Αθανάσιος Χ. Τριανταφύλλου - Δομικά Υλικά

.

&

[ www.sml.civil.upatras.gr ]

20057

ISBN 960-92177-1-0

. .

(, , , , ...) , -, , .

,

, , - , ' . - , , , - " ". , , , , , , . - (, , , , , ) "" "". , .

. . , 2005

1. ........................................................................................................................151.1. ........................................................................................................................151.2. .............................................................................................161.3. .............................................................................................................16

2. ...........................................................................................................172.1. ..................................................................................................................172.2. ........................................................................................................17

2.2.1. ..............................................................................................172.2.2. .....................................................................................172.2.3. .........................................................................................182.2.4. van der Waals ............................................................18

2.3. , ............................................................192.4. .......................................................................21

2.4.1. ..........................................................................................212.4.2. .................................................................................................22

2.5. ..............................................................................................232.5.1. ..........................................................................................232.5.2. ..........................................................................................232.5.3. ................................................................25

2.6. .............................................................................................................25

3. .................................................................................263.1. ........................................................................................................................263.2. ......................................................................................................26

3.2.1. .................................................................................263.2.2. , , .................................263.2.3. .......................................................................273.2.4. .....................................................................................27

3.3. ..................................................................................................283.3.1. .........................................................................................30

3.4. , ..........................................................................303.4.1.1. , .....................................313.4.1.2. .............................................................................................................313.4.1.3. ......................................................313.4.1.4. ........................................323.4.1.5. .............................................................................................323.4.1.6. .............................................................................333.4.1.7. ...........................................333.4.1.8. ................................................................343.4.1.9. , ...........................353.4.1.10. ........................................................................................35

3.5. .............................................................................................................36

4. ..................................................................................................................384.1. , .................................................................384.2. ............................................................................................................394.3. .............................................................................................................41

5. ....................................................................................................42

5.1. , ............................................................................................................425.2. ...........................................................................................................42

5.2.1. , ...............................................................................................425.2.2. ........................................................................................................435.2.3. , m ...............................................445.2.4. ..........................................................................................445.2.5. ..............................................................................................................44

5.3. ....................................................................................................455.3.1. ......................................................................................455.3.2. ................................................................................................455.3.3. .........................................................................................465.3.4. .............................................................................................465.3.5. ............................................................................................46

5.4. .................................................................................................................465.4.1. , , .........................................................................465.4.2. ...........................................................................48

5.5. .............................................................................................................49

6. ......................................................................................................................506.1. ..................................................................................................................506.2. ...........................................................................................50

6.2.1. ............................................................................................................516.2.2. ..............................................................................................51

6.2.2.1. ................................526.2.2.2. ...................................536.2.2.3. ...................................546.2.2.4. - ........55

6.2.3. .............................................................576.2.3.1. ...........................................................576.2.3.2. ........................................................586.2.3.3. .58

6.3. .......................................................................................................................596.3.1. - ................596.3.2. .....................................59

6.3.2.1. ..............................................606.3.2.2. .......................................................................636.3.2.3. .........................................65

6.3.3. ...........................................................................666.3.3.1. ...............................................666.3.3.2. .......................................696.3.3.3. .........................716.3.3.4. ............................................71

6.3.4. ...........................................................736.4. .......................................................................................................74

6.4.1. ...................................................................................................756.4.1.1. ...................75

6.4.2. .......................................................................776.4.2.1. -..................................................................................................................796.4.2.2. .........................................82

6.4.3. ...................................846.5. ........................................................................................85

6.5.1. ...........................................................................................85

6.5.2. .................................866.5.2.1. ...............886.5.2.2. .................................................................................886.5.2.3. ..........................................................................91

6.5.3. .........................................................................................926.5.3.1. .............................936.5.3.2. ........................................................936.5.3.3. ........................946.5.3.4. ..........................................................98

6.5.4. .......................................................................................996.6. ..................................................................................................................100

6.6.1. Portland....................................................................................1006.6.1.1. ......................................................................................1006.6.1.2. ...............................................................................1016.6.1.3. ........................................................................................102

6.6.2. Portland.............................................................1036.6.2.1. ...............................................................1036.6.2.2. ..................................................................104

6.6.3. , .................................................1056.6.4. Portland.............................................................................1066.6.5. ...............................................................................109

6.6.5.1. .....................................................................1096.6.5.2. .......................................1096.6.5.3. ............................................................1106.6.5.4. ............................................................................110

6.7. ....................................................................................................................1106.7.1. .....................................1116.7.2. .................................................................................111

6.7.2.1. ...............................................................................1116.7.2.2. ..................................................................................1126.7.2.3. ..........................................................1126.7.2.4. ..............................................................1126.7.2.5. ...............................................................113

6.7.3. ......................................................................1136.7.3.1. ............................................1136.7.3.2. ............................................1146.7.3.3. .....................................................................................1146.7.3.4. .........................................................................1156.7.3.5. , ................................................................1166.7.3.6. , ..................................116

6.7.4. , .............................1226.8. ........................................................................................123

6.8.1. ....................................................1236.8.1.1. .........................................................................................1246.8.1.2. ................................................................................1246.8.1.3. .......................................................................125

6.8.2. .........................................................1256.8.2.1. ..................................................................1266.8.2.2. ................................................................127

6.8.3. .........................................................................................1276.8.3.1. ...................................................................................1286.8.3.2. .................................................................................128

6.8.3.3. .............................................1296.8.4. .........................................................................1306.8.5. ..............................................................................................130

6.9. ..............................................................................1316.9.1. ..................................................................................1316.9.2. ................................................................................................132

6.9.2.1. ...........................................................1326.9.2.2. ...........................136

6.9.3. , , ...........................................................1366.9.4. .............................................................................1406.9.5. , ...............................................................1416.9.6. , .......................................................................................1426.9.7. ............................................................................1436.9.8. ...............................................................................................1446.9.9. ..................................................................................145

6.9.9.1. ........................................1466.9.9.2. .........................................147

6.9.10. .................................................................................................1476.9.11. ..........................................................................................149

6.10. , , .................................1496.10.1. .................................................................................................1496.10.2. ..................................................................................................1516.10.3. .............................................................................................1546.10.4. (1997)..............................................................................................154

6.10.4.1. ................................................................1546.10.4.2. .....................................................................1596.10.4.3. ...................................1606.10.4.4. .......................................................162

6.10.5. 206-1........................1626.10.5.1. .................1626.10.5.2. .........164

6.11. ..........................................................................1646.11.1. ..........................................................................................................1646.11.2. ....................................................................165

6.11.2.1. ..........1706.12. - ( )..................................171

6.12.1. Schmidt......................................................1716.12.2. .....................................................................1736.12.3. .........................................................................................1746.12.4. ......................................................................................1756.12.5. , ......................................................176

6.13. ........................................................................1776.13.1. ..................................................................................177

6.13.1.1. .....................................................1776.13.1.2. ...................................................................1816.13.1.3. .....................................................182

6.13.2. ......................................................................1836.13.2.1. , ...........................................................1846.13.2.2. .........................................................................................184

6.13.3. ...........................................................1856.13.4. .............................................................................186

6.13.4.1. , ...........................................................1876.13.4.2. .........................................................................................1906.13.4.3. .....................................................................................191

6.13.5. ............................................................................1916.13.5.1. .................................................................1926.13.5.2. ..............................................1926.13.5.3. .........................................193

6.13.6. .............................................................................1946.13.7. ....................................................................................1946.13.8. ........................................................195

6.14. .........................................................................................................196

7. .........................................................................................2037.1. ................................................................................................................2037.2. ...............................................203

7.2.1.1. ...........................................................2047.3. ...................................................................................................................207

7.3.1. .................................................................................2087.3.2. - , ............................................................209

7.4. ..................................................................................................................2097.4.1. .......................................................................................210

7.4.1.1. Bessemer Thomas......................................................2107.4.1.2. ..............................................................2117.4.1.3. .................................................................2117.4.1.4. ...........................................................................212

7.4.2. .....................................................................2127.4.3. ...................................................................................................213

7.4.3.1. ......................................................................2137.4.3.2. ........................................................................216

7.4.4. ..........................................................................................2177.4.4.1. .......................................................................................2177.4.4.2. ..............2187.4.4.3. ........................................2217.4.4.4. .............................................................2227.4.4.5. .....................................................................225

