Jan 11, 2016
3. 1
moldm3s1moldm3min1 moldm3h1 da
3. 1. 1 2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2
t 2 [ H2O2 ] 2 [ O2 ] 2t 3[ H2O2 ] 3 [ O2 ] 3 t 1 [ H2O2 ] 1 [ O2 ] 1
O2 t1 t2 2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2 t 1 [ H2O2 ] 1 [ O2 ] 1t 2 [ H2O2 ] 2 [ O2 ] 2
t2 t3 2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2t 2 [ H2O2 ] 2 [ O2 ] 2t 3[ H2O2 ] 3 [ O2 ] 3
H2O2
H2O2 2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2
3. 1. 2
[ O2 ] t
AB
t1 t2 t0
t0 t0
t0 t0 t0 t0 +
t0 t0 +
0 AB O CD
AB CD
d[O2] [O2] dt t
H2O2 H2O2 2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2
1
2 t0
3 CE DE
CD t0
a A + b B g G + h H 0
3. 2
3. 2. 1
1 103 moldm3 2 HIg H2g+ I2g 973 K
s dm3 3.5 1028 = 5.8 104moldm3s1
1.
1. 4
E E E
NO2 + CO NO + CO2
NO2 + CO NO + CO2
a NO2 + CO NO + CO2
b NO2 + CO NO + CO2
P
P f
2.
Ea Ea Ea
2 SO2 + O2 2 SO3 Ea = 251 kJmol1 N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3 Ea = 175.5 kJmol1
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O Ea 20 kJmol1
1 NO2 + CO NO + CO2
NO2 + CO NO + CO2 N O C O
2. NO2 + CO NO + CO2
NO2 + CO NO + CO2 E E
NO2 + CO NO + CO2 E
Ea E E Ea
1
1 Ea rH1= Ea
2
2
1 + 2 NO2 + CO NO + CO2 rH = rH1+ rH2 = Ea Ea
rH = Ea Ea
Ea > Ea rH > 0 rH = Ea Ea
Ea> Ea rH < 0 rH = Ea Ea
rH Ea Ea T Ea
3. 3 3. 3.1
NO2 + CO NO + CO2
H2 + I2 2 HI 1 I2 2 I 2 I + I + H2 2 HI
H2 + I2 2 HI 12
3. 3. 2
aA + bB gG + hH i = ki [ A ]a [ B ]b
i = ki [ A ]a [ B ]b
H2O aA + bB gG + hH G G = kG [ A ]a [ B ]b
G = kG [ A ]a [ B ]b
aA + bB gG + hH A A = kA [ A ]a [ B ]b
A
[ A ][ B ] A = kA [ A ]a [ B ]b
i i AB [ A ][ B ] A = kA [ A ]a [ B ]b
ki ki ki A = kA [ A ]a [ B ]b
a b A = kA [ A ]a [ B ]b
a + b A a B b A = kA [ A ]a [ B ]b
aA + bB gG + hH a A b B a + ba + b
3. 1
1 i = ki [ SO2Cl2 ] SO2Cl2 SO2 + Cl2 1
2 i = ki [ NO2 ]2 2 NO2 2 NO + O2 2
3 i = ki [ NO2 ] [ CO ] NO2 + CO NO + CO2 3 2 2
3. 3. 3
3. 2 a A + b B g G + h H 1 1.0 1.0 1.2 102 2 2.0 1.0 2.3 102 3 1.0 2.0 4.8 102
1 2 [ A ]0 2 G0 2 G [ A ] 1 a A + b B g G + h H 1 1.0 1.0 1.2 102 2 2.0 1.0 2.3 102
1 3 [ B ]0 2 G0 4 G [ B ] 21 1.0 1.0 1.2 1023 1.0 2.0 4.8 102 a A + b B g G + h H
G = kG [ A ] [ B ] 2 1 G [ A ] 1 G [ B ] 2
1 G = kG [ A ] [ B ]2 1 kG
= 1.2 102dm6 mol2s1 G = kG [ A ] [ B ] 2
[ A ][ B ] G AB H
3. 3 H2 + I2 2 HI 1 I2 2 I 2 2 I I2 3 2 I + H2 2 HI
12 3 1 I2 2 I 2 2 I I2 3 2 I + H2 2 HI 123
1 I2 2 I 2 2 I I2 3 2 I + H2 2 HI
ABC D E 5 E ABC E 20 D 10
D 10
3 1 I2 2 I 2 2 I I2 3 2 I + H2 2 HI 3 i = ki3 [ H2 ] [ I ]2
i = k i3 [ H2 ] [ I ]2 H2 + I2 2 HI
k+ [ I2 ] = k [ I ]2 + =
i = ki3 [ H2 ] [ I ]2
i = ki [ H2 ] [ I2 ]
H2 + I2 2 HI H2 + I2 2 HI
3. 3 3. 3
3. 4 CH3CHO CH4 + CO
CH3CHO CH4 + CO
CH4
CH3CO CH3
[ CH3CO ] 2 = 3
[ CH3 ] 2 + 2 4 = 1 + 3
2 + 2 4 = 1 + 3
k1 [ CH3CHO ] = 2 k4 [ CH3 ]2
k1 [ CH3CHO ] = 2 k4 [ CH3 ]2
2 CH3 C2H6
Na + 2 H2O 2 NaOH + H2 i = ki 0
CO + Cl2 COCl2
i = ki [ A ]m [ B ]n H2 + Br2 2 HBr
HBr H2 + Br2 2 HBr
0 3 1 2
4 4
3. 3. 4 1. i = ki [ A ]m [ B ]n ki [ A ][ B ] 1 i = ki ki
i = ki [ A ]m [ B ]n ki ki ki
2. i [ A ][ B ]
i ki i = ki [ A ]m [ B ]n [ A ][ B ]
ki
3.
i = ki ki i moldm3s1
ki s1 i = ki [ A ]
i = ki [ A ]2
dm3mol1s1
n ki moldm3n1s1 dm 3 n1 mol n1s1
3. 4 aA bB
3. 4. 1
[A] = [A]0 ktd [A] = k d t
[A] = [A]0 kt
[A] = [A]0 kt
[A] = [A]0 kt [A]0 k t [A]
[A] t t1/2 [A] = [A]0 kt
[A] = [A]0 kt
k [A]0
3. 4. 2 A = k [A]
A = k [A]
ln[A] ln[A]0 = kt
ln[A] ln[A]0 = kt
[A] t
k
3. 5 14C 14C 9.60 1014 %
14C 1.10 1013 % 14C 5720
[A] t
k
1121 t = 1121 a
1
1
3. 5
400 K
Vant Hoff 10 K 2 ~ 4
Vant Hoff 1901 2 N2O5 4 NO2 + O2
3. 5. 1 k Arrhenius k T
k Ea R T A k
1 3
Ea A T k
1903
3. 6 C2H5Cl C2H4 + HCl A = 1.6 1014 s1 Ea = 246.9 kJmol1 700 K k
A = 1.6 1014 s1 Ea = 246.9 kJmol1
= 6.02 105 s1 A = 1.6 1014 s1 Ea = 246.9 kJmol1
710 K k710 = 1.09 104 s1 k700 = 6.02 105 s1 10 K 1.8
500 K 510 K k 3.2 700 K 710 Kk 1.8
Ea 500 ~ 510 K 700 ~ 710 K
T1 k1T2 k2 Ea A
21
3. 7 2 NOCl 2 NO + Cl2 T1 = 300 K k1 = 2.8 105 dm3mol1s1 Ea A T2 = 400 K k2 = 7.0 101 dm3mol1s1
= 101 kJmol1
EaT1k1 A = 1.07 1013 dm3mol1s1 Ea = 101 kJmol1 T1 = 300 K k1 = 2.8 105 dm3mol1s1
3. 5. 2
Ea A 3. 7 k T Ea A
Ea Ea
3. 6 3. 6. 1
Fe N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3
2 SO2 + O2 2 SO3 aV2O5 bNO2c Pt CO + 2 H2 CH3OH CuOZnOCr2O3
O2 O2
NH3 Fe Al2O3 Fe
Fe K2O Fe
3. 6. 2 1. NO2 2 SO2 + O2 2 SO3
2 MnO4 + 6 H+ + 5 H2C2O4 10 CO2 + 8 H2O + 2 Mn2+ Mn2+
t0 tA tA tB
tB
Fe Ag H2O2
2. 2 SO2 + O2 2 SO3 a V2O5b NO2c Pt
a b + c d
2 KClO3 2 KCl + 3 O2 MnO2 4 KClO3 3 KClO4 + KCl
CO + 2 H2 CH3OH CuO ZnO Cr2O3 CO + 3 H2 CH4 + H2O Ni Al2O3
3. A + B AB Ea
Cat.
rH
NO2 SO2 NO2
Fe N2 H2 N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3 Ea
N2 + 2 Fe 2 NFe NFe + HFe Fe2NH Fe3NH2 + HFe Fe4NH3 Fe2NH + HFe Fe3NH2 Fe4NH3 4 Fe + NH3 Fe H2 + 2 Fe 2 HFe
N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3
3. 7
12
3. 7. 1
1
K
K K
g + h =a + b K 1
Kp Kc
Kc Kp Kc Kp
c moldm3 p Pa R = 8.314 103 Padm3mol1K1
Kc Kp
H2O
K2 =K12 2 K 2 n K n
7 = 5+6 K7 = K5K6
3. 7. 2
[ A ] = 5 moldm3
pA = 10 100 kPa
1
x i = 1 x i = 1 1
K K K 1
K K p 1
100 kPa Kp K
= 100 kPa
= 1
3. 7. 3
3. 9 Kc = 9CO H2O 0.02 moldm3 CO
t0 0.02 0.02 0 0 t 0.02x 0.02x x x
= 9
[ CO ] 0.015 moldm3 x = 0.015 moldm3
= 75
Kc = 9 50 % Kc = 1
K
2 3 4 5 1
3. 7. 4
AB [ A ][ B ] Q
Q K
Q Kc Q < Kc
a A b B b B a A
= k [ B ]b = k [ B ]b b B a A
= k [ B ]b = k [ B ]b < 1
+ = k+ [ A ]a + = k+ [ A ]a + > + 2 a A b B
, = + < + + > + 2 < 1
Q > Kc Q = Kc = + Q < Kc
a K K b Q K Q K
3. 8. 1 a A + b B g G + h H Q
rGm < 0 rGm = 0 rGm > 0 rGm
rGm = 0 Q = K
rGm = RTlnK + RTlnQ
Q < K rGm < 0
Q > K rGm > 0 Q = K rGm = 0
3. 8. 2 H S G
rHm rSm rGm 298 K
3. 8. 3
Kc 3. 10 N2g+ 3 H2g 2 NH3g [ H2 ] = 0.15 moldm3 [ N2 ] = 2.1 moldm3 [ NH3 ] = 19 moldm3
Kc = 5.1 104 moldm32 N2g+ 3 H2g 2 NH3g
Kc = 5.1 104 moldm32
p K K ? c = 1 moldm3 K
p c N2g+ 3 H2g 2 NH3g
3. 11 2 NO2g N2O4g 298 K K
= 99.8 51.3 2 = 2.8kJmol12 NO2g N2O4g
K = 3.10 = 1.13
K
K = 8.9 1024
= 8.9 1024 100 kPa = 8.9 1019 Pa
298 K CaCO3 CO2 8.9 1019 Pa 298 K CO2 CaCO3
Na2SO410 H2Os Na2SO4s+ 10 H2Og 273 K K = 4.08 1025
Na2SO410 H2Os Na2SO4s+ 10 H2Og K = 4.08 1025
273 K Na2SO410 H2O H2O 0.364 kPa H2O Na2SO410 H2O
273 K H2O 0.611 kPa H2O 0.364 kPa
3. 9 3. 9. 1
AQ Q Q < K
Q Q K Q
K K Q K
3. 9. 2 [ CO ] = [ H2O ] = 0.005 moldm3 [ CO2 ] = [ H2 ] = 0.015 moldm3
H2Og [ H2O ] = 1.0 moldm3 CO
Kc = 9 [ CO ] = [ H2O ] = 0.005 moldm3 [ CO2 ] = [ H2 ] = 0.015 moldm3
Qc H2Og [ H2O ] = 1.0 moldm3
H2Og [ H2O ] = 1.0 moldm3 [ CO ] = [ H2O ] = 0.005 moldm3 [ CO2 ] = [ H2 ] = 0.015 moldm3
= 0.045
Qc < Kc t0 0.005 1.0 0.015 0.015 t 0.005 x 1 x 0.015 + x 0.015 + x Kc = 9 Qc = 0.045
x = 0.00495 = 9
[ CO ] 0.015 moldm3 = 75 %
[ CO ] = 0.02 moldm 3 = 99.75 %
3. 9. 3
N2g+ 3 H2g 2 NH3g 2
Qp pi = p xi xi p 2 pi 2
N2g+ 3 H2g 2 NH3g
Qp < Kp
Q K
3. 9. 4 K
T1 T2
21
RT1T2 > 0
T2 > T1 T2 T1 > 0
T2 < T1 T2 T1 < 0
Le Chatelier
K T rH
k T Ea 3. 7