR z
~heL cia XlECehc aeV nlej hi Ll fkmQe Ll ku a~heL cia XlECehc
aeV nlej hi Ll fkmQe Ll ku a~heL cia XlECehc aeV nlej hi Ll fkmQe
Ll ku a~heL cia XlECehc aeV nlej hi Ll fkmQe Ll ku a qm x qm x qm x
qm x
(1) (1) (1) (1) fbha phfbj Shel Ejo Lih pwOVa qm al Le hM fce Ll
ez fbha phfbj Shel Ejo Lih pwOVa qm al Le hM fce Ll ez fbha phfbj
Shel Ejo Lih pwOVa qm al Le hM fce Ll ez fbha phfbj Shel Ejo Lih
pwOVa qm al Le hM fce Ll ez
(2) H a Aeku hhaehc fuu pwOVa OVe pjql hh J ~heL fjZ MS e (2) H
a Aeku hhaehc fuu pwOVa OVe pjql hh J ~heL fjZ MS e (2) H a Aeku
hhaehc fuu pwOVa OVe pjql hh J ~heL fjZ MS e (2) H a Aeku hhaehc
fuu pwOVa OVe pjql hh J ~heL fjZ MS e
fJuzfJuzfJuzfJuz
(3) f Shn fjec H al WL hfla pr fce Ll (3) f Shn fjec H al WL
hfla pr fce Ll (3) f Shn fjec H al WL hfla pr fce Ll (3) f Shn fjec
H al WL hfla pr fce Ll z z z z
BjlBjlBjlBjl H Adu hZa nlej houm fkuj BmQe Llh H Adu hZa nlej
houm fkuj BmQe Llh H Adu hZa nlej houm fkuj BmQe Llh H Adu hZa nlej
houm fkuj BmQe Llh z z z z
fbj AmwOeu hd x fZl Evpfbj AmwOeu hd x fZl Evpfbj AmwOeu hd x
fZl Evpfbj AmwOeu hd x fZl Evp
XlECel ch Aeku fbha f~NqapL kNl fu 3.8 hmue hRl fh HLV XlECel ch
Aeku fbha f~NqapL kNl fu 3.8 hmue hRl fh HLV XlECel ch Aeku fbha
f~NqapL kNl fu 3.8 hmue hRl fh HLV XlECel ch Aeku fbha f~NqapL kNl
fu 3.8 hmue hRl fh HLV
j Lo bL pLm fSal pl Ejo quz Lje Ll HLV j Lo bL mr mr j Lo bL pLm
fSal pl Ejo quz Lje Ll HLV j Lo bL mr mr j Lo bL pLm fSal pl Ejo
quz Lje Ll HLV j Lo bL mr mr j Lo bL pLm fSal pl Ejo quz Lje Ll HLV
j Lo bL mr mr
SVmSVmSVmSVm fSa pjq p qa fl, Bl kc quC bL al Le Shn fjZ ~heL
fSa pjq p qa fl, Bl kc quC bL al Le Shn fjZ ~heL fSa pjq p qa fl,
Bl kc quC bL al Le Shn fjZ ~heL fSa pjq p qa fl, Bl kc quC bL al Le
Shn fjZ ~heL
abepe e fJul LlZC h L Hl pcl H jahcl ial fJu ku e z L H abepe e
fJul LlZC h L Hl pcl H jahcl ial fJu ku e z L H abepe e fJul LlZC h
L Hl pcl H jahcl ial fJu ku e z L H abepe e fJul LlZC h L Hl pcl H
jahcl ial fJu ku e z L H
pj BmQel fh Bjl fbjC hhael BmQ pjuLmV LMe Hhw Lih HC fbj pj
BmQel fh Bjl fbjC hhael BmQ pjuLmV LMe Hhw Lih HC fbj pj BmQel fh
Bjl fbjC hhael BmQ pjuLmV LMe Hhw Lih HC fbj pj BmQel fh Bjl fbjC
hhael BmQ pjuLmV LMe Hhw Lih HC fbj
Lol Bhih OV aLol Bhih OV aLol Bhih OV aLol Bhih OV al El MySl Q
Llh z hhaehc kqa p fuu Le l El MySl Q Llh z hhaehc kqa p fuu Le l
El MySl Q Llh z hhaehc kqa p fuu Le l El MySl Q Llh z hhaehc kqa p
fuu Le
BdiaL pl h nl Aa ALl Ll, aC H jahc ch Ll k, fbj LoV Le BdiaL pl
h nl Aa ALl Ll, aC H jahc ch Ll k, fbj LoV Le BdiaL pl h nl Aa ALl
Ll, aC H jahc ch Ll k, fbj LoV Le BdiaL pl h nl Aa ALl Ll, aC H
jahc ch Ll k, fbj LoV Le
fLl flLfe h nwMml jdj p qu eC hlw a qWv Ll fLaL BCe Aeku fLl
flLfe h nwMml jdj p qu eC hlw a qWv Ll fLaL BCe Aeku fLl flLfe h
nwMml jdj p qu eC hlw a qWv Ll fLaL BCe Aeku fLl flLfe h nwMml jdj
p qu eC hlw a qWv Ll fLaL BCe Aeku
axgaih HV Aaaxgaih HV Aaaxgaih HV Aaaxgaih HV Aa Hp ku z Ae Lbu
H jahcl ch Aeku A~Sh fcb bL H Hp ku z Ae Lbu H jahcl ch Aeku A~Sh
fcb bL H Hp ku z Ae Lbu H jahcl ch Aeku A~Sh fcb bL H Hp ku z Ae
Lbu H jahcl ch Aeku A~Sh fcb bL H
fZ Lo AhnC axgaih p quR z H dle Sh hel jmL BCel pfZ fZ Lo AhnC
axgaih p quR z H dle Sh hel jmL BCel pfZ fZ Lo AhnC axgaih p quR z
H dle Sh hel jmL BCel pfZ fZ Lo AhnC axgaih p quR z H dle Sh hel
jmL BCel pfZ
flf hdu a pfZ ANqZkN zflf hdu a pfZ ANqZkN zflf hdu a pfZ ANqZkN
zflf hdu a pfZ ANqZkN z
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77 / 88
SSSSSSSShhhhhhhheeeeeeee bbbbbbbbLLLLLLLL
SSSSSSSShhhhhhhheeeeeeee BBBBBBBBpppppppp
XlECe al fL Shel Evp pfL Le AmLfaXlECe al fL Shel Evp pfL Le
AmLfaXlECe al fL Shel Evp pfL Le AmLfaXlECe al fL Shel Evp pfL Le
AmLfa Llee z acee Llee z acee Llee z acee Llee z acee
~heL Ea Aa fbjL fku bLl LlZ ae dle LlRme fb SNa Aa plm ~heL Ea
Aa fbjL fku bLl LlZ ae dle LlRme fb SNa Aa plm ~heL Ea Aa fbjL fku
bLl LlZ ae dle LlRme fb SNa Aa plm ~heL Ea Aa fbjL fku bLl LlZ ae
dle LlRme fb SNa Aa plm
LWjl pz jdkNu Qdl Aeku fSa pjql axga Sj a jahc Aeku LWjl pz
jdkNu Qdl Aeku fSa pjql axga Sj a jahc Aeku LWjl pz jdkNu Qdl Aeku
fSa pjql axga Sj a jahc Aeku LWjl pz jdkNu Qdl Aeku fSa pjql axga
Sj a jahc Aeku
XlEqeJ hnp Llae A~Sh fcb bL ~chv uwuih Shel XlEqeJ hnp Llae A~Sh
fcb bL ~chv uwuih Shel XlEqeJ hnp Llae A~Sh fcb bL ~chv uwuih Shel
XlEqeJ hnp Llae A~Sh fcb bL ~chv uwuih Shel hLn OV bL Hhw hLn OV bL
Hhw hLn OV bL Hhw hLn OV bL Hhw
ae H dle al hhaehc aJ hhql Lle z pC pjuLl pdlZ hnp Rm Mc hl ae H
dle al hhaehc aJ hhql Lle z pC pjuLl pdlZ hnp Rm Mc hl ae H dle al
hhaehc aJ hhql Lle z pC pjuLl pdlZ hnp Rm Mc hl ae H dle al hhaehc
aJ hhql Lle z pC pjuLl pdlZ hnp Rm Mc hl
ER bL hi LVl Sj qu bL h Nj bL fL p quz H dle fjZ Lll Se ER bL hi
LVl Sj qu bL h Nj bL fL p quz H dle fjZ Lll Se ER bL hi LVl Sj qu
bL h Nj bL fL p quz H dle fjZ Lll Se ER bL hi LVl Sj qu bL h Nj bL
fL p quz H dle fjZ Lll Se
hi dlel flr elr Qme quz hl Efl Njl LR Awn lM hi dlel flr elr Qme
quz hl Efl Njl LR Awn lM hi dlel flr elr Qme quz hl Efl Njl LR Awn
lM hi dlel flr elr Qme quz hl Efl Njl LR Awn lM cJu qa dle cJu qa
dle cJu qa dle cJu qa dle
Ll qa LRre fl HMe ELe h fL p qh z jwpl Efl fLl Xjl AaL Ll qa
LRre fl HMe ELe h fL p qh z jwpl Efl fLl Xjl AaL Ll qa LRre fl HMe
ELe h fL p qh z jwpl Efl fLl Xjl AaL Ll qa LRre fl HMe ELe h fL p
qh z jwpl Efl fLl Xjl AaL
A~Sh fcb bL fZl pll fjZ qph Effe Ll qa z kcJ flhaa fjZa A~Sh fcb
bL fZl pll fjZ qph Effe Ll qa z kcJ flhaa fjZa A~Sh fcb bL fZl pll
fjZ qph Effe Ll qa z kcJ flhaa fjZa A~Sh fcb bL fZl pll fjZ qph
Effe Ll qa z kcJ flhaa fjZa
qu k, fLafr jwpl Efl fLl Xj axgaih ~al qu e hlw flhqu k, fLafr
jwpl Efl fLl Xj axgaih ~al qu e hlw flhqu k, fLafr jwpl Efl fLl Xj
axgaih ~al qu e hlw flhqu k, fLafr jwpl Efl fLl Xj axgaih ~al qu e
hlw flhqa mi k qa mi k qa mi k qa mi k
Mm QM cM ku e, a bL Xjl p qu bL z Mm QM cM ku e, a bL Xjl p qu
bL z Mm QM cM ku e, a bL Xjl p qu bL z Mm QM cM ku e, a bL Xjl p qu
bL z
XlECe kMe al H fL XlECe kMe al H fL XlECe kMe al H fL XlECe kMe
al H fL The Origin of Species (1859) mMe aMe fbha ~heLcl (1859) mMe
aMe fbha ~heLcl (1859) mMe aMe fbha ~heLcl (1859) mMe aMe fbha
~heLcl
pdlZ dle Rm k, A~Sh fcb bL She axgaih p qu bL z XlEqel H pdlZ
dle Rm k, A~Sh fcb bL She axgaih p qu bL z XlEqel H pdlZ dle Rm k,
A~Sh fcb bL She axgaih p qu bL z XlEqel H pdlZ dle Rm k, A~Sh fcb
bL She axgaih p qu bL z XlEqel H
fL jel j 5 fL jel j 5 fL jel j 5 fL jel j 5 hvpll jd glp Sh he
hvpll jd glp Sh he hvpll jd glp Sh he hvpll jd glp Sh he LOUIS
PASTEUR hhaehcl jm hhaehcl jm hhaehcl jm hhaehcl jm
i im fjZ Lle z cO Nhoe J flr elrl fl i im fjZ Lle z cO Nhoe J
flr elrl fl i im fjZ Lle z cO Nhoe J flr elrl fl i im fjZ Lle z cO
Nhoe J flr elrl fl LOUIS PASTEUR hme, A~Sh hme, A~Sh hme, A~Sh hme,
A~Sh
fcb bL fZl pl qu H dle Qlcel Se Lhl fba Ll qm zfcb bL fZl pl qu
H dle Qlcel Se Lhl fba Ll qm zfcb bL fZl pl qu H dle Qlcel Se Lhl
fba Ll qm zfcb bL fZl pl qu H dle Qlcel Se Lhl fba Ll qm z XlECehcl
XlECehcl XlECehcl XlECehcl
fll H jahc fQl cOce khfll H jahc fQl cOce khfll H jahc fQl cOce
khfll H jahc fQl cOce kha hd cu BpRme z L HV he qph faa a hd cu
BpRme z L HV he qph faa a hd cu BpRme z L HV he qph faa a hd cu
BpRme z L HV he qph faa
qu Hhw Sh SNal Lol SVm LWj Ahdlaih fjZa qu Hhw axgaih fZl qu Hhw
Sh SNal Lol SVm LWj Ahdlaih fjZa qu Hhw axgaih fZl qu Hhw Sh SNal
Lol SVm LWj Ahdlaih fjZa qu Hhw axgaih fZl qu Hhw Sh SNal Lol SVm
LWj Ahdlaih fjZa qu Hhw axgaih fZl
Ejo OV H a a ham qph NZ qu z Ejo OV H a a ham qph NZ qu z Ejo OV
H a a ham qph NZ qu z Ejo OV H a a ham qph NZ qu z
hwn naL Afncl pwNjhwn naL Afncl pwNjhwn naL Afncl pwNjhwn naL
Afncl pwNj
hwn naL lnul hMa Sh he hhaehc hwn naL lnul hMa Sh he hhaehc hwn
naL lnul hMa Sh he hhaehc hwn naL lnul hMa Sh he hhaehc Alexandar
Oparin phfbj Shel phfbj Shel phfbj Shel phfbj Shel
Evp pfL Nhoe l Lle z 1930 cnL hn LR jahc Evp pfL Nhoe l Lle z
1930 cnL hn LR jahc Evp pfL Nhoe l Lle z 1930 cnL hn LR jahc Evp
pfL Nhoe l Lle z 1930 cnL hn LR jahc Oparin Shel pQe ~chv Shel pQe
~chv Shel pQe ~chv Shel pQe ~chv
qu jj ch Lla bLe z ah al H fQ hbau fkhpa qu, Ahn ae eSC a qu jj
ch Lla bLe z ah al H fQ hbau fkhpa qu, Ahn ae eSC a qu jj ch Lla
bLe z ah al H fQ hbau fkhpa qu, Ahn ae eSC a qu jj ch Lla bLe z ah
al H fQ hbau fkhpa qu, Ahn ae eSC a
Ll Llez ae hme, ciNhna, fl hhae al jd LLl Llez ae hme, ciNhna,
fl hhae al jd LLl Llez ae hme, ciNhna, fl hhae al jd LLl Llez ae
hme, ciNhna, fl hhae al jd Lol Evpl houV phQu ol Evpl houV phQu ol
Evpl houV phQu ol Evpl houV phQu
ALl (chmaj) cL h Awn z ALl (chmaj) cL h Awn z ALl (chmaj) cL h
Awn z ALl (chmaj) cL h Awn z
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78 / 88
hhaehc ~heLl Shel Evp pfL pjde fJul mr hhaehc ~heLl Shel Evp pfL
pjde fJul mr hhaehc ~heLl Shel Evp pfL pjde fJul mr hhaehc ~heLl
Shel Evp pfL pjde fJul mr Oparin Hl a Hl a Hl a Hl a
Aeku Nhoe Qmu ke z Hcl jd phQu hMa qme BjlLl lpuehc Aeku Nhoe
Qmu ke z Hcl jd phQu hMa qme BjlLl lpuehc Aeku Nhoe Qmu ke z Hcl jd
phQu hMa qme BjlLl lpuehc Aeku Nhoe Qmu ke z Hcl jd phQu hMa qme
BjlLl lpuehc Stanley
Miller, ae 1953 heNl/NhoeNl Np,, ae 1953 heNl/NhoeNl Np,, ae
1953 heNl/NhoeNl Np,, ae 1953 heNl/NhoeNl Np, n, fbh pl Bcj Ahe J
LR ~Sh n, fbh pl Bcj Ahe J LR ~Sh n, fbh pl Bcj Ahe J LR ~Sh n, fbh
pl Bcj Ahe J LR ~Sh
AZ (Hje HpX) jna Ll fVe pl Q Lle z HC Nhoel hba pC pju AZ (Hje
HpX) jna Ll fVe pl Q Lle z HC Nhoel hba pC pju AZ (Hje HpX) jna Ll
fVe pl Q Lle z HC Nhoel hba pC pju AZ (Hje HpX) jna Ll fVe pl Q Lle
z HC Nhoel hba pC pju
hhaehcl pfL HLV lafZ OVe qph hhQa z k BhqJuu H Nhoe flQme
hhaehcl pfL HLV lafZ OVe qph hhQa z k BhqJuu H Nhoe flQme hhaehcl
pfL HLV lafZ OVe qph hhQa z k BhqJuu H Nhoe flQme hhaehcl pfL HLV
lafZ OVe qph hhQa z k BhqJuu H Nhoe flQme
Ll qu fbhl hh fla pfZ i RmLl qu fbhl hh fla pfZ i RmLl qu fbhl
hh fla pfZ i RmLl qu fbhl hh fla pfZ i Rm jj flhaa Se ku z cO elhal
fl jj flhaa Se ku z cO elhal fl jj flhaa Se ku z cO elhal fl jj
flhaa Se ku z cO elhal fl
Miller Ll Lle, k fla J BhqJuu H Nhoe flQme Ll quRm a fLa Miller
Ll Lle, k fla J BhqJuu H Nhoe flQme Ll quRm a fLa Miller Ll Lle, k
fla J BhqJuu H Nhoe flQme Ll quRm a fLa Miller Ll Lle, k fla J
BhqJuu H Nhoe flQme Ll quRm a fLa
Ahl pb pwNafZ Rme z Ahl pb pwNafZ Rme z Ahl pb pwNafZ Rme z Ahl
pb pwNafZ Rme z
Shel Evp pfL hM cJul H fQ fl hwn naL dl Qma bL Hhw k Shel Evp
pfL hM cJul H fQ fl hwn naL dl Qma bL Hhw k Shel Evp pfL hM cJul H
fQ fl hwn naL dl Qma bL Hhw k Shel Evp pfL hM cJul H fQ fl hwn naL
dl Qma bL Hhw k
hbau fkhpa quz 1998 hbau fkhpa quz 1998 hbau fkhpa quz 1998 hbau
fkhpa quz 1998 pm hhaehc pjuL pm hhaehc pjuL pm hhaehc pjuL pm
hhaehc pjuL EARTH H SCIPPS Institute, SAN
Diego, Hl Geo Chemist, Geffery Ada al HL fh H pa fLn Ll ae mMRe
x al HL fh H pa fLn Ll ae mMRe x al HL fh H pa fLn Ll ae mMRe x al
HL fh H pa fLn Ll ae mMRe x
Bjl haje hwn naL hphp LlR z Bjl HMeJ phQu LWe fnl pjMe Bjl haje
hwn naL hphp LlR z Bjl HMeJ phQu LWe fnl pjMe Bjl haje hwn naL hphp
LlR z Bjl HMeJ phQu LWe fnl pjMe Bjl haje hwn naL hphp LlR z Bjl
HMeJ phQu LWe fnl pjMe
qR aqm fbhqR aqm fbhqR aqm fbhqR aqm fbha Shel Ejo Lih ph qma
Shel Ejo Lih ph qma Shel Ejo Lih ph qma Shel Ejo Lih ph qm????
~~ ~~~~ ~~SSSSSSSShhhhhhhh LLLLLLLLWWWWWWWWjjjjjjjjllllllll
SSSSSSSSVVVVVVVVmmmmmmmmaaaaaaaa
hhaehccl fZl Evpl Aepe fuu phQu LWe fn H LlZC Efa qu hhaehccl
fZl Evpl Aepe fuu phQu LWe fn H LlZC Efa qu hhaehccl fZl Evpl Aepe
fuu phQu LWe fn H LlZC Efa qu hhaehccl fZl Evpl Aepe fuu phQu LWe
fn H LlZC Efa qu
k, pdlZih phQu plm fLal fZ qph hhQe Ll qu, p ph fZl ~Sh LWj k,
pdlZih phQu plm fLal fZ qph hhQe Ll qu, p ph fZl ~Sh LWj k, pdlZih
phQu plm fLal fZ qph hhQe Ll qu, p ph fZl ~Sh LWj k, pdlZih phQu
plm fLal fZ qph hhQe Ll qu, p ph fZl ~Sh LWj
Ahnpih SVmz jeh Sa ka ~heL J kfa BhLl LlAhnpih SVmz jeh Sa ka
~heL J kfa BhLl LlAhnpih SVmz jeh Sa ka ~heL J kfa BhLl LlAhnpih
SVmz jeh Sa ka ~heL J kfa BhLl LlR al Qu HLV Sh R al Qu HLV Sh R al
Qu HLV Sh R al Qu HLV Sh
Lo AeL hn SVm z aRs fbhl phdeL ~heL NhoeNlJ HLV Sh Lo Lo AeL hn
SVm z aRs fbhl phdeL ~heL NhoeNlJ HLV Sh Lo Lo AeL hn SVm z aRs
fbhl phdeL ~heL NhoeNlJ HLV Sh Lo Lo AeL hn SVm z aRs fbhl phdeL
~heL NhoeNlJ HLV Sh Lo
~al Ll ph eu z ~al Ll ph eu z ~al Ll ph eu z ~al Ll ph eu z
HLV Lo pl Se kph fla J na fuSe a LejC ~chv qph HLV Lo pl Se kph
fla J na fuSe a LejC ~chv qph HLV Lo pl Se kph fla J na fuSe a LejC
~chv qph HLV Lo pl Se kph fla J na fuSe a LejC ~chv qph
BMua Ll kuez fVe p J Lo ejel hi BMua Ll kuez fVe p J Lo ejel hi
BMua Ll kuez fVe p J Lo ejel hi BMua Ll kuez fVe p J Lo ejel hi Awn
HLC pb ~chv HLia qJul Awn HLC pb ~chv HLia qJul Awn HLC pb ~chv
HLia qJul Awn HLC pb ~chv HLia qJul
phe 500 Hje HpX p qJul 950 hl HLhl j z AwL nl qph Aeku phe 500
Hje HpX p qJul 950 hl HLhl j z AwL nl qph Aeku phe 500 Hje HpX p
qJul 950 hl HLhl j z AwL nl qph Aeku phe 500 Hje HpX p qJul 950 hl
HLhl j z AwL nl qph Aeku
1050 Hl jd 1 qm a hh pwOVa qJu Aph z Ecqlelf hm ku k, 1050 Hl jd
1 qm a hh pwOVa qJu Aph z Ecqlelf hm ku k, 1050 Hl jd 1 qm a hh
pwOVa qJu Aph z Ecqlelf hm ku k, 1050 Hl jd 1 qm a hh pwOVa qJu Aph
z Ecqlelf hm ku k, DNA AZ AZ AZ AZ
k eELup Hl jd Ahe Ll z HC k eELup Hl jd Ahe Ll z HC k eELup Hl
jd Ahe Ll z HC k eELup Hl jd Ahe Ll z HC DNA Hl jd jeol Sj houHl jd
jeol Sj houHl jd jeol Sj houHl jd jeol Sj houL hi ab L hi ab L hi
ab L hi ab
phna bL z jeol phna bL z jeol phna bL z jeol phna bL z jeol
genetic code kc LNSl Efl mM qu aqm 500 fl 900 hC kc LNSl Efl mM qu
aqm 500 fl 900 hC kc LNSl Efl mM qu aqm 500 fl 900 hC kc LNSl Efl
mM qu aqm 500 fl 900 hC
qh z qh z qh z qh z DNA pfL HLV Aal ab qm HVl falf qph LS Lla qm
HLV pfL HLV Aal ab qm HVl falf qph LS Lla qm HLV pfL HLV Aal ab qm
HVl falf qph LS Lla qm HLV pfL HLV Aal ab qm HVl falf qph LS Lla qm
HLV
hno dlel fVe h HeSCjl fuSe quz Hm d aMeC hno dlel fVe h HeSCjl
fuSe quz Hm d aMeC hno dlel fVe h HeSCjl fuSe quz Hm d aMeC hno
dlel fVe h HeSCjl fuSe quz Hm d aMeC DNA Hl LX Hl jdjC Hl LX Hl
jdjC Hl LX Hl jdjC Hl LX Hl jdjC
LLLLkLl qu z HV flfll Efl eilnm z aC Hcl falf qJul Se HLC pb kLl
qu z HV flfll Efl eilnm z aC Hcl falf qJul Se HLC pb kLl qu z HV
flfll Efl eilnm z aC Hcl falf qJul Se HLC pb kLl qu z HV flfll Efl
eilnm z aC Hcl falf qJul Se HLC pb
Efa fuSe qu z H LlZC fbhL fZl Evp pfLa Aepe fuu HLV Efa fuSe qu
z H LlZC fbhL fZl Evp pfLa Aepe fuu HLV Efa fuSe qu z H LlZC fbhL
fZl Evp pfLa Aepe fuu HLV Efa fuSe qu z H LlZC fbhL fZl Evp pfLa
Aepe fuu HLV
AQmhl p qu z AQmhl p qu z AQmhl p qu z AQmhl p qu z
-
79 / 88
1994 pml Ahl, 1994 pml Ahl, 1994 pml Ahl, 1994 pml Ahl,
Scientific American pjuLa pe XuN Lmgeu pjuLa pe XuN Lmgeu pjuLa pe
XuN Lmgeu pjuLa pe XuN Lmgeu
CEeiCEeiCEeiCEeipVl fgpl pVl fgpl pVl fgpl pVl fgpl Leslie orge
mMRe x mMRe x mMRe x mMRe x
fVe J eELL HpX EiulC LWjNa fLa Aa SVm fLal aC H cV fVe J eELL
HpX EiulC LWjNa fLa Aa SVm fLal aC H cV fVe J eELL HpX EiulC LWjNa
fLa Aa SVm fLal aC H cV fVe J eELL HpX EiulC LWjNa fLa Aa SVm fLal
aC H cV
HLC pjam hu Ll eae pl houV Lka Aph z aRs H cVl HLV Rs HLC pjam
hu Ll eae pl houV Lka Aph z aRs H cVl HLV Rs HLC pjam hu Ll eae pl
houV Lka Aph z aRs H cVl HLV Rs HLC pjam hu Ll eae pl houV Lka Aph
z aRs H cVl HLV Rs
AeVl AaJ Aph z gm Bfax ca LEL H dlel pC EAeVl AaJ Aph z gm Bfax
ca LEL H dlel pC EAeVl AaJ Aph z gm Bfax ca LEL H dlel pC EAeVl AaJ
Aph z gm Bfax ca LEL H dlel pC Efea qa qhC fea qa qhC fea qa qhC
fea qa qhC
k, fLafr fbha fZ Le lpueL hul jdj p h Ea qu eC z k, fLafr fbha
fZ Le lpueL hul jdj p h Ea qu eC z k, fLafr fbha fZ Le lpueL hul
jdj p h Ea qu eC z k, fLafr fbha fZ Le lpueL hul jdj p h Ea qu eC
z
hhaehcl Lfa LWjhhaehcl Lfa LWjhhaehcl Lfa LWjhhaehcl Lfa LWj
XlECe al au chm cL kl jdj aV ham fjZa qu aqm, XlECe al au chm cL
kl jdj aV ham fjZa qu aqm, XlECe al au chm cL kl jdj aV ham fjZa qu
aqm, XlECe al au chm cL kl jdj aV ham fjZa qu aqm,
XlECehc fjZl Se hhaehc fa qph k cV jahc EXlECehc fjZl Se hhaehc
fa qph k cV jahc EXlECehc fjZl Se hhaehc fa qph k cV jahc EXlECehc
fjZl Se hhaehc fa qph k cV jahc Efa qu hhLfr al fa qu hhLfr al fa
qu hhLfr al fa qu hhLfr al
jd Le hhaehc fuC eC z jd Le hhaehc fuC eC z jd Le hhaehc fuC eC
z jd Le hhaehc fuC eC z
XlECe al hhaehc al pb fLaL ehQeL pfZih HLia Ll XlECe al hhaehc
al pb fLaL ehQeL pfZih HLia Ll XlECe al hhaehc al pb fLaL ehQeL
pfZih HLia Ll XlECe al hhaehc al pb fLaL ehQeL pfZih HLia Ll
Effe LlRe z HC fuL ae HaC la fce LlRe k al fLl ej Llel Effe LlRe
z HC fuL ae HaC la fce LlRe k al fLl ej Llel Effe LlRe z HC fuL ae
HaC la fce LlRe k al fLl ej Llel Effe LlRe z HC fuL ae HaC la fce
LlRe k al fLl ej Llel
jdjC hT ku, jdjC hT ku, jdjC hT ku, jdjC hT ku, ---- The Origin
of Species, By means of Natural Selection.
HV HC dlel Efl faa k fLaa fSa pjql Aa VLu lMl Se k HV HC dlel
Efl faa k fLaa fSa pjql Aa VLu lMl Se k HV HC dlel Efl faa k fLaa
fSa pjql Aa VLu lMl Se k HV HC dlel Efl faa k fLaa fSa pjql Aa VLu
lMl Se k
pwNj qu bL aa nnm kl al fLal hi faLm flhnl pwN Mf MJua pwNj qu
bL aa nnm kl al fLal hi faLm flhnl pwN Mf MJua pwNj qu bL aa nnm kl
al fLal hi faLm flhnl pwN Mf MJua pwNj qu bL aa nnm kl al fLal hi
faLm flhnl pwN Mf MJua
prj qu Hhw VL bL h H pwNj Su qu z Ecqle lprj qu Hhw VL bL h H
pwNj Su qu z Ecqle lprj qu Hhw VL bL h H pwNj Su qu z Ecqle lprj qu
Hhw VL bL h H pwNj Su qu z Ecqle lf hm qu k, kMe Le qlZl f hm qu k,
kMe Le qlZl f hm qu k, kMe Le qlZl f hm qu k, kMe Le qlZl
cm qwp fZ LaL B qu, aMe k qlZV phQu a csa prj qu pC hyQ bL cm
qwp fZ LaL B qu, aMe k qlZV phQu a csa prj qu pC hyQ bL cm qwp fZ
LaL B qu, aMe k qlZV phQu a csa prj qu pC hyQ bL cm qwp fZ LaL B
qu, aMe k qlZV phQu a csa prj qu pC hyQ bL
z Hih H qlZl cmV a hQle nnm qlZcl pjeu NWa qh z L aC hm HC z Hih
H qlZl cmV a hQle nnm qlZcl pjeu NWa qh z L aC hm HC z Hih H qlZl
cmV a hQle nnm qlZcl pjeu NWa qh z L aC hm HC z Hih H qlZl cmV a
hQle nnm qlZcl pjeu NWa qh z L aC hm HC
fuu qlZm hhae fuu Osu flZa qu e z H fuu qlZm hhae fuu Osu flZa
qu e z H fuu qlZm hhae fuu Osu flZa qu e z H fuu qlZm hhae fuu Osu
flZa qu e z H LlZC hhaehcl H Lj LlZC hhaehcl H Lj LlZC hhaehcl H Lj
LlZC hhaehcl H Lj
fal jd Le hhaehc n eqa eC z XlECe al al H chm cL pfL pjL fal jd
Le hhaehc n eqa eC z XlECe al al H chm cL pfL pjL fal jd Le hhaehc
n eqa eC z XlECe al al H chm cL pfL pjL fal jd Le hhaehc n eqa eC z
XlECe al al H chm cL pfL pjL
Ahqa Rme, ae eSC Ll Ll al Ahqa Rme, ae eSC Ll Ll al Ahqa Rme, ae
eSC Ll Ll al Ahqa Rme, ae eSC Ll Ll al The Origin of Species fL hma
hd quR fL hma hd quR fL hma hd quR fL hma hd quR
AeLm J hajdj flhaa flal p e qm fLal eAeLm J hajdj flhaa flal p e
qm fLal eAeLm J hajdj flhaa flal p e qm fLal eAeLm J hajdj flhaa
flal p e qm fLal ehQehQehQehQe Le ijLC lMa Le ijLC lMa Le ijLC lMa
Le ijLC lMa
prj qu e zprj qu e zprj qu e zprj qu e z
mjLl fihmjLl fihmjLl fihmjLl fih
aqm Lih HC hajdj flhaa fla p qJu ph z acee pLm aqm Lih HC hajdj
flhaa fla p qJu ph z acee pLm aqm Lih HC hajdj flhaa fla p qJu ph z
acee pLm aqm Lih HC hajdj flhaa fla p qJu ph z acee pLm
pja he mjL, glp Shhe e cu XlECe, mjL Hl al jdj H fnl pja he mjL,
glp Shhe e cu XlECe, mjL Hl al jdj H fnl pja he mjL, glp Shhe e cu
XlECe, mjL Hl al jdj H fnl pja he mjL, glp Shhe e cu XlECe, mjL Hl
al jdj H fnl
El ca pQ qez ae XlECel fhEl ca pQ qez ae XlECel fhEl ca pQ qez
ae XlECel fhEl ca pQ qez ae XlECel fh HL jahc fQl Lle z ae ch Lle,
fZ HL jahc fQl Lle z ae ch Lle, fZ HL jahc fQl Lle z ae ch Lle, fZ
HL jahc fQl Lle z ae ch Lle, fZ
Sha Ahu k pj nllL flhael Aia ASe Ll al QlL ~hn pjq Sha Ahu k pj
nllL flhael Aia ASe Ll al QlL ~hn pjq Sha Ahu k pj nllL flhael Aia
ASe Ll al QlL ~hn pjq Sha Ahu k pj nllL flhael Aia ASe Ll al QlL
~hn pjq
flha fSj eae fSa p Ll Hhw H dl hwn flflu Ahqa bL z mjL Hl flha
fSj eae fSa p Ll Hhw H dl hwn flflu Ahqa bL z mjL Hl flha fSj eae
fSa p Ll Hhw H dl hwn flflu Ahqa bL z mjL Hl flha fSj eae fSa p Ll
Hhw H dl hwn flflu Ahqa bL z mjL Hl
dle Aeku Slg Hje HLV fZ, k qlZ bL dle Aeku Slg Hje HLV fZ, k qlZ
bL dle Aeku Slg Hje HLV fZ, k qlZ bL dle Aeku Slg Hje HLV fZ, k qlZ
bL hhae fuu al Nm hwn flflu hhae fuu al Nm hwn flflu hhae fuu al Nm
hwn flflu hhae fuu al Nm hwn flflu
-
80 / 88
pwNjl jdj h fuR Hhw p haje al m Nm cu m NRl fa Ma prj pwNjl jdj
h fuR Hhw p haje al m Nm cu m NRl fa Ma prj pwNjl jdj h fuR Hhw p
haje al m Nm cu m NRl fa Ma prj pwNjl jdj h fuR Hhw p haje al m Nm
cu m NRl fa Ma prj
qR z qR z qR z qR z
XlECe al XlECe al XlECe al XlECe al - The Origin of Species fL H
dlel Bl Ecqle fn LlRez fL H dlel Bl Ecqle fn LlRez fL H dlel Bl
Ecqle fn LlRez fL H dlel Bl Ecqle fn LlRez
kje ae EM LlRe LR pwML imL Mcl pkje ae EM LlRe LR pwML imL Mcl
pkje ae EM LlRe LR pwML imL Mcl pkje ae EM LlRe LR pwML imL Mcl pe
fea fhn Ll Hhw flhaa e fea fhn Ll Hhw flhaa e fea fhn Ll Hhw flhaa
e fea fhn Ll Hhw flhaa
aja lfla quz L hwn naL aja lfla quz L hwn naL aja lfla quz L hwn
naL aja lfla quz L hwn naL MENDEL fZ SNa EldLl pu hwn he fZ SNa
EldLl pu hwn he fZ SNa EldLl pu hwn he fZ SNa EldLl pu hwn he
houL jahc fQl J fjZ Lle al jdj H pLm abLba ASa QlL ~hn flha houL
jahc fQl J fjZ Lle al jdj H pLm abLba ASa QlL ~hn flha houL jahc
fQl J fjZ Lle al jdj H pLm abLba ASa QlL ~hn flha houL jahc fQl J
fjZ Lle al jdj H pLm abLba ASa QlL ~hn flha
fSj el pfLu LfLqe ham J A~heL qpfSj el pfLu LfLqe ham J A~heL
qpfSj el pfLu LfLqe ham J A~heL qpfSj el pfLu LfLqe ham J A~heL qph
hhQa qu z H LlZ h hhQa qu z H LlZ h hhQa qu z H LlZ h hhQa qu z H
LlZ
fLaL ehQel Lj fa pfZlf ham qu ku z fLaL ehQel Lj fa pfZlf ham qu
ku z fLaL ehQel Lj fa pfZlf ham qu ku z fLaL ehQel Lj fa pfZlf ham
qu ku z
eh XlECehc J Hl pwndeeh XlECehc J Hl pwndeeh XlECehc J Hl
pwndeeh XlECehc J Hl pwnde
XlECehcl H Ah bL Elel mr HLV BdeL pebVL jahc h eh XlECehcl H Ah
bL Elel mr HLV BdeL pebVL jahc h eh XlECehcl H Ah bL Elel mr HLV
BdeL pebVL jahc h eh XlECehcl H Ah bL Elel mr HLV BdeL pebVL jahc h
eh
XlECehc fQl l Ll, k 1930 cnLl noiN hn Sefua ASe Ll XlECehc fQl l
Ll, k 1930 cnLl noiN hn Sefua ASe Ll XlECehc fQl l Ll, k 1930 cnLl
noiN hn Sefua ASe Ll XlECehc fQl l Ll, k 1930 cnLl noiN hn Sefua
ASe Ll z Hhz Hhz Hhz Hhl al l al l al l al
fLaL ehQelfLaL ehQelfLaL ehQelfLaL ehQel pb pb pb pb hajdj AeLm
flalhajdj AeLm flalhajdj AeLm flalhajdj AeLm flal h flhaenmal LlZ
Abh fZl h flhaenmal LlZ Abh fZl h flhaenmal LlZ Abh fZl h flhaenmal
LlZ Abh fZl
hS OVa V h co k lXune h XfLne iml Se pwOVa qu bL jj ch hS OVa V
h co k lXune h XfLne iml Se pwOVa qu bL jj ch hS OVa V h co k lXune
h XfLne iml Se pwOVa qu bL jj ch hS OVa V h co k lXune h XfLne iml
Se pwOVa qu bL jj ch
Lle z haje XlECehc HC eae jXm Aeku eh XlECehc LkLl qph Lle z
haje XlECehc HC eae jXm Aeku eh XlECehc LkLl qph Lle z haje XlECehc
HC eae jXm Aeku eh XlECehc LkLl qph Lle z haje XlECehc HC eae jXm
Aeku eh XlECehc LkLl qph hhQe hhQe hhQe hhQe
Ll Hl pjbe Ll bLe z H a Aeku mr mr fSa SjNa V h flhael jdj Ll Hl
pjbe Ll bLe z H a Aeku mr mr fSa SjNa V h flhael jdj Ll Hl pjbe Ll
bLe z H a Aeku mr mr fSa SjNa V h flhael jdj Ll Hl pjbe Ll bLe z H
a Aeku mr mr fSa SjNa V h flhael jdj
p qR z pjul hhae SVm fuu Hph fZa Le, QM, gpgp, Xe p qR z L p qR
z pjul hhae SVm fuu Hph fZa Le, QM, gpgp, Xe p qR z L p qR z pjul
hhae SVm fuu Hph fZa Le, QM, gpgp, Xe p qR z L p qR z pjul hhae SVm
fuu Hph fZa Le, QM, gpgp, Xe p qR z L
fLa ~heL pa k H jahcL pfZ eLQ Ll cu aqm x flhaenmafLa ~heL pa k
H jahcL pfZ eLQ Ll cu aqm x flhaenmafLa ~heL pa k H jahcL pfZ eLQ
Ll cu aqm x flhaenmafLa ~heL pa k H jahcL pfZ eLQ Ll cu aqm x
flhaenma fZ fZ fZ fZ
SNal hLn OVu e hlw a raN h dwp LlSNal hLn OVu e hlw a raN h dwp
LlSNal hLn OVu e hlw a raN h dwp LlSNal hLn OVu e hlw a raN h dwp
Ll---- Hl pqS LlZ qR Hl pqS LlZ qR Hl pqS LlZ qR Hl pqS LlZ qR DNA
Aa SVm Aa SVm Aa SVm Aa SVm
LWj, Ha pje flhae J AZl NWe fuu a rapde Ll j z BjlLe LWj, Ha pje
flhae J AZl NWe fuu a rapde Ll j z BjlLe LWj, Ha pje flhae J AZl
NWe fuu a rapde Ll j z BjlLe LWj, Ha pje flhae J AZl NWe fuu a
rapde Ll j z BjlLe
Scientist B G Ranganthan a Hih hZe LlRe x flhaepjq, r, Hmfbs J a
Hih hZe LlRe x flhaepjq, r, Hmfbs J a Hih hZe LlRe x flhaepjq, r,
Hmfbs J a Hih hZe LlRe x flhaepjq, r, Hmfbs J
raLlL kl raLlL kl raLlL kl raLlL kl phe Aa hlm Hhw a AdLwn rC
ALkLl z flhae dll HC phe Aa hlm Hhw a AdLwn rC ALkLl z flhae dll HC
phe Aa hlm Hhw a AdLwn rC ALkLl z flhae dll HC phe Aa hlm Hhw a
AdLwn rC ALkLl z flhae dll HC
QlV ~hn HVC fjZ Ll k, a Le hhaehc Eue h hLn fuu Le LkLl QlV ~hn
HVC fjZ Ll k, a Le hhaehc Eue h hLn fuu Le LkLl QlV ~hn HVC fjZ Ll
k, a Le hhaehc Eue h hLn fuu Le LkLl QlV ~hn HVC fjZ Ll k, a Le
hhaehc Eue h hLn fuu Le LkLl
ijL lMa prj eu z Le hno dlel fSal r HV ALkLl Abh raLlL ijL lMa
prj eu z Le hno dlel fSal r HV ALkLl Abh raLlL ijL lMa prj eu z Le
hno dlel fSal r HV ALkLl Abh raLlL ijL lMa prj eu z Le hno dlel
fSal r HV ALkLl Abh raLlL
qph hhQa z HLV Oslqph hhQa z HLV Oslqph hhQa z HLV Oslqph hhQa z
HLV Osl Hmfbs h AflLfa flhae LMeJ OsVl eNa Hmfbs h AflLfa flhae
LMeJ OsVl eNa Hmfbs h AflLfa flhae LMeJ OsVl eNa Hmfbs h AflLfa
flhae LMeJ OsVl eNa
flhae pde Lle hlw pV raN Ll h ALkLl qu z HLV ijLf LMeC eNl flhae
pde Lle hlw pV raN Ll h ALkLl qu z HLV ijLf LMeC eNl flhae pde Lle
hlw pV raN Ll h ALkLl qu z HLV ijLf LMeC eNl flhae pde Lle hlw pV
raN Ll h ALkLl qu z HLV ijLf LMeC eNl
Eue Le ijL lMe hlw al dwp pde Ll j z Eue Le ijL lMe hlw al dwp
pde Ll j z Eue Le ijL lMe hlw al dwp pde Ll j z Eue Le ijL lMe hlw
al dwp pde Ll j z
fLafr Le LkLl h fuSeu flhae, hwn he Nhoeu fkhre LlfLafr Le LkLl
h fuSeu flhae, hwn he Nhoeu fkhre LlfLafr Le LkLl h fuSeu flhae,
hwn he Nhoeu fkhre LlfLafr Le LkLl h fuSeu flhae, hwn he Nhoeu
fkhre Ll kue kue kue kue
hlw Nhoeu HVC cM NR pLm fLl flhaeC raLlL z HVC far Ll NR k, hlw
Nhoeu HVC cM NR pLm fLl flhaeC raLlL z HVC far Ll NR k, hlw Nhoeu
HVC cM NR pLm fLl flhaeC raLlL z HVC far Ll NR k, hlw Nhoeu HVC cM
NR pLm fLl flhaeC raLlL z HVC far Ll NR k,
hhaehc a Aeku flhae pjq hwnNa hel HLV lafZ OVe k d fZL f hhaehc
a Aeku flhae pjq hwnNa hel HLV lafZ OVe k d fZL f hhaehc a Aeku
flhae pjq hwnNa hel HLV lafZ OVe k d fZL f hhaehc a Aeku flhae pjq
hwnNa hel HLV lafZ OVe k d fZL f
h dwpC Ll bL z jeol r phQu pdlZ Lou flhae qm Lpl z aCh dwpC Ll
bL z jeol r phQu pdlZ Lou flhae qm Lpl z aCh dwpC Ll bL z jeol r
phQu pdlZ Lou flhae qm Lpl z aCh dwpC Ll bL z jeol r phQu pdlZ Lou
flhae qm Lpl z aC Le Le Le Le
dwpaL fu LejC hhaehc fa h Lnm qa fle z fLaL ehQe, k dwpaL fu
LejC hhaehc fa h Lnm qa fle z fLaL ehQe, k dwpaL fu LejC hhaehc fa
h Lnm qa fle z fLaL ehQe, k dwpaL fu LejC hhaehc fa h Lnm qa fle z
fLaL ehQe, k
XlECe Ll LlRme, a eSih LRC Lla prj eu z Bjl far LlR k, XlECe Ll
LlRme, a eSih LRC Lla prj eu z Bjl far LlR k, XlECe Ll LlRme, a
eSih LRC Lla prj eu z Bjl far LlR k, XlECe Ll LlRme, a eSih LRC Lla
prj eu z Bjl far LlR k,
-
81 / 88
fLa pa HVC k, fLaa Le hhaehc Lnm h fa hm LR eC z kqa fLa pa HVC
k, fLaa Le hhaehc Lnm h fa hm LR eC z kqa fLa pa HVC k, fLaa Le
hhaehc Lnm h fa hm LR eC z kqa fLa pa HVC k, fLaa Le hhaehc Lnm h
fa hm LR eC z kqa
fLaafLaafLaafLaa hhaehc Lnm eC, aC hhaehcl ab Lba pjuV HLV Lfa
dlej k hhaehc Lnm eC, aC hhaehcl ab Lba pjuV HLV Lfa dlej k hhaehc
Lnm eC, aC hhaehcl ab Lba pjuV HLV Lfa dlej k hhaehc Lnm eC, aC
hhaehcl ab Lba pjuV HLV Lfa dlej k
LMeJ hcje Rme zLMeJ hcje Rme zLMeJ hcje Rme zLMeJ hcje Rme z
Shn fjZ x Le AhaLme BLal Aal fjZ/ecne zShn fjZ x Le AhaLme BLal
Aal fjZ/ecne zShn fjZ x Le AhaLme BLal Aal fjZ/ecne zShn fjZ x Le
AhaLme BLal Aal fjZ/ecne z
XlECel hhaehcl OVe k, LMeJ OVe al phQu hh fjZ qm Shnl XlECel
hhaehcl OVe k, LMeJ OVe al phQu hh fjZ qm Shnl XlECel hhaehcl OVe
k, LMeJ OVe al phQu hh fjZ qm Shnl XlECel hhaehcl OVe k, LMeJ OVe
al phQu hh fjZ qm Shnl
Bal AefBal AefBal AefBal Aefa za za za z
hhaehc a Aeku pLm Sha fZ flflL flhael jdj haje hhaehc a Aeku pLm
Sha fZ flflL flhael jdj haje hhaehc a Aeku pLm Sha fZ flflL flhael
jdj haje hhaehc a Aeku pLm Sha fZ flflL flhael jdj haje
BLl/BLa dle LlR z HLV fhha fZ pjul hhae Ae fZa lfla qu z BLl/BLa
dle LlR z HLV fhha fZ pjul hhae Ae fZa lfla qu z BLl/BLa dle LlR z
HLV fhha fZ pjul hhae Ae fZa lfla qu z BLl/BLa dle LlR z HLV fhha
fZ pjul hhae Ae fZa lfla qu z
pLm fZC HihC hLn mi LlR z HC jahc Aepl H fuu mr mr hRl pLm fZC
HihC hLn mi LlR z HC jahc Aepl H fuu mr mr hRl pLm fZC HihC hLn mi
LlR z HC jahc Aepl H fuu mr mr hRl pLm fZC HihC hLn mi LlR z HC
jahc Aepl H fuu mr mr hRl
pjuLml jd fpjuLml jd fpjuLml jd fpjuLml jd fkuj haje fku Ea quR
z H LlZ ANea jdha fSa H kuj haje fku Ea quR z H LlZ ANea jdha fSa H
kuj haje fku Ea quR z H LlZ ANea jdha fSa H kuj haje fku Ea quR z H
LlZ ANea jdha fSa H
pjuLm hcje Rm kcl fcil fbh fLfa qa z pjuLm hcje Rm kcl fcil fbh
fLfa qa z pjuLm hcje Rm kcl fcil fbh fLfa qa z pjuLm hcje Rm kcl
fcil fbh fLfa qa z
EcqlZ lf hm ku k, kc jvp k haje BLl BLaa hcje z al EcqlZ lf hm
ku k, kc jvp k haje BLl BLaa hcje z al EcqlZ lf hm ku k, kc jvp k
haje BLl BLaa hcje z al EcqlZ lf hm ku k, kc jvp k haje BLl BLaa
hcje z al
hhael Le HL fku plpf BLl dle LlRm, AdjRhhael Le HL fku plpf BLl
dle LlRm, AdjRhhael Le HL fku plpf BLl dle LlRm, AdjRhhael Le HL
fku plpf BLl dle LlRm, AdjR----AdAdAdAdplpf BLlJ al plpf BLlJ al
plpf BLlJ al plpf BLlJ al
AhnC hcje Rmz Abh plpfl BLl hqm bLLme pjuC al frLml LR ~hn AhnC
hcje Rmz Abh plpfl BLl hqm bLLme pjuC al frLml LR ~hn AhnC hcje Rmz
Abh plpfl BLl hqm bLLme pjuC al frLml LR ~hn AhnC hcje Rmz Abh
plpfl BLl hqm bLLme pjuC al frLml LR ~hn
dle LlRm, pr plpfdle LlRm, pr plpfdle LlRm, pr plpfdle LlRm, pr
plpf----fr AhnC hlS Lla z kqa al hhael hi fku fr AhnC hlS Lla z kqa
al hhael hi fku fr AhnC hlS Lla z kqa al hhael hi fku fr AhnC hlS
Lla z kqa al hhael hi fku
Aaj LlRm, aC al AhnC chm, Ap, ApfZ, AfZ J VfZAaj LlRm, aC al
AhnC chm, Ap, ApfZ, AfZ J VfZAaj LlRm, aC al AhnC chm, Ap, ApfZ,
AfZ J VfZAaj LlRm, aC al AhnC chm, Ap, ApfZ, AfZ J VfZ fZ qph fZ
qph fZ qph fZ qph
fbha Qmgl Lla z hhaehccl ch Aeku H dlel Aha BLl/BLa pf fbha Qmgl
Lla z hhaehccl ch Aeku H dlel Aha BLl/BLa pf fbha Qmgl Lla z
hhaehccl ch Aeku H dlel Aha BLl/BLa pf fbha Qmgl Lla z hhaehccl ch
Aeku H dlel Aha BLl/BLa pf
fZ AhnC AaaLm hcje Rm z fZ AhnC AaaLm hcje Rm z fZ AhnC AaaLm
hcje Rm z fZ AhnC AaaLm hcje Rm z
paC kc H dlel fZl Aa bLC bL ah H pLm fSal hi dlel paC kc H dlel
fZl Aa bLC bL ah H pLm fSal hi dlel paC kc H dlel fZl Aa bLC bL ah
H pLm fSal hi dlel paC kc H dlel fZl Aa bLC bL ah H pLm fSal hi
dlel
BLl J BLa bL Hhw Hcl pwM mr mr qJu BLl J BLa bL Hhw Hcl pwM mr
mr qJu BLl J BLa bL Hhw Hcl pwM mr mr qJu BLl J BLa bL Hhw Hcl pwM
mr mr qJu Aa ihL z aC H dlel Aa Aa ihL z aC H dlel Aa Aa ihL z aC H
dlel Aa Aa ihL z aC H dlel Aa
BLal hi fSal Aal Le e Le Qq h fjZ h ecne Abv kl Shn fjZ BLal hi
fSal Aal Le e Le Qq h fjZ h ecne Abv kl Shn fjZ BLal hi fSal Aal Le
e Le Qq h fjZ h ecne Abv kl Shn fjZ BLal hi fSal Aal Le e Le Qq h
fjZ h ecne Abv kl Shn fjZ
bL EQa z bL EQa z bL EQa z bL EQa z
XlECe al fL XlECe al fL XlECe al fL XlECe al fL The Origin of
Species Hih Effe LlRe z Hih Effe LlRe z Hih Effe LlRe z Hih Effe
LlRe z Bjl hhaehc Bjl hhaehc Bjl hhaehc Bjl hhaehc
jahc kc pa qu aqm ApwM AhaLmejahc kc pa qu aqm ApwM AhaLmejahc
kc pa qu aqm ApwM AhaLmejahc kc pa qu aqm ApwM AhaLme fSal kl pb
HLC dlel fSal Nil fSal kl pb HLC dlel fSal Nil fSal kl pb HLC dlel
fSal Nil fSal kl pb HLC dlel fSal Nil
jm pf fSal Aa AhnC bLa qh z gm H dlel fhLl fSal Aa pma jm pf
fSal Aa AhnC bLa qh z gm H dlel fhLl fSal Aa pma jm pf fSal Aa AhnC
bLa qh z gm H dlel fhLl fSal Aa pma jm pf fSal Aa AhnC bLa qh z gm
H dlel fhLl fSal Aa pma
Shnl fjZ AhnC bLa qh z Shnl fjZ AhnC bLa qh z Shnl fjZ AhnC bLa
qh z Shnl fjZ AhnC bLa qh z
XXXXXXXXllllllllEEEEEEEECCCCCCCCeeeeeeeellllllll
BBBBBBBBnnnnnnnniiiiiiiiwwwwwwwwNNNNNNNN
-
82 / 88
Fehwn naL bL l Ll BS fk fbhl fu pLm BeQ LeQ Shn Fehwn naL bL l
Ll BS fk fbhl fu pLm BeQ LeQ Shn Fehwn naL bL l Ll BS fk fbhl fu
pLm BeQ LeQ Shn Fehwn naL bL l Ll BS fk fbhl fu pLm BeQ LeQ Shn
Nhoe fNhoe fNhoe fNhoe flQme Ll pJ H dlel Le Aha BLl h fLll Le
fZl Shn lQme Ll pJ H dlel Le Aha BLl h fLll Le fZl Shn lQme Ll pJ H
dlel Le Aha BLl h fLll Le fZl Shn lQme Ll pJ H dlel Le Aha BLl h
fLll Le fZl Shn
fJu kue z H pLm Mee LSl jdj k pj Shn fJu NR al pb hhaehccl fJu
kue z H pLm Mee LSl jdj k pj Shn fJu NR al pb hhaehccl fJu kue z H
pLm Mee LSl jdj k pj Shn fJu NR al pb hhaehccl fJu kue z H pLm Mee
LSl jdj k pj Shn fJu NR al pb hhaehccl
fan Aeku LRC fJu ku eC, hlw Shn fkhre cM NR, fSa pjq fZ J fan
Aeku LRC fJu ku eC, hlw Shn fkhre cM NR, fSa pjq fZ J fan Aeku LRC
fJu ku eC, hlw Shn fkhre cM NR, fSa pjq fZ J fan Aeku LRC fJu ku
eC, hlw Shn fkhre cM NR, fSa pjq fZ J
pfZlpfZlpfZlpfZlf qWv Ll fbha Bhia quR z Le Aha fZl Aa fJu kue
zf qWv Ll fbha Bhia quR z Le Aha fZl Aa fJu kue zf qWv Ll fbha Bhia
quR z Le Aha fZl Aa fJu kue zf qWv Ll fbha Bhia quR z Le Aha fZl Aa
fJu kue z
HLSe hhaehc Shn hnlc qJu pJ HLSe hhaehc Shn hnlc qJu pJ HLSe
hhaehc Shn hnlc qJu pJ HLSe hhaehc Shn hnlc qJu pJ DEREK W AGER
houV Ll Ll houV Ll Ll houV Ll Ll houV Ll Ll
EM LlRe k, Bjl kc Shn fjec fhfl fkhre Ll fSa Aeku h Hl EM LlRe
k, Bjl kc Shn fjec fhfl fkhre Ll fSa Aeku h Hl EM LlRe k, Bjl kc
Shn fjec fhfl fkhre Ll fSa Aeku h Hl EM LlRe k, Bjl kc Shn fjec
fhfl fkhre Ll fSa Aeku h Hl
hLnl fku AekuhLnl fku AekuhLnl fku AekuhLnl fku Aeku----aaaaqm
Le fkujL hLn cM ku e hlw qWv Ll HLV qm Le fkujL hLn cM ku e hlw qWv
Ll HLV qm Le fkujL hLn cM ku e hlw qWv Ll HLV qm Le fkujL hLn cM ku
e hlw qWv Ll HLV
fSal Bhih h Ae HLV fSal aldeC cMa fJu ku z Ae Lbu Shn fSal Bhih
h Ae HLV fSal aldeC cMa fJu ku z Ae Lbu Shn fSal Bhih h Ae HLV fSal
aldeC cMa fJu ku z Ae Lbu Shn fSal Bhih h Ae HLV fSal aldeC cMa fJu
ku z Ae Lbu Shn
pjql fkhre cM ku k, pLm fSa pjq qWv Ll fZlf h BLl BLaa pjql
fkhre cM ku k, pLm fSa pjq qWv Ll fZlf h BLl BLaa pjql fkhre cM ku
k, pLm fSa pjq qWv Ll fZlf h BLl BLaa pjql fkhre cM ku k, pLm fSa
pjq qWv Ll fZlf h BLl BLaa
hcje, Le AhaLme BLl/BLahcje, Le AhaLme BLl/BLahcje, Le AhaLme
BLl/BLahcje, Le AhaLme BLl/BLaa acl cMa fJu kue z Abv XlECe k a acl
cMa fJu kue z Abv XlECe k a acl cMa fJu kue z Abv XlECe k a acl cMa
fJu kue z Abv XlECe k
fheje h ihohe LlRme houV farih Hl hfla z Efl fSa pjq k fheje h
ihohe LlRme houV farih Hl hfla z Efl fSa pjq k fheje h ihohe LlRme
houV farih Hl hfla z Efl fSa pjq k fheje h ihohe LlRme houV farih
Hl hfla z Efl fSa pjq k
flLfaih p Ll quR HV alC hh fjZ z fSa pjq Lelf fh flo haa,
flLfaih p Ll quR HV alC hh fjZ z fSa pjq Lelf fh flo haa, flLfaih p
Ll quR HV alC hh fjZ z fSa pjq Lelf fh flo haa, flLfaih p Ll quR HV
alC hh fjZ z fSa pjq Lelf fh flo haa,
Vqe Hhw qWv Ll Bhia qJul houVqe Hhw qWv Ll Bhia qJul houVqe Hhw
qWv Ll Bhia qJul houVqe Hhw qWv Ll Bhia qJul houV fjZ Ll k, fSa pjq
p Ll quR z V fjZ Ll k, fSa pjq p Ll quR z V fjZ Ll k, fSa pjq p Ll
quR z V fjZ Ll k, fSa pjq p Ll quR z
fMa hVn hhaehc Sh he fMa hVn hhaehc Sh he fMa hVn hhaehc Sh he
fMa hVn hhaehc Sh he DOUG LAS FUTUYMA HC paL Ll Ll hmRe HC paL Ll
Ll hmRe HC paL Ll Ll hmRe HC paL Ll Ll hmRe
xxxx
fSapjql p h hhaehc fuu NWa HC cul jT fZ pjql pQel ph fSapjql p h
hhaehc fuu NWa HC cul jT fZ pjql pQel ph fSapjql p h hhaehc fuu NWa
HC cul jT fZ pjql pQel ph fSapjql p h hhaehc fuu NWa HC cul jT fZ
pjql pQel ph
hM luRz fSa pjq qu fZ Ahuh hM luRz fSa pjq qu fZ Ahuh hM luRz
fSa pjq qu fZ Ahuh hM luRz fSa pjq qu fZ Ahuh hLna qu fbha Bhia quR
Abh pC hLna qu fbha Bhia quR Abh pC hLna qu fbha Bhia quR Abh pC
hLna qu fbha Bhia quR Abh pC
qu eC z kqa fhl Le fZ bL flhae h hhaehc fuu p Le fZl Aa qu eC z
kqa fhl Le fZ bL flhae h hhaehc fuu p Le fZl Aa qu eC z kqa fhl Le
fZ bL flhae h hhaehc fuu p Le fZl Aa qu eC z kqa fhl Le fZ bL flhae
h hhaehc fuu p Le fZl Aa
fJu kue z hlw fSa pjq fZ Ahuh pfZ hLna fku fbha Bhia quR z fJu
kue z hlw fSa pjq fZ Ahuh pfZ hLna fku fbha Bhia quR z fJu kue z
hlw fSa pjq fZ Ahuh pfZ hLna fku fbha Bhia quR z fJu kue z hlw fSa
pjq fZ Ahuh pfZ hLna fku fbha Bhia quR z
aC HV AhnC Lk k, fSaC HV AhnC Lk k, fSaC HV AhnC Lk k, fSaC HV
AhnC Lk k, fSa pjqL heju HL jq p p LlRe za pjqL heju HL jq p p LlRe
za pjqL heju HL jq p p LlRe za pjqL heju HL jq p p LlRe z
Shn HVC fjZ Ll k, fSapjq fZ J pQllf NWa z Ae Lbu Shn HVC fjZ Ll
k, fSapjq fZ J pQllf NWa z Ae Lbu Shn HVC fjZ Ll k, fSapjq fZ J
pQllf NWa z Ae Lbu Shn HVC fjZ Ll k, fSapjq fZ J pQllf NWa z Ae
Lbu
XlECel Ql hfla fuu Abv fSa pjq hhaehc fuu eu hlw p fuu XlECel Ql
hfla fuu Abv fSa pjq hhaehc fuu eu hlw p fuu XlECel Ql hfla fuu Abv
fSa pjq hhaehc fuu eu hlw p fuu XlECel Ql hfla fuu Abv fSa pjq
hhaehc fuu eu hlw p fuu
dldj Efea quR z dldj Efea quR z dldj Efea quR z dldj Efea quR
z
hhaehc fuu jeh hhaehc fuu jeh hhaehc fuu jeh hhaehc fuu jeh pl
LfLqepl LfLqepl LfLqepl LfLqe
hhaehcl fhl phQu hn k houV BmQeu eu Bpe, aqm jeo pl hhaehcl fhl
phQu hn k houV BmQeu eu Bpe, aqm jeo pl hhaehcl fhl phQu hn k houV
BmQeu eu Bpe, aqm jeo pl hhaehcl fhl phQu hn k houV BmQeu eu Bpe,
aqm jeo pl
Evp h jeh pl lqp z XlECehcl H hou ch Ll bLe k, BdeL jeo LR Evp h
jeh pl lqp z XlECehcl H hou ch Ll bLe k, BdeL jeo LR Evp h jeh pl
lqp z XlECehcl H hou ch Ll bLe k, BdeL jeo LR Evp h jeh pl lqp z
XlECehcl H hou ch Ll bLe k, BdeL jeo LR
pwML hel fSal fh flo bL hhaehc fuu Ea quR z H chpwML hel fSal fh
flo bL hhaehc fuu Ea quR z H chpwML hel fSal fh flo bL hhaehc fuu
Ea quR z H chpwML hel fSal fh flo bL hhaehc fuu Ea quR z H ch Aeku
fu 4 Aeku fu 4 Aeku fu 4 Aeku fu 4
bL 5 jmue hRl pjuLm bL l quR Hhw fbha BdeL jeo J al fh bL 5 jmue
hRl pjuLm bL l quR Hhw fbha BdeL jeo J al fh bL 5 jmue hRl pjuLm bL
l quR Hhw fbha BdeL jeo J al fh bL 5 jmue hRl pjuLm bL l quR Hhw
fbha BdeL jeo J al fh
flocl Aha BLa J fLa hn fSa hphp Llaz H Lfa dle Aeku jeo flocl
Aha BLa J fLa hn fSa hphp Llaz H Lfa dle Aeku jeo flocl Aha BLa J
fLa hn fSa hphp Llaz H Lfa dle Aeku jeo flocl Aha BLa J fLa hn fSa
hphp Llaz H Lfa dle Aeku jeo
jma 4 fku hLn mi LlR, aqm xjma 4 fku hLn mi LlR, aqm xjma 4 fku
hLn mi LlR, aqm xjma 4 fku hLn mi LlR, aqm x
1. AUSTRALOPITHECUS
2. HOMO HABILIES
-
83 / 88
3. HOMO ERECTUS
4. HOMO SAPIENS
hhaehcl jeo fSal abLba phfbj fhflocl ejLle LlRe hhaehcl jeo fSal
abLba phfbj fhflocl ejLle LlRe hhaehcl jeo fSal abLba phfbj fhflocl
ejLle LlRe hhaehcl jeo fSal abLba phfbj fhflocl ejLle LlRe Australo
Pithectus
kl Ab crel hel z fLafr HC kl Ab crel hel z fLafr HC kl Ab crel
hel z fLafr HC kl Ab crel hel z fLafr HC Australo Pithectus qm HL
hm fSal hel z qm HL hm fSal hel z qm HL hm fSal hel z qm HL hm fSal
hel z
BjlL kl J hVel cC hnhMa BjlL kl J hVel cC hnhMa BjlL kl J hVel
cC hnhMa BjlL kl J hVel cC hnhMa Anatomist, Austrolopethicist pfL
hfL pfL hfL pfL hfL pfL hfL
Nhoel jdj Sea flRe k, HV HLV m fSal hell hwn kl pb jeo Nhoel jdj
Sea flRe k, HV HLV m fSal hell hwn kl pb jeo Nhoel jdj Sea flRe k,
HV HLV m fSal hell hwn kl pb jeo Nhoel jdj Sea flRe k, HV HLV m
fSal hell hwn kl pb jeo
fSal nllL LWjl Le jmC eC z fSal nllL LWjl Le jmC eC z fSal nllL
LWjl Le jmC eC z fSal nllL LWjl Le jmC eC z
hhaehcl jeo fSal flha hhaehc fuL Homo h jeh ne qph hhaehcl jeo
fSal flha hhaehc fuL Homo h jeh ne qph hhaehcl jeo fSal flha hhaehc
fuL Homo h jeh ne qph hhaehcl jeo fSal flha hhaehc fuL Homo h jeh
ne qph
hiSe LlRe z H ch Aeku HohiSe LlRe z H ch Aeku HohiSe LlRe z H ch
Aeku HohiSe LlRe z H ch Aeku Homo nei fSa mo nei fSa mo nei fSa mo
nei fSa Australopithecus ne bL ne bL ne bL ne bL
AdLal Ea h hLna z hhaehcl H pLm Shnl fkujL ne hep Aeku AdLal Ea
h hLna z hhaehcl H pLm Shnl fkujL ne hep Aeku AdLal Ea h hLna z
hhaehcl H pLm Shnl fkujL ne hep Aeku AdLal Ea h hLna z hhaehcl H
pLm Shnl fkujL ne hep Aeku
jeo fSal HLV Lfa hhaehc flLfe fa Lle z jeo pl H jhLnl jeo fSal
HLV Lfa hhaehc flLfe fa Lle z jeo pl H jhLnl jeo fSal HLV Lfa
hhaehc flLfe fa Lle z jeo pl H jhLnl jeo fSal HLV Lfa hhaehc flLfe
fa Lle z jeo pl H jhLnl
flLfe fLafr HLV LfLqe Rs LRflLfe fLafr HLV LfLqe Rs LRflLfe
fLafr HLV LfLqe Rs LRflLfe fLafr HLV LfLqe Rs LRC eu z LlZ hi hi
fSal jd Le C eu z LlZ hi hi fSal jd Le C eu z LlZ hi hi fSal jd Le
C eu z LlZ hi hi fSal jd Le
hhaehc jm flmra qJul Le fjZ e fJuu houV AfjZa z hwn naLl hhaehc
jm flmra qJul Le fjZ e fJuu houV AfjZa z hwn naLl hhaehc jm flmra
qJul Le fjZ e fJuu houV AfjZa z hwn naLl hhaehc jm flmra qJul Le
fjZ e fJuu houV AfjZa z hwn naLl
HLSe hhaehcl LHLSe hhaehcl LHLSe hhaehcl LHLSe hhaehcl Ll pjbL l
pjbL l pjbL l pjbL Ernst Mayr H Lb Ll Ll EM LlRe k, fLafr H Lb Ll
Ll EM LlRe k, fLafr H Lb Ll Ll EM LlRe k, fLafr H Lb Ll Ll EM LlRe
k, fLafr
H hwn H hwn H hwn H hwn amamamamLu Lu Lu Lu Homo Sapiens fk Le p
( fk Le p ( fk Le p ( fk Le p (Chain) fJu) fJu) fJu) fJu kue h H p
qlu NR z kue h H p qlu NR z kue h H p qlu NR z kue h H p qlu NR
z
jeo fSal p flLfe hZe fp hhaehcl jeo fSal p flLfe hZe fp hhaehcl
jeo fSal p flLfe hZe fp hhaehcl jeo fSal p flLfe hZe fp hhaehcl
Australopithe-cus>Homo
Habilis>Homo erectus>Homo Sapiens HC hwnej Aeple Ll quR jj
ch Lle z HC hwnej Aeple Ll quR jj ch Lle z HC hwnej Aeple Ll quR jj
ch Lle z HC hwnej Aeple Ll quR jj ch Lle z
frl Shn hel BhLl LlRe k, frl Shn hel BhLl LlRe k, frl Shn hel
BhLl LlRe k, frl Shn hel BhLl LlRe k, Australopithecus, Homo
habilis J Homo
erectus HLC pju fbhl hi HmLu hphp Lla z aRs HLC pju fbhl hi HmLu
hphp Lla z aRs HLC pju fbhl hi HmLu hphp Lla z aRs HLC pju fbhl hi
HmLu hphp Lla z aRs Homo erectus nei nei nei nei
fZ Aa pfaLm fk fbha hcje Rmz Nhoeu cM NR k x fZ Aa pfaLm fk fbha
hcje Rmz Nhoeu cM NR k x fZ Aa pfaLm fk fbha hcje Rmz Nhoeu cM NR k
x fZ Aa pfaLm fk fbha hcje Rmz Nhoeu cM NR k x
Homo sapiens (BdeL jeo) (BdeL jeo) (BdeL jeo) (BdeL jeo)
neandertalensis J Homo erectus HLC pjuLm HLC pjuLm HLC pjuLm HLC
pjuLm
fnffnffnffnfn fbhn fbhn fbhn fbha hphp Lla bL za hphp Lla bL za
hphp Lla bL za hphp Lla bL z
H bLC fjZa qu k, jeo fSal fh flo pfLa a HLhlC iqe ab H bLC fjZa
qu k, jeo fSal fh flo pfLa a HLhlC iqe ab H bLC fjZa qu k, jeo fSal
fh flo pfLa a HLhlC iqe ab H bLC fjZa qu k, jeo fSal fh flo pfLa a
HLhlC iqe ab
Lfaz Lfaz Lfaz Lfaz
Harvard University Hl hMa Shn he, Hl hMa Shn he, Hl hMa Shn he,
Hl hMa Shn he, Stephen Jay Gould ke eS HLSe ke eS HLSe ke eS HLSe
ke eS HLSe
hhaehc qJu pJ XlECehcl H Eiu pwLV Hih hZe LlRe xhhaehc qJu pJ
XlECehcl H Eiu pwLV Hih hZe LlRe xhhaehc qJu pJ XlECehcl H Eiu pwLV
Hih hZe LlRe xhhaehc qJu pJ XlECehcl H Eiu pwLV Hih hZe LlRe x
BjBjBjBjcl (hwn maLl) pysl ae fSacl (hwn maLl) pysl ae fSacl
(hwn maLl) pysl ae fSacl (hwn maLl) pysl ae fSa----Africanus,
Australopithecines J Homo habilies
Hl Le fSaC Ll bL Ea que z aRs HC ae nel Le nel jd fbha Hl Le
fSaC Ll bL Ea que z aRs HC ae nel Le nel jd fbha Hl Le fSaC Ll bL
Ea que z aRs HC ae nel Le nel jd fbha Hl Le fSaC Ll bL Ea que z aRs
HC ae nel Le nel jd fbha
acl Aa bL Ahu Le dlel hhael mre fkhre Ll kue zacl Aa bL Ahu Le
dlel hhael mre fkhre Ll kue zacl Aa bL Ahu Le dlel hhael mre fkhre
Ll kue zacl Aa bL Ahu Le dlel hhael mre fkhre Ll kue z
Abv m LmSl fAbv m LmSl fAbv m LmSl fAbv m LmSl fW fL h peju jeo
fSal hhael (Ad jehW fL h peju jeo fSal hhael (Ad jehW fL h peju jeo
fSal hhael (Ad jehW fL h peju jeo fSal hhael (Ad jeh----Ad Ad Ad
Ad
hell) k Q h Rh cM ku a heuV J Lfa, ~heL Nhoeu Hl Le i MyS hell)
k Q h Rh cM ku a heuV J Lfa, ~heL Nhoeu Hl Le i MyS hell) k Q h Rh
cM ku a heuV J Lfa, ~heL Nhoeu Hl Le i MyS hell) k Q h Rh cM ku a
heuV J Lfa, ~heL Nhoeu Hl Le i MyS
fJu kue z Hm dj hhaehccl fQle qph H a SCu lMl HV HLV fJu kue z
Hm dj hhaehccl fQle qph H a SCu lMl HV HLV fJu kue z Hm dj hhaehccl
fQle qph H a SCu lMl HV HLV fJu kue z Hm dj hhaehccl fQle qph H a
SCu lMl HV HLV
AfLnm j z AfLnm j z AfLnm j z AfLnm j z
-
84 / 88
hVel hVel hVel hVel HLSe pjea J hMa hhaehc HLSe pjea J hMa
hhaehc HLSe pjea J hMa hhaehc HLSe pjea J hMa hhaehc Lord Sobly
Zuckerman 15 hvpl 15 hvpl 15 hvpl 15 hvpl
kha kha kha kha Australophitecus Shn eu Nhoe Ll H p Efea qe k,
jeo fSal Shn eu Nhoe Ll H p Efea qe k, jeo fSal Shn eu Nhoe Ll H p
Efea qe k, jeo fSal Shn eu Nhoe Ll H p Efea qe k, jeo fSal
hwn maLu hel hwn maLu hel hwn maLu hel hwn maLu hel fSal fh flol
Le pfL fSal fh flol Le pfL fSal fh flol Le pfL fSal fh flol Le pfL
eC eC eC eC z
Zuckerman he pu HLV pcl hZm hnoe LlRe zhe pu HLV pcl hZm hnoe
LlRe zhe pu HLV pcl hZm hnoe LlRe zhe pu HLV pcl hZm hnoe LlRe z ae
el hi ae el hi ae el hi ae el hi
nM/fnMl jd ne hep Ll ~heL Abh A~heL qph Aiqa LlRe, hel nM/fnMl
jd ne hep Ll ~heL Abh A~heL qph Aiqa LlRe, hel nM/fnMl jd ne hep Ll
~heL Abh A~heL qph Aiqa LlRe, hel nM/fnMl jd ne hep Ll ~heL Abh
A~heL qph Aiqa LlRe, hel
Le nM k hh iL gmgm Efl faa Abh kl he qph Ll Lle e Le nM k hh iL
gmgm Efl faa Abh kl he qph Ll Lle e Le nM k hh iL gmgm Efl faa Abh
kl he qph Ll Lle e Le nM k hh iL gmgm Efl faa Abh kl he qph Ll Lle
e
acl LR HC hZm ~heL hnoe Effe Lle, acl LR HC hZm ~heL hnoe Effe
Lle, acl LR HC hZm ~heL hnoe Effe Lle, acl LR HC hZm ~heL hnoe Effe
Lle, Zuckerman Hl a Hl a Hl a Hl amLu phQu mLu phQu mLu phQu mLu
phQu
pWL h hh he qph fcbhc Hhw lpuehc z Hl fl Bp Sh hel e Hhw pWL h
hh he qph fcbhc Hhw lpuehc z Hl fl Bp Sh hel e Hhw pWL h hh he qph
fcbhc Hhw lpuehc z Hl fl Bp Sh hel e Hhw pWL h hh he qph fcbhc Hhw
lpuehc z Hl fl Bp Sh hel e Hhw
Hl fl pjSL he pjq z H hZm hnoel no f luR kL fuC A~heL Hl fl pjSL
he pjq z H hZm hnoel no f luR kL fuC A~heL Hl fl pjSL he pjq z H
hZm hnoel no f luR kL fuC A~heL Hl fl pjSL he pjq z H hZm hnoel no
f luR kL fuC A~heL
qph hhQe Ll qu bL aqmqph hhQe Ll qu bL aqmqph hhQe Ll qu bL
aqmqph hhQe Ll qu bL aqm----Vmfb, ocu Hhw phno luR Vmfb, ocu Hhw
phno luR Vmfb, ocu Hhw phno luR Vmfb, ocu Hhw phno luR jeol hhael
jeol hhael jeol hhael jeol hhael
jahc z phL houV ae Hih hZe LlRe xjahc z phL houV ae Hih hZe LlRe
xjahc z phL houV ae Hih hZe LlRe xjahc z phL houV ae Hih hZe LlRe
x
Bjl kc avreLih hh pa houL he h abLba Sh he h jeol Bjl kc avreLih
hh pa houL he h abLba Sh he h jeol Bjl kc avreLih hh pa houL he h
abLba Sh he h jeol Bjl kc avreLih hh pa houL he h abLba Sh he h
jeol
Aacu e h jeol Shnl Caqp, pr HLSe hn hhaehcl r ph LRC Aacu e h
jeol Shnl Caqp, pr HLSe hn hhaehcl r ph LRC Aacu e h jeol Shnl
Caqp, pr HLSe hn hhaehcl r ph LRC Aacu e h jeol Shnl Caqp, pr HLSe
hn hhaehcl r ph LRC
ph z pr HLSe hhaehc ph z pr HLSe hhaehc ph z pr HLSe hhaehc ph z
pr HLSe hhaehc Nil hnp, flfl hld AeL LR HLC pb hnp Nil hnp, flfl
hld AeL LR HLC pb hnp Nil hnp, flfl hld AeL LR HLC pb hnp Nil hnp,
flfl hld AeL LR HLC pb hnp
Lla fle zLla fle zLla fle zLla fle z
aC jeh Caqpl hhae LuLSe HLfn jh J XlECehc LR pwML A aC jeh Caqpl
hhae LuLSe HLfn jh J XlECehc LR pwML A aC jeh Caqpl hhae LuLSe HLfn
jh J XlECehc LR pwML A aC jeh Caqpl hhae LuLSe HLfn jh J XlECehc LR
pwML A
hnpcl LuLV Shn fkhrel gpm Rs Bl LR euz hnpcl LuLV Shn fkhrel gpm
Rs Bl LR euz hnpcl LuLV Shn fkhrel gpm Rs Bl LR euz hnpcl LuLV Shn
fkhrel gpm Rs Bl LR euz
jeol QM J Lel Ljfajeol QM J Lel Ljfajeol QM J Lel Ljfajeol QM J
Lel Ljfa
jeol QM J Le k Apdjeol QM J Le k Apdjeol QM J Le k Apdjeol QM J
Le k Apdle faa LS Ll, p pfL hhaehcl HC le faa LS Ll, p pfL hhaehcl
HC le faa LS Ll, p pfL hhaehcl HC le faa LS Ll, p pfL hhaehcl
HC
Lnml Le pcl ca prj qe ez Bjl L Se Bjcl QM Lih LS Ll ? H Lnml Le
pcl ca prj qe ez Bjl L Se Bjcl QM Lih LS Ll ? H Lnml Le pcl ca prj
qe ez Bjl L Se Bjcl QM Lih LS Ll ? H Lnml Le pcl ca prj qe ez Bjl L
Se Bjcl QM Lih LS Ll ? H
fnl El Sel fh Bjl Lih cM H fnl Shh MySl Q Ll z BmL ln fnl El Sel
fh Bjl Lih cM H fnl Shh MySl Q Ll z BmL ln fnl El Sel fh Bjl Lih cM
H fnl Shh MySl Q Ll z BmL ln fnl El Sel fh Bjl Lih cM H fnl Shh
MySl Q Ll z BmL ln
Le h bL fagma qu QMl lVel hflaLe h bL fagma qu QMl lVel hflaLe h
bL fagma qu QMl lVel hflaLe h bL fagma qu QMl lVel hfla cL qa faa
quz HMe HC BmL cL qa faa quz HMe HC BmL cL qa faa quz HMe HC BmL cL
qa faa quz HMe HC BmL
ln pjq ~hcaL pNem flZa qu jeh jLl Lcl fRe Aha HLV r Spot ln pjq
~hcaL pNem flZa qu jeh jLl Lcl fRe Aha HLV r Spot ln pjq ~hcaL pNem
flZa qu jeh jLl Lcl fRe Aha HLV r Spot ln pjq ~hcaL pNem flZa qu
jeh jLl Lcl fRe Aha HLV r Spot
h hca fyRu z HC ~hcaL pNem pjq hi fuu Rha flZa qu Hhw Bjl h hca
fyRu z HC ~hcaL pNem pjq hi fuu Rha flZa qu Hhw Bjl h hca fyRu z HC
~hcaL pNem pjq hi fuu Rha flZa qu Hhw Bjl h hca fyRu z HC ~hcaL
pNem pjq hi fuu Rha flZa qu Hhw Bjl
cMa fC z HC VLeLm frfV Bjl houV QcMa fC z HC VLeLm frfV Bjl houV
QcMa fC z HC VLeLm frfV Bjl houV QcMa fC z HC VLeLm frfV Bjl houV Q
Lla fl z Lla fl z Lla fl z Lla fl z
jeh j Le Bm eC z Hl Ab qm jLl AiliN Nil ALl jeh j Le Bm eC z Hl
Ab qm jLl AiliN Nil ALl jeh j Le Bm eC z Hl Ab qm jLl AiliN Nil ALl
jeh j Le Bm eC z Hl Ab qm jLl AiliN Nil ALl
hlSjez Hhw jLl HmLu Le Bm fyRu e z jLl k SuNu cnel Lc hlSjez Hhw
jLl HmLu Le Bm fyRu e z jLl k SuNu cnel Lc hlSjez Hhw jLl HmLu Le
Bm fyRu e z jLl k SuNu cnel Lc hlSjez Hhw jLl HmLu Le Bm fyRu e z
jLl k SuNu cnel Lc
Aha E eVa LMeJ Le Bm fy~Ra fhe z jeol Se ja Hl Qu Le Aha E eVa
LMeJ Le Bm fy~Ra fhe z jeol Se ja Hl Qu Le Aha E eVa LMeJ Le Bm
fy~Ra fhe z jeol Se ja Hl Qu Le Aha E eVa LMeJ Le Bm fy~Ra fhe z
jeol Se ja Hl Qu Le
AAAALl SuN LbJ eC z AbQ Bjl BmLa, ESm fbh cne Ll bL z Ll SuN LbJ
eC z AbQ Bjl BmLa, ESm fbh cne Ll bL z Ll SuN LbJ eC z AbQ Bjl
BmLa, ESm fbh cne Ll bL z Ll SuN LbJ eC z AbQ Bjl BmLa, ESm fbh cne
Ll bL z
jeh Qra Hje prapr J f fah p Lla prj k, hwn naLl jeh Qra Hje
prapr J f fah p Lla prj k, hwn naLl jeh Qra Hje prapr J f fah p Lla
prj k, hwn naLl jeh Qra Hje prapr J f fah p Lla prj k, hwn naLl
phdeL ~heL fkJ a ~al Lla prj qu eC z Ecqle lf hm ku k, Bfe phdeL
~heL fkJ a ~al Lla prj qu eC z Ecqle lf hm ku k, Bfe phdeL ~heL fkJ
a ~al Lla prj qu eC z Ecqle lf hm ku k, Bfe phdeL ~heL fkJ a ~al
Lla prj qu eC z Ecqle lf hm ku k, Bfe
-
85 / 88
k hCV fW LlRe, Bfel k qa k hCV fW LlRe, Bfel k qa k hCV fW LlRe,
Bfel k qa k hCV fW LlRe, Bfel k qa cu a dl lMRe Hhw jb EQ Ll QlcL
aLe, cu a dl lMRe Hhw jb EQ Ll QlcL aLe, cu a dl lMRe Hhw jb EQ Ll
QlcL aLe, cu a dl lMRe Hhw jb EQ Ll QlcL aLe,
Bfe L LMeJ HC dlel pr J f fah Ae LbJ cMRe L? fbhl phn Bfe L LMeJ
HC dlel pr J f fah Ae LbJ cMRe L? fbhl phn Bfe L LMeJ HC dlel pr J
f fah Ae LbJ cMRe L? fbhl phn Bfe L LMeJ HC dlel pr J f fah Ae LbJ
cMRe L? fbhl phn
Vmine faLlL LfeJ H dlel Vmine Vmine faLlL LfeJ H dlel Vmine
Vmine faLlL LfeJ H dlel Vmine Vmine faLlL LfeJ H dlel Vmine
(Screen) fc Bfel Se H lLj Ea ) fc Bfel Se H lLj Ea ) fc Bfel Se H
lLj Ea ) fc Bfel Se H lLj Ea
dlel Vmine ~al Lla prj qhedlel Vmine ~al Lla prj qhedlel Vmine
~al Lla prj qhedlel Vmine ~al Lla prj qhe z z z zjjjjeh Qreh Qreh
Qreh Qrl HC fah jM, lel HC fah jM, lel HC fah jM, lel HC fah jM,
leJ Aa pr z J Aa pr z J Aa pr z J Aa pr z
nadL hRl dl qSl qSl cr fLnm H dlel pr fah p Lla hb quRe z nadL
hRl dl qSl qSl cr fLnm H dlel pr fah p Lla hb quRe z nadL hRl dl
qSl qSl cr fLnm H dlel pr fah p Lla hb quRe z nadL hRl dl qSl qSl
cr fLnm H dlel pr fah p Lla hb quRe z
H mr hlV hlV LlMe, flLfe, hi dlel XSCe eu fQl Nhoe Ll quR H mr
hlV hlV LlMe, flLfe, hi dlel XSCe eu fQl Nhoe Ll quR H mr hlV hlV
LlMe, flLfe, hi dlel XSCe eu fQl Nhoe Ll quR H mr hlV hlV LlMe,
flLfe, hi dlel XSCe eu fQl Nhoe Ll quR
L H LS al pgm qee z Bhl Bfe Vminel fL H LS al pgm qee z Bhl Bfe
Vminel fL H LS al pgm qee z Bhl Bfe Vminel fL H LS al pgm qee z Bhl
Bfe Vminel fcl cL aLe Hhw Bfel cl cL aLe Hhw Bfel cl cL aLe Hhw
Bfel cl cL aLe Hhw Bfel
qa dl hCVl cL c ce z Bfe Aa AhnC fbLV mr LlRe z Vi fc jL qa dl
hCVl cL c ce z Bfe Aa AhnC fbLV mr LlRe z Vi fc jL qa dl hCVl cL c
ce z Bfe Aa AhnC fbLV mr LlRe z Vi fc jL qa dl hCVl cL c ce z Bfe
Aa AhnC fbLV mr LlRe z Vi fc jL
Rh cMu frl Bfel Qr Nilapq jL Rh fcne Ll bL zRh cMu frl Bfel Qr
Nilapq jL Rh fcne Ll bL zRh cMu frl Bfel Qr Nilapq jL Rh fcne Ll bL
zRh cMu frl Bfel Qr Nilapq jL Rh fcne Ll bL z
kcJ hRll fl hRl qSl qSl Ceul hfL Nhoel fl jL Vmine kcJ hRll fl
hRl qSl qSl Ceul hfL Nhoel fl jL Vmine kcJ hRll fl hRl qSl qSl Ceul
hfL Nhoel fl jL Vmine kcJ hRll fl hRl qSl qSl Ceul hfL Nhoel fl jL
Vmine
~al~al~al~al Lla prj quR WL, L Qnj Rs a cM ph euz aRs HV H dlel
Lj Lla prj quR WL, L Qnj Rs a cM ph euz aRs HV H dlel Lj Lla prj
quR WL, L Qnj Rs a cM ph euz aRs HV H dlel Lj Lla prj quR WL, L Qnj
Rs a cM ph euz aRs HV H dlel Lj
jL cne faa Rhl fQcij Tfp J pjMiN LNS mNel ja cM ku L jL cne faa
Rhl fQcij Tfp J pjMiN LNS mNel ja cM ku L jL cne faa Rhl fQcij Tfp
J pjMiN LNS mNel ja cM ku L jL cne faa Rhl fQcij Tfp J pjMiN LNS
mNel ja cM ku L
a LMeJ jeh Qrl ja Ha f J pr eu z Ljl J Vmine Eiu rC fahl a LMeJ
jeh Qrl ja Ha f J pr eu z Ljl J Vmine Eiu rC fahl a LMeJ jeh Qrl ja
Ha f J pr eu z Ljl J Vmine Eiu rC fahl a LMeJ jeh Qrl ja Ha f J pr
eu z Ljl J Vmine Eiu rC fahl
je r qu z je r qu z je r qu z je r qu z
hhhhhaehcl ch Lle k, jeh Qrl HC praJ fal Lm Lnm ~chv p haehcl ch
Lle k, jeh Qrl HC praJ fal Lm Lnm ~chv p haehcl ch Lle k, jeh Qrl
HC praJ fal Lm Lnm ~chv p haehcl ch Lle k, jeh Qrl HC praJ fal Lm
Lnm ~chv p
quRz AbQ Le mL kc hm Bfel Oll Vmine pVV agaih eja quR, quRz AbQ
Le mL kc hm Bfel Oll Vmine pVV agaih eja quR, quRz AbQ Le mL kc hm
Bfel Oll Vmi