7.4.5. ..............................................................2267.4.5.1. ......................................2267.4.5.2. , ............................................2287.4.5.3. .........................................................2317.4.5.4. ....................................................................2347.4.5.5. ............................................2377.4.5.6. , .......237

7.4.6. ...................................................................................2387.4.6.1. ..........................................................2387.4.6.2. .........................................................239

7.5. .........................................................................................................2417.5.1. ......................................................................................................2417.5.2. .....................................................................................................2437.5.3. ..........................................................................................................2447.5.4. ................................................................................................2447.5.5. ...................................................................................................2447.5.6. , , , ..................................................................244

7.6. ..............................................................245

7.6.1. ..........................................................................2457.6.1.1. ............................................................................2457.6.1.2. ................................................................2457.6.1.3. .......................................................................2467.6.1.4. .......................................................................2467.6.1.5. ....................................................246

7.6.2. ...........................................................................2467.6.2.1. .................................................................2467.6.2.2. .................................................................................2487.6.2.3. .......................................................................................2487.6.2.4. ..........................................................................................2497.6.2.5. .......................................................................249

7.7. ...........................................................................................................249

8. ...............................................................................................................................2528.1. ......................................................................................................................2528.2. , , ...................................................................252

8.2.1. , .....................................................2528.2.2. ...................................................................................................253

8.2.2.1. ..........................................................................................2538.2.2.2. ..........................................................................................2548.2.2.3. ...............................................................................................259

8.2.3. ..................................................................................................2598.3. , .............................................................................260

8.3.1. .........................................................................................2608.3.1.1. .......................................................................2608.3.1.2. ........................................................................2618.3.1.3. ...........................................................................................262

8.3.2. .................................................................................2638.4. ....................................................................................................264

8.4.1. ..........................................................................................2648.4.2. ......................................................................................267

8.4.2.1. ...............................................2678.4.2.2. , ............................................................................2718.4.2.3. ........................................................................................2728.4.2.4. ..........................................................2738.4.2.5. , , ......................................274

8.4.3. 5........2758.5. , ........................276

8.5.1. .........................................................................................................2778.5.2. .....................................................................................................2798.5.3. , ....................................................2808.5.4. .................................................................................281

8.5.4.1. ...........................................................................................2818.5.4.2. .............................................................................................2818.5.4.3. ...............................................................282

8.6. .......................................................................2828.6.1.1. ..............................................................................................2828.6.1.2. ..........................................................................2838.6.1.3. .....................................................................................2848.6.1.4. ..............................................................................2848.6.1.5. ...............................................................284

8.7. ....................................................................285

8.8. ...........................................................................................................288

9. .......................................................................................................................2909.1. ................................................................................................................2909.2. ...........................................................................................2909.3. ..........................................................................................291

9.3.1. ..................................2919.3.2. ........................................................................292

9.3.2.1. ..............................................................................2929.3.2.2. - ...............293

9.3.3. .......................................................................2949.3.3.1. , , , ............................................2949.3.3.2. , ...................................................295

9.4. ............................................................................................................2959.4.1. , , ..............................................................................2959.4.2. ........................................................................................2989.4.3. ........................................................................................299

9.5. ..............................................................................................2999.5.1. ................................................................................2999.5.2. ............................................................................301

9.6. , .............................................................................3019.7. ...........................................................................................................303

10. ..................................................................................................................30410.1. ....................................................................................................................30410.2. ......................................................................................................304

10.2.1. ...................................30410.2.2. ....................................305

10.2.2.1. .....................................................30510.2.2.2. ..........................................30610.2.2.3. ................................................................................306

10.2.3. 6.................30710.2.3.1. ............................................................................................30710.2.3.2. (1-3 mm) ......................................................................................30910.2.3.3. -..............................................................................................................309

10.2.4. ........................................31010.3. ...........................................................312

10.3.1. , .......................................31210.3.2. .......................................314

10.3.2.1. ...........................................31410.3.2.2. , , - .........................................................................................31410.3.2.3. , , ..................31510.3.2.4. , .....31510.3.2.5. .....................................................................................315

10.3.3. ...................................................................31510.3.4. ........................................................................................316

10.4. ....................................................................................31610.5. ...............................................................................31910.6. ...........................................................................................321

10.7. ................................................................................32210.7.1. ..........................................................................32210.7.2. ............................................................................................32210.7.3. .....................................................................................323

10.8. .........................................................................................................323

11. ....................................................................................................................32611.1. .............................................................................................................32611.2. ......................................................32611.3. ............................................................................32711.4. .......................................................................32811.5. ..............................................................................33211.6. .........................................................................33311.7. .........................................................................................334

11.7.1. ..............................................................................................................33511.7.1.1. ...................................................................................33511.7.1.2. .................................................................................33511.7.1.3. ...............................................................................335

11.7.2. ......................................33611.7.2.1. .......................................................33611.7.2.2. .......................................................337

11.7.3. .........................................33911.7.4. .......................339

11.7.4.1. ................................................................33911.7.4.2. .........................................................34011.7.4.3. ......................................................................................................................340

11.7.5. ..................................................................................................34111.8. ............................................................................................342

11.8.1. ..............................................................................34311.8.2. ................................................................................345

11.9. .........................................................................................................351

1.

1.1.

- . , ' - (.. , , ...) (.. -, , , ...). . 1.1, , , (.. -, ), (.. , , ) (.. -, , ), - , (Ashby and Jones 1980).

. 1.1: .

, . , ' - , , , ,

, , , ...

- ' - ( 1992): () , - , , , , , , () , , - (.. ), () , -, , , ...

- (

, .. Moavenzadeh 1990), - . , "" - () ( , - ), - , . , - (.. , , ), , ( ), , "", (.. ) ...

1.2. -

, - , " ". ( ) () . , - : , , , , , , . - , ' .

1.3. Ashby, . F and Jones, D. R. . (1980). Engineering Materials 1: An Introduction to their Properties and Applications, Pergamon Press, Oxford., A. A. (1992). , . 1, , , .Moavenzadeh, F., editor (1990). Concise Encyclopedia of Building and Construction Materials, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA - Pergamon Press, Oxford.

2.

2.1.

, - ( ), ( ) .

2.2. (-

) ( ) . , , van der Waals (.. Illston et al. 1981).

2.2.1.

. - () . . 2.1.

. 2.1: .

2.2.2.

. 2.2: .

, (.. , , , ), . , . . 2.11.

- , .

2.2.3. , , ,

. , ( ) (. 2.3).

. 2.3: .

( ) . , - ( ).

2.2.4. van der Waals van der Waals

, (. 2.5).

. , - , van der Waals, (10-20 ) . - (. 2.5). , - . -, .

. 2.4: , () ,() .

. 2.5: van der Waals.

2.3. ,

. "" , ... , -, . , - , -, ( - ) . . 2.6.

F r (.2.6.), S ou :

S=dFdr

=d2Udr 2

r r0, S

S0=d 2Udr 2 rr0 , .

Hooke, .

. 2.7: .

(), .2.7. , - r0. ,

. 2.6: () , () , () .

(r-r0) S=N S0 rr0

, . (r-r0) r0 ,

S=S0r0

=

( ), Hooke.

2.4. -

(.. 1980). ( .. ), (, ) , . - . (.. - , , , ), - . - ( ), - .

2.4.1.

, . Bravais 1848 14 , . 2.8.

, , , , -. 14 7 - (. 2.8): , , , , , . 14 , , - .

, . - (.. , ) , .

. 2.8: : = , F = , = -, C = , R = (Moffatt et

al. 1964).

2.4.2. ,

, . - , , .2.9 (Ashby and Jones 1980).

. 2.9: : (.) , (.) (.. ), -

.

(.. ) , (. 2.10) .

. 2.10: .

2.5. ,

. , 103 (.. McClintock and Argon 1966). - , -, , .

2.5.1.

. , ( ) (. 2.11).

. 2.11: .

, , .

2.5.2. , ,

,

. , , , ( , - "" ).

. 2.12: - .

, . 2.12., (. 2.12.). F . . g, 1 2 (. 2.12).

- , -. . 2.13. , (.. , ...), .

2.5.3.

( ) . ( -, , - ) , , . . , , , ... - - , .

2.6. Ashby, . F and Jones, D. R. . (1980). Engineering Materials 1: An Introduction to their Properties and Applications, Pergamon Press, Oxford.Illston, J. M., Dinwoodie, J. M. and Smith, A. A. (1981). Concrete, Timber and Metals, Van Nostrand Reinhold, London., . . , . . (1980). -, .McClintock, F. . and Argon, . S., editors (1966). Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, USA.Moffatt, W. G., Pearsall, G. W. and Wulff, J. (1964). The Structure and Properties of Materials, John Wiley and Sons.

. 2.13: () , () , () , () () -

.

26

3.

3.1. . , -

, , . - .

3.2. : , , ,

, , - (.. Wendehorst 1975, Taylor 1983, 1984, 1992).

3.2.1. m -

V . -

, =m

VV ,

V = . a=V V

.

. 3.1.

. 3.1: .

3.2.2. , , (.. )

, , - . ( ) , ( ). - % ( , .. 24 ) . -

27

Y=100mmm

, m = m =

( 100 C).

-. -, , , . . , . - k, Darcy:

3.1dqdt=k hA

L

dq/dt = , = , h = , = L = . , .. ASTM 96.

, , - . .

3.2.3.

( C) t=a t T , t = , t = = -. , ( ) .

3.2.4.

(: W/mK SI, kcal/mhC = 1.16W/mK). - Q ( ) 1m2 1m, - 1 C (. 3.2).

Q d t, ,

Q= d

A t

28

. 3.2: .

, - , ( - ) . - .

= 1/ - . ( ) d R = d = d/. n - (.. , "") - (i = 1, 2, ... , ) di, ,

R=i=1

n d i i

, 1/1, , 1/2, (.. ) . ,

R= 11

i=1

n d ii 12

- " ", -514. " " ( , ), ASTM C518. "-", -1367.1-2, -1368 - 1382. - 822-825.

3.3. -

29

. , - . "" - . () (), . 3.3. , .

. 3.3: () () .

. 3.4: () () .

, . () () . 3.4.

. -

30

- , - (.. Cottrell 1964, Timoshenko and Goodier 1970, lllston et al. 1979, 1980, John 1983, Gere and Timoshenko 1990, 1994, 2005).

3.3.1. -

, ( -). ( ) Hooke

=

( Young) .

=G

G = . ( ) ( ) G . , Poisson ( ) , - ( ). , -

G= E21v

.

3.4. ,

. 3.5: , () , () , () , () () .

. , , . . 3.5. .

31

( ) ( -) , .

3.4.1.1. , , , -

() - - (. 3.6).

. 3.6: - () (, ) ()

.

3.4.1.2.

() ( ' ), -. . 3.7.

. 3.7: .

3.4.1.3. , -

( ) ( ) , (. 3.8).

( , , , , ), , -, , . -

32

F 1, 2,3=0

.

. 3.8: () () .

3.4.1.4.

, . - (.. - ). - - .

, , . - . 3.9.

. 3.9: () () .

3.4.1.5.

(- ) - . , (.. ) .

33

. 3.10. N1 ( ) (min, max), max ( -) min.

. 3.10: ( -).

3.4.1.6. (..

) . Charpy. - . , , - . - , . - , , .

3.4.1.7. -

(.. , ) - . (.. , ) (.. , , ).

- ( ) . - (.. , ), - ( , ) ( , ).

34

3.4.1.8. -

, - (.. , , , , , - ). - .

, . - ( 25-40) ( - .. 5% ) 25% . ( ).

(.. , , , , ...). - , . Mohs. 10 , ( 3.1).

Mohs , , . , , (.. ) - (.. ), , - Los Angeles. . ( -) % , .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

3.1: Mohs.

, , - .

35

Brinell ( ), Rockwell ( ) Vickers ( - ).

3.4.1.9. ,

, - - (.3.11). ( ' ) , - .

. 3.11: .

, , . - , - , = u/y, . 3.12.

. 3.12: .

, - , .. .

3.4.1.10. ,

- -

36

-, .. . . - ,

= D2 U

D -- U . - . 3.13.

10-2 - 310-2 , 210-4 - 210-3 0.5-1.5 (.. , ). -, , ..., - .

. 3.13: .

3.5. Cottrell, . . (1964). Mechanical Properties of Matter, Wiley.European Standard EN 822 (1994). Thermal Insulating Products for Building Applications - Determination of Length and Width, European Committee for Standardization.European Standard EN 823 (1994). Thermal Insulating Products for Buit'ding Applications - Determination of Thickness, European Committee for Standardization.European Standard EN 824 (1994). Thermal Insulating Products for Building Applications - Determination of Squareness, European Committee for Standardization.European Standard EN 825 (1994). Thermal Insulating Products for Building Applications - Determination of Flatness, European Committee for Standardization.Gere, J. M. and Timoshenko, S. P. (1990). Mechanics of Materials, 3rd edition, PWS- Kent Publishing Company, Boston.Illston, J. M., Dinwoodie, J. M. and Smith, A. A. (1979). Concrete, Timber and Metals, Van Nostrand Reinhold, London.John, V. B. (1983). Introduction to Engineering Materials, 2nd edition, MacMillan

37

Education, London., . (1980). I, II, -., . . (1992). , . 1, , -, ., . (1994). , , , . -514. - - - . -1367.1. - - 1: . -1367.2. - - 2: - . -1368. - . -1382. - - ., . . (1984). , . ', . . , .Taylor, G. D. (1983). Materials of Construction, 2nd edition, Construction Press, London.Timoshenko, S. P. and Goodier, J. N. (1970). Theory of Elasticity, 3rd edition, McGraw Hill, New York., . . (2005). , I, II, - .Wendehorst, R. (1975). Baustoffkunde, Verlag, Hannover.

38

4.

4.1. , , -

, . . - . - . (BPR 1950). ( - ) ( ), ( ) ( ).

, , - , 95% . - , - (.. , , , ), , (.. , , -), , - - (.. , , , ). Si02 (SiO2 > 65%), (SiO2 - 55-66%) (SiO2 < 55%). SiO2 , , -, .

, 5% . : () , ( , .. , ) () ( , .. , , ) () , (- ). ( , , , ...) , - (.. , , , , - ) (.. , , , , ).

39

, , ... (.. , ) (.. , ).

- 4.1 (BPR 1950, Wendehorst 1975, 1984).

4.2.

(kg/m3)

-

(% ..)

(MPa)

2650 0.3 150 2740 0.4 180 , 2900 0.3 230 2700 0.5 250 3000 0.2 320 2250 7.0 100 2850 0.2 210

2650 0.9 100 2700 1.1 140 . 2750 0.5 150 2700 1.2 70 2600 2.0 100 2750 0.3 220 2850 0.4 200 . 2750 0.5 280 2700 0.3 210 2650 0.2 120 2650 0.6 200

4.1: .

( ) . , , , , ( 1992). - ( , , ). - (.. , ). - ( -) . -. 15-50 cm, - , . (.. , ) - . ,

40

.., (.. , ...). (.. - ) (.. ) (, , ).

, - , , ( ) (.. , ). - 4.2 ( 1995).

(kg/m3)

-

(% ..)

(MPa)

-

(MPa)

(mm) 2710 0.06 109 26 4.33 2880 0.68 99 19 5.66Ajax 2825 0.62 98 22 5.88 2720 0.02 99 21 6.94 2710 0.08 93 29 4.44 2740 0.12 112 32 4.79 2710 0.13 108 25 4.81 2710 0.07 95 15 7.97 2710 0.12 86 16 5.58 2730 0.05 73 13 6.96 . 2650 0.06 97 18 5.84 2720 0.22 86 19 5.76 2720 0.06 98 28 6.45 2770 0.14 91 18 6.14Cipollino verde antico 2755 0.12 125 24 5.72 imperiale 2670 0.48 128 34 3.21 2800 0.41 113 24 2.50 2715 0.10 95 17 2.94 2685 0.29 154 38 3.00 2755 0.11 92 18 6.12 2710 0.12 96 14 4.25 2710 0.26 98 14 3.22 2720 0.14 83 14 5.12 2685 0.28 111 14 3.93Rosso antico 2710 0.13 128 32 7.47 - 2710 0.14 97 16 3.83 2700 0.30 92 14 4.35 2630 0.06 121 32 7.12 2800 0.06 94 19 3.76 2720 0.08 105 23 3.78 2700 0.09 73 18 6.68

4.2: .

"" . ( , , 9 10). - 771-6.

. (, ), , - , 75% ( 25% ). - 6.

41

4.3. BPR (U.S.A. Bureau of Public Roads Manual) (1950), The Identification of Rock Types. , . . (1995). , .European Standard prEN 771-1 (1992). Specification for Masonry Units - Part 6: Natural Stone Masonry Units, European Committee for Standardization., A. A. (1992). , . 1, , -, ., . . (1984). , . ', . . , .Wendehorst, R. (1975). Baustoffkunde, Verlag, Hannover.

42

5.

5.1. , -

( ) . - (.. , ). ( , ) . - , - . () .

, - : () (, , , , -m , , ), , () ( , , , ), . (Si2), (2O3) (Fe23). - -, , .

, , - (.. , ) , (.. , -, ).

5.2.

5.2.1. , , -

, - 2m. - , - , ( 2SiO2AI2O32H2O

43

S2AH2), , . , -

. - . . .

5.2.2. ( )

, CaO ( ), - (CaCO3 CaO + C02) 900 C , - 880 Wh/kg CaO. To CaCO3 -, , .. MgO, SiO2, 2O3, Fe2O3. . CO2 - , 55% ( 1984).

- (320 Wh/kg CaO) : CaO + 2O Ca(OH)2. - . - . - - . 800-900 C, 900-1050 C >1050 C 45-55%, 35-45%

44

2 m. . Ca(OH)2 : Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O (- H2O). CO2 (- 0.03% ..) , ( ). Ca(OH)2 ( ) - . , ( 1984).

-, . ' - ( ), - (, ) (, - ), (, ) (, ). - , - (CaO ) (CaO, -, , .. ).

5.2.3. , m m .

MgO - . - , m - .

5.2.4. Sorel, (-

) 700-800 C, : MgCO3 MgO + CO2. To MgO - MgCI2, - . MgCI2 , - MgCI2 .

- (.. , , ) . Sorel , - . "".

5.2.5. , -

( , 327 - 287 .., " "). - ( ), - (CaSO42H2O) (CaCO3, MgCO3, SiO2, 2O3, Fe2O3

45

...). - 70 . ( 1993), - . , , .

125-180 C - (CaSO4H2O). 2600-2700 kg/m3 . 60-80% ( - CaSO42H2O) (10-30 ), 1% . , 5-15 MPa 2-7 MPa, . , , , , - , , , ... .. (1993).

(CaSO4), ( ) 1000 C. 2800-2900 kg/m3 ( ) . 40-50% .. - . ( 1985).

5.3.

5.3.1. -

1000-1200 C. ( ) . , , ( SiO2 ). - .

5.3.2. ,

, 40% , . , .. - , 15-30 min - 60 min . , .

46

5.3.3. Pozzuoli ,

- ( ). (SiO2) , , .. . -, (.. , , ). , - , ( ) - ( ).

, (.. , ) (.. ), , CaO - , ( ) . -, ' .

5.3.4.

(Portland). - 20-25% .. . . - , - ' - .

5.3.5. .

, ' - .

5.4.

5.4.1. , , (-

4 mm) . , - (.. , ) (.. ). , , ( ), ( - "" ) ( - ).

47

- , (.. ) . - , , (Taylor 1983). , () , , , ( , ) 5-6% .. ( 1992). ( < 0.25 mm) 10-25% .. 1/3 (Wendehorst 1975).

(.. 1991): () (, , ) () - ( 1:1.5-2.5 , 1:2.5-3 1:3-4 , 0.5-1 MPa) () () ( - ) () ( , : 0.62 m3 , 0.38 m3 , 0.20 m3 75 kg , 1 m3 - ) () ( ).

- , 6 (Eurocode No. 6 1994) ( 1900-2100 kg/m3), ( 1-3 mm) - ( , , , - 1500 kg/m3). , , (mortar = ) ( 5%), , .. 1:1:5 ::. : 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 20 30. , () M1, 2.5 5, . 998-2. 5.1 - - .

, : () , , , ( ), . