主讲：秦荻辉教授

主讲：秦荻辉教授

第五章各类从句

西安电子科技大学

§5.1 状语从句 1 、两个句型的译法

（ 1 ）“… not … until ～”→ “直到～后才……”

The machine will not work until it receives a signal .


The body will move on for some distance before it stops.

Something must be done to the amplified （放大了的） signals before they are sent to the transmitting antenna （发射天线） .

（ 2 ）“… before ～”→ “直到 ……后才～”


§5.1 状语从句

The values of most things must be converted （转变） from decimal （十进制） to binary （二进制） before computations can begin.

***Bohr kept the manuscript （手稿） locked （锁） in his desk for almost two years before deciding to send it in for（交付） publication.


§5.1 状语从句

This signal is used to trigger （触发） the gate （门电路） once .

Communicating via （通过） satellite is no longer the novelty （新奇事） it once was.

2 、“ once” 的不同词类和译法


§5.1 状语从句

Once started, the machine will be able to work automatically.

（ 1 ）作副词：“一次”、“曾经”。

小结：

（ 2 ）作从属连接词：“一旦”。


§5.1 状语从句

3 、“ while” 当从属连接词时的不同词义

While it is recording each purchase （买卖） , the computer is also checking （检查） the store’s （商店的） inventory （库存量） for reordering （再订购） purposes.


§5.1 状语从句

Even if no current is flowing, the voltage is there while the generator （发电机） is operating.

The book has potential energy （势能） while it is on the desk top （桌面） .


§5.1 状语从句

While there has been an enormous （巨大的） amount of literature （文献） about ATM （异步传输模式） over the past two years, many networking （建网） books have not focused （侧重讲） on ATM itself.

Transistor Q1 is on while transistor Q2 is off .


§5.1 状语从句

While energy is the capacity to do work, power is the quantity of work in unit time.

（ 1 ）表示“当……时候”、“在……期间”。 [ 从句多为进行时态 ]

小结：


§5.1 状语从句

（ 2 ）表示“虽然”。 [ 从句一般处在主句前；有时在主句的主谓之间 ]

（ 3 ）表示“而”。 [ 从句与主句的句型一般是相同的。从句一般处在主句后；但为了强调，从句也可处在主句前 ]


§5.1 状语从句

4 、“ as” 作从属连接词的不同词义

As the current flows, energy from the battery goes to the resistance.

As the usage （使用） of the Internet increases, its scarcity （缺少） of built-in（内在的） security （安全措施） becomes more and more of a problem .


§5.1 状语从句

The force of gravitational attraction （万有引力） between two bodies decreases as the distance between them increases .

Electrons move round the nucleus just as the planets move round the sun.

As air has weight, it exerts （施加） force on any object immersed （浸沉） in it.


§5.1 状语从句

This machine works as well as that one (does) . Small as they are, atoms are made up of still smaller units.

小结：（ 1 ）表示时间：

① “ 当……时候”。 [ 主从句两动作一般同时进行 ]


§5.1 状语从句

② “ 随着”。 [ 在从句中有表示变化的动词，主要有 change, vary, increase, decrease, rise, fall 等 ] （ 2 ）表示原因：“因为；由于”。[ 一般只能从整句的含义来判别 ]

（ 3 ）表示方式：“如同”、“像……一样”。 [ 往往在“ as” 前有程度副词 just,exactly, much,somewhat]


§5.1 状语从句

（ 4 ）表示比较：“如……” [“as … as” 同等比较句型中的第二个“ as”]

（ 5 ）表示让步：“虽然” [ 从句的一部分（在科技文中主要是从句的表语）一定要倒置在“ as” 之前 ]


§5.1 状语从句

5 、“ provided (that)”= “if”

The current through a conductor is directly proportional to （正比于） the potential difference （电位差） across it provided there is no change in the physical conditions of the conductor.


§5.1 状语从句

The amount of deformation （形变）is directly proportional to the applied stress （应力） provided the force does not exceed （超过） a certain limit （限度） .

6 、在科技文中有时“ such that”= “so that”[“ 因此” ] 的用途


§5.1 状语从句

With the cell （电池） of EMF E2 in

place of （代替） the first cell ， a new balance point is found such that AC = L2 .

Now we suppose that L1 and L2 approa

ch infinity （无穷大） such that the turns ratio （匝数比） remains constant.


§5.1 状语从句

7 、 the instantmoment = as soon as

“ 一当；在……时”

eachevery

time = whenever

“ 每当；每……一次”


§5.1 状语从句

It is not always necessary to replace a set of belts （皮带） the instant one breaks（断） or becomes too badly worn （磨损） for use. Without a good deal of friction （摩擦） , a screw jack （千斤顶） under load（负荷） would simply （就） unwind（松开） the moment the applied force was released （释放） .


§5.1 状语从句

Every time you turn on your phone, you are asked to enter your PIN （个人密码— Personal Identity Number ） .


§5.1 状语从句

1 、一般情况（ 1 ）公式

thethisa/an Ono形容词物主代词

+ 某些抽象名词 +that 从句 [“that” 在从句中无词义、无成分 ]


§5. 2 同位语从句

（ 2 ）译法

① “ ～这一的 ……”

The assumption that β = constant is often made to simplify analysis.

R = r is the condition that power delivered （提供） by a given source is a maximum .



Here we have used the definition（定义） that acceleration （加速度） is the rate （速率） of change of velocity .

② 这一以下的 …… ：～

This account for （解释） the observation （观察到的情况） that the resistivity of a metal increases with temperature .



The latter （后一） form has the advantage that it can be extended （扩展） to complex quantities .

③ “ 动宾译法”：这时该“抽象名词”来自于可带有宾语从句的及物动词。



During the past several years, there has been an increasing [a growing] recognition [realization; awareness] within business（商务） and academic （学术的） circles（界） that certain nations have evolved（发展） into information societies .



The main theoretical development in this decade （十年） has been in the recognition that material properties should be included in analytical models .

This is equivalent to a statement that everything is attracted by the earth.



A consequence （结果） of the discovery of electricity was the observation that metals are good conductors while non-metals are poor conductors .



（ 3 ）几个句型：

① “there is evidence that …”→“ 有证据表明……”



There is evidence that Ohm’s law applies only to metallic conductors.

② “there is no doubt that …”→

“毫无疑问……”

There is no doubt that mercury （水银） is a metal .



③ “there is every possibility that …” →

“完全有可能……”

There is every possibility that satisfactory results will be obtained.



2 、由名词从句转变成的同位语从句（实际上在从句前省去了“ of;about;on;as to” ） ★The question now arises whether this series （级数） converges （收敛） .

The reader may have no idea what this symbol stands for.



The users have no guarantee （保证）how long this kind of device will be operating.



1 、一般情况

① 连接词：在从句中无成分

that → （无词义）

whether → “ 是否”

if →“ 是否”（只能引导宾语从句时用）


§5. 3 名词从句

（ 1 ）引导词

② 连接代词：在从句中要作某一成分。科技文中常用的有：

★ what →“什么”、“……的 [ 内容；方向；情况；话；…… ]”

which → “哪个 [本；枝；…… ] 、哪些”


§5. 3 名词从句

③ 连接副词：在从句中一般作状语

when → “何时；……的时间”

why → “ 为何；…… . 的理由”

where → “何地；……的地点”

how → “ 如何；……的方式 [ 原理 ]”


§5. 3 名词从句

（ 2 ）采用形式主语“ it” 的几个句型

“① it is well known that …”→“众所周知，……”

“② it is clear [evident; apparent; obvious] that …” →“显然；很清楚……”

It is well known that Ohm’s law applies only to metallic conductors.


§5. 3 名词从句

It is clear that this equation has two roots （根） .

From Ohm’s law it follows that the current is directly proportional to the applied voltage.

③ “it follows that …”→ “ （由此）得出[ 到 ]…… ；因此……”


§5. 3 名词从句

“④ it does not matter …”→ “…… 是没有关系的”

“⑤ it makes no difference …”→ “…… 是没有区别的”

It does not matter how the two numbers are added.

It makes no difference where the radiation （辐射） comes from.


§5. 3 名词从句

（ 3 ）以介词开头的主语从句和宾语从句（≠ 介词宾语从句 [它是介词后的一个完整句子 ] ）

It does not basically make any difference in which direction an NPN transistor is operated （运用） .


§5. 3 名词从句

***The potential energy of a body depends upon where we choose the base height （基高） h = 0 to be.

You must determine for what values of x the following series （级数） is convergent （收敛的） .


§5. 3 名词从句

① “what” 是一个疑问代词，译成：“什么；哪个 [本；… ]”或“多大[ 表示尺寸、大小、数值 ]”

2 、“ what-从句”（主要在汉译时对“ what” 这个词的处理问题）

（ 1 ）普通情况

It is necessary to understand what inertia （惯性） is .


§5. 3 名词从句

② “what” 是一个复合关系代词（ what = the thing[s] that ）：译成“的 [话；情况；内容；东西；原因；方向；…… ]”

It is necessary to find （求出） what that angle is.

What I have said above is not necessarily correct.


§5. 3 名词从句

Its actual （实际的） direction is opposite to what has been assumed.

What this book deals with is very useful.

Energy is what brings changes to materials.

This is close to what has been observed.


§5. 3 名词从句

What a battery does is to change chemical energy into electrical energy.

Gas takes the shape of what is holding（存放） it.

The turning of the earth on its own axis is what makes the change from day to night .


§5. 3 名词从句

The particular mix （混合） of these frequencies is what determines the pitch（音调） of a person’s voice.

The simplified assumptions do not correspond to what actually takes place in operation.


§5. 3 名词从句

To compose （编写） a book of finite length （有限篇幅） , the material must be tailored （使适合） to what the reader needs to know and already knows.


§5. 3 名词从句

注：“ what” 的上述两种译法到底应采用哪一种，只能通过试探来确定。如：

They don’t know what we need.

What we need is a computer.


§5. 3 名词从句

（ 2 ）几个特殊句型的译法

① “what is called + 补足语”→ 译成“人们所说的 [所称的；所谓的 ] + 补足语” 注：“ called” 可用“ named; termed; described as; known as; recognized as; referred to as; spoken of as 等”来替代，它们也可以是主动语态。


§5. 3 名词从句

In 1895, a German physicist discovered what are known as X rays . Sending a signal from one place to another is what is referred to as transmission （传输） .

Late in 1947, they discovered what was later to be named the “transistor” effect （效应） .


§5. 3 名词从句

In order to explain what are commonly called electrical effects, it is necessary to ascribe （归因） to certain “particles” the property of charge .

Fig. 2 shows an NPN transistor in what is known as the common-emitter configuration （共发电路） .


§5. 3 名词从句

我们所说的机器人（ robot ）只不过是一种特殊的电子设备（ electronic device ）。


§5. 3 名词从句

What we call a robot is no more than [just] a special kind of electronic device.

注：“ so-called” 为形容词，一般表示贬义，所以在科技文中不常用。


§5. 3 名词从句

② “in what follows” （ = in what is to follow = in all that follows = in the following ）：译成“在下面”。

In what follows, we use t to stand for time.


§5. 3 名词从句

This concept can be introduced in what is a clear and concise （简明的） manner. After so many years, the bottom of the sea rose up and became what is now the stone forest （石林） .

③ “what + 系动词 + 表语 [特别是名词时 ]”→ 只译“表语”


§5. 3 名词从句

What is more important to the programmer is that for the computer to understand an instruction （指令） , it must be represented in binary （二进制） .

***A scientific law is merely （仅仅） a statement of what we believe to be true （真实的） .


§5. 3 名词从句

④ “what it is [they are]”→ 可译成“现在这个样子”或“ it, they”所代的名词


§5. 3 名词从句

“what it was [they were] → 可译成“原来 [ 过去 ]那个样子”或“ it, they”所代的名词

After a chemical change, a substance is changed to something different from what it was.

In this case, the magnetic induction（磁感应强度） is 5500 times what it was .


§5. 3 名词从句

On the surface of the moon, the gravitational force （重力） on a body is only 1/6 what it is here on the earth. (= … only 1/6 that [the gravitational force] here on the earth.)

注：由于“ what” 这个引导词的特殊性，它可以引导“补足语从句”。


§5. 3 名词从句

It was genius （天才） that made Faraday （法拉第） what he was.

[ What has made Red China what she is?]


§5. 3 名词从句

（ 3 ）“ whatever” 引导的名词从句 ① 当在从句中起名词作用时，

“ whatever” = “anything that”

The term “force” may be interpreted （解释） as whatever may be producing the distortion （形变） .


§5. 3 名词从句

During these expansions （膨胀） the piston （活塞） exerts a force on whatever it is attached （连接） to, and thereby performs work.

② 当在从句中起形容词作用时，“ whatever”= “any + 它修饰的名词 + that”


§5. 3 名词从句

Pressure （压力） is always perpendicular to （垂直于） whatever surface is being acted upon （作用） .

These instruments can indicate the d-c component （成分；分量） of whatever signal may be under observation .


§5. 3 名词从句

1 、引导词

A、在从句中一定有成分；

它有双重作用：

B、一定要代替前面某个名词[或整个主句 ] 。一般代哪个词，从句就定那个词。


§5. 4 定语从句

（ 1 ）分类

that ：用于人或物；一般不能引导非限制性定语从句

① 关系代词

which ：只能用于事、物 who ：只能用于人（在从句中作主语） whose ：用于人或事、物（在从句

中作定语，译成“其”）


§5. 4 定语从句

as ：科技文中主要用于事、物（它有固定词义“像……那样 [ 的 ]” ）

*but ： = that/which/who … not

This device can produce a sound “dit-dah-dit” （滴 -嗒 -滴） that a radio operator who knows the Morse code （莫尔斯电码）will interpret （翻译） as the letter R .


§5. 4 定语从句

There is no material but will deform（形变） more or less under the action of forces .

With the introduction of the electronic computer, there is not a single complicated problem but can be solved in a few hours .


§5. 4 定语从句

② 关系副词

where ：在科技文中主要修饰表达式、公式、关系式、方程式，译成“这里、式中、其中” [ = in which] ；还可修饰地点、程度、情况（ place,point,degree,extent,case, situation ）等 when ：修饰时间（ time, moment, instant, point, occasion, cycle, day, … ）


§5. 4 定语从句

why ：修饰“ reason” 一词

whereby ： = by which

as ： = in which (主要出现在“ in the same way/manner/direction as …”中 )

wherein ： = in which

whence ： = from which （从句中的谓语一般总是省去的）


§5. 4 定语从句

Ohm’s law can be written as V = IRwhere V represents voltage, I — current and R — resistance .

Electromagnetic induction （感应）is the means （方法） whereby nearly all the world’s electric power is produced .


§5. 4 定语从句

The phenomenon is analogous to striking （敲） a bell （铃） a sharp mechanical blow （猛击） with a hammer（锤子） , whence the origin of the term “ringing （振铃） .”


§5. 4 定语从句

（ 2 ）在修饰事物时，只能用“ that” 而不能用“ which” 的场合：

① 先行词为不定代词（“ something”除外） All that the user has to do in order to access the records is start a web browser （网浏览器） and visit the web site（网址） .


§5. 4 定语从句

Anything that is hot radiates heat.

② 先行词被序数词修饰时 The first component （元件） that will be chosen in design is the transistor.

③ 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 Computers are the most efficient assistants that man has ever had .


§5. 4 定语从句

This is the largest aircraft that has ever been manufactured in China .

④ 先行词被“ only,no,very,any”修饰时

The only thing that must be done is to measure the voltage across the capacitor （电容器） .


§5. 4 定语从句

（ 3 ）在“介词 +which” 开头的定语从句中，“介词”的选择法

① “介词”是从句中某个动词、形容词或名词所要求的

The material of which this conductor is made is copper.


§5. 4 定语从句

The concept of the “computer center” as a room with a large computer to which users bring their work for processing is now totally obsolete （过时了） .

β is the amount of amplification （放大） of which a transistor is capable.


§5. 4 定语从句

How to live longer is a question to which man has tried to find a good answer for hundreds of years .

② “介词”是主句中的被定词所要求的 One of the great advantages of AC is the ease with which its voltage can be changed .


§5. 4 定语从句

The accuracy of measurement depends on the instrument used and the care with which the reading is made .

The frequency depends on the purpose for which the device is designed .


§5. 4 定语从句

the

pressurefrequencytemperaturerateheight

at which …


§5. 4 定语从句

the

methodprocedureprocessschememeans

by which …


§5. 4 定语从句

the

careskilleasedifficultyefficiencyaccuracyprecisionrapidity

with which …


§5. 4 定语从句

③ “介词”根据全句所要表达的意思来确定

The substance in which there are many free electrons is a good conductor.


§5. 4 定语从句

2 、引导词可省去的场合（只能在限制性定语从句中）

（凡在一个句中有两个谓语而找不到任何并列连词和从句引导词时，则一般隐藏了一个定语从句，从两个毫不相干的名词中间分开来就可找出定语从句来。）


§5. 4 定语从句

（ 1 ）关系代词在从句中作及物动词的宾语时

All clocks do is cause interrupts at well-defined intervals .

In this case the power in the load will be the maximum the source is capable of supplying .


§5. 4 定语从句

（ 2 ）关系代词在从句中作介词宾语而把介词置于从句末尾时（在科技文中不常见） Copper is one of the metals we are most familiar with .

（ 3 ）在下述名词后可省去关系副词或“介词 + which” ，也可用关系副词“ that” 来替代。


§5. 4 定语从句

the time [moment, instant, cycle, point, day, …]

the reason the way [manner]the directionthe distancethe amount

the number of times [units, places “ 位” , days, …]

§5. 4 定语从句


The current starts flowing at the moment the circuit is closed .

The diagram （图） shows the way the current changes with time .

The product （乘积） of the force and the distance a body moves is called work.

§5. 4 定语从句


The amount a solid material will expand when heated is measured by its coefficient （系数） of linear expansion （线膨胀） .

The voltage gain （增益） is the number of times a stage （级） , or a number of stages, amplifies the signal .

§5. 4 定语从句


It is necessary to count the number of places （位） the decimal point（十进制小数点） has been shifted （移动） .

*** 试区分下面两句中“ that 从句”的种类： They went there for the simple reason that they wanted to learn something new.


§5. 4 定语从句

The reason that they went there was that they wanted to learn something new. （ 4 ）关系代词在定语从句中作“ there be” 句型的主语时

The thermometer （温度计） does not tell us about the amount of heat there is in the liquids .


§5. 4 定语从句

These are the books there are on the subject .

Maxwell’s four equations summarize（概括） everything there is to know on electromagnetism （电磁学） .


§5. 4 定语从句

Communicating via （通过） satellite is no longer the novelty （新奇事） it once was .


§5. 4 定语从句

（ 5 ）关系代词在从句作表语时

The total energy of the spring （弹簧） at all times equals the value it was originally .

It is unfortunate （不幸的） that early cancer （癌症） is painless （不疼的） ; otherwise, cancer would not be the problem it is .


§5. 4 定语从句

In the case of the theory of relativity （相对论） , space and time are not the independent entities （独立的东西）they were always believed to be.


§5. 4 定语从句

3 、以“ of which” 开头的定语从句

（ 1 ）“ of which” 在从句中作状语：“ of” 是从句中动词或形容词所要求的。


§5. 4 定语从句

consist of capable of be composed of descriptive of be made of representative of be made up of characteristic of be constructed of symptomatic of be built of aware of


§5. 4 定语从句

The two elements of which water is made are oxygen and hydrogen.

The force of which we are aware in our daily life is the force of gravitational attraction （重力） exerted on every physical body by the earth.


§5. 4 定语从句

This is the maximum amount of amplification （放大） of which the transistor is capable .

（ 2 ）“ of which” 在从句中作定语★ 这时“ of which” 在从句中修饰宾语

和表语；也可修饰主语（这时是为了加强语气，一般意为“其中”，也可放在主语后）。


§5. 4 定语从句

The vector （矢量） sum is the diagonal （对角线） of a parallelogram （平行四边形）of which the given vectors form two sides . When a single bond （键） cannot rotate rapidly, two identical （相同的） functional groups （功能团） are chemically non-equivalent, of which Fig. 2 – 11 is an example .


§5. 4 定语从句

The line of action （作用线） is a line of infinite （无限的） length, of which the force vector is a segment （段） .

I am particularly grateful （感激的） to the editors （编辑） of the series （丛书）of which this book is a part .


§5. 4 定语从句

The equivalent resistance （等效电阻）of a set （组） of interconnected resistors is the value of the single resistor that can be substituted （替代） for the entire set without affecting the current that flows in the rest of any circuit of which it is a part .


§5. 4 定语从句

We can find a few conditions of which only two [= only two of which] are necessary .

All matter consists of one or more basic materials called elements, of which there are over 100 .


§5. 4 定语从句

The nucleus （原子核） is itself made up of elementary particles （基本粒子） of which there are two principal（主要的） sorts （种） : protons （质子） and neutrons （中子） . There are over 100 elements known, of which 92 [= 92 of which] have been found in nature .


§5. 4 定语从句

4 、“介词 +which” 在从句中作普通定语时一般要放在被定词之后

An alternating （交变的） current is a current the direction of which changes regularly .

The open end of the tube is connected to the apparatus （设备） the pressure within which is to be measured .


§5. 4 定语从句

This equation is of the form dx (t) / dt + ax (t) = b the solution to which is x (t) = b/a + Ae-at .

What we understand by a field （域）is a region at every point of which there is a corresponding value of some physical function .


§5. 4 定语从句

其上面每一点的 Y 坐标（ coordinate ）均为零的曲线就是 x轴（ axis ）。


§5. 4 定语从句

The curve the Y-coordinate of every point on which is zero is just the x-axis.


§5. 4 定语从句

5 、以“短语介词 +which” （在从句中只能作状语）开头的定语从句

by means of which …in terms of which …as a result of which …

with respect to which …according to which …


§5. 4 定语从句

in accordance with which …on the basis of which …because of which …

by virtue of which …

There are no simpler quantities in terms of which length and time may be expressed .


§5. 4 定语从句

Any mechanical device by means of which heat is converted into work is called a heat engine （热机） .

We keep all the variables （变量） of the function （函数） constant except one with respect to which we are differentiating（微分） .


§5. 4 定语从句

Chemistry deals with changes in matter as a result of which it is possible to form a new substance .


§5. 4 定语从句

6 、由“ which” 引导的、修饰前面整个主句（或其一部分）的非限制性定语从句：这时“ which” 一般译成“ this” ；有时在过去时或将来时时，可译成“ that” 。

（ 1 ）修饰整个主句的情况


§5. 4 定语从句

① ～ [ 主句 ] ， which

showsindicatesmeansimpliesillustratesis

Simplification （简化） results if one axis coincides （重合） with one of the forces, which is always possible .

…


§5. 4 定语从句

The image （像） distance is positive, which means the image is a real one （实像） .

***The output voltage is the integral（积分） of the input signal, in conformity with （与……一致） harmonic-circuit analysis （谐波电路分析法） .


§5. 4 定语从句

② ～ [ 主句 ] ，

A standard may be an actual object, in which case its main characteristic must be durability （强度；耐久性） .

in which case … at which time [level] for which reason


§5. 4 定语从句

Points A and B are an infinitesimal（无限小的） distance apart, in which case the cord （弦） and arc （弧） are equal.

This circuit was analyzed previously (see Fig. 5 – 21), at which time we obtained the following expression （表达式） .


§5. 4 定语从句

③ ～ [ 主句 ] ，

after which …from whichbecause of whichas a result of which

A beam of white light is separated （分解） into beams of various colors, from which we conclude （下结论） that white light is actually a mixture of light of these different colors .


§5. 4 定语从句

（ 2 ）修饰主句的某一部分（不常见）

Metals can conduct electricity, which non-metals cannot .

You might think it’s because Excel has so many great features, which it does . If a is small, which it is in this case, then tan a = a .


§5. 4 定语从句

Doing so, which requires a much greater analysis effort, yields the following expression （表达式） .


§5. 4 定语从句

7、由“ than” 引导的定语从句（“ than” 在从句中作主语或宾语，但它仍具有“比”的含义） The book doesn’t go into more detail than a student wants .

A system which provides more energy at the output than is given at the input is said to be active .


§5. 4 定语从句

Chains （链条） give a more compact （结实的） drive （传动） than is possible with belts （皮带） .

Many more problems are presented than need be given as homework assignments .


§5. 4 定语从句

This text concentrates on an understanding of computers at a lower level than is found in a text that introduces programming in a higher-level language .


§5. 4 定语从句

8、由时间状语从句（ when, while, as, since, before, after ）修饰其前面名词的情况 Let us consider the case when the torque （力矩） is zero .

We must first determine the limit（极限） as C approaches （趋于） infinity （无穷） .


§5. 4 定语从句

9 、由“ as” 引导的定语从句：“正如……那样 [ 的 ]”

（ 1 ）引导非限制性定语从句：位置灵活（句首、句中、句尾）

As the title （标题） indicates, this chapter deals with non-linear equations（非线性方程） .


§5. 4 定语从句

As was discussed in the previous （前面的） chapter, the direction in which the body is moving is also important.

Temperature changes also influence the forward characteristic （正向特性曲线） , as can be seen in Fig. 4 – 3 .


§5. 4 定语从句

This waveform （波形） has a dc component （成分） , as can be shown by computing the average value .

***“顾名思义”：showsindicatesimpliessuggests

“as the [their, its] name ”


§5. 4 定语从句

AC, as its name shows, is the current whose direction changes periodically （周期性地） .

（ 2 ）引导限制性定语从句（往往与“ such, the same” 连用）

We can now solve such differential（微分） equations as occur in physics .


§5. 4 定语从句

It is possible to find a single force which will produce the same effect as is produced by the simultaneous action （同时作用）of the given forces .

Here we can use a push-pull （推挽） amplifier （放大器） as was described earlier in this section （节） .


§5. 4 定语从句

（ 3 ）一种特殊的定语从句

“as” 在从句中作动词“ call★, know, refer to 等”所要求的补足语，该从句往往与“ or [即；也就是 ]” 连用，可放在被修饰的名词前或后，译成“人们所说 [称 ]的；人们称谓的；所谓的”。


§5. 4 定语从句

The model shows concentric （同心的）orbits or, as they are now frequently called, rings （电子环） or shells （电子层） .

These flaws （缺陷） , or “bugs” （虫子） as they are often called, must be found out and corrected.

The laser （激光器）， as we call it, is described in detail in the next chapter.


§5. 4 定语从句

Scientists are worried by the “population explosion,” as they call it.

（ 4 ）一种特殊结构：译成“像… ..那样[ 的 ]” ① 形式

as + 过去分词介词短语副词


§5. 4 定语从句

② 功能：状语★、定语★、表语▲、补足语 As pointed out in the last chapter, the emf （电动势） of a battery is generated by the chemical reaction （反应） within it .

As with many other physical quantities, the mass of a body can be measured in several different ways.


§5. 4 定语从句

Let us first consider the simplest circuit as shown on page 2 .

A block diagram （方框图） of a radio receiver is as shown in Fig. 1 – 1.

In this case the circuit may be redrawn（重新画） as shown in Fig. 2 – 3 .


§5. 4 定语从句

主讲：秦荻辉 教授

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主讲：秦荻辉教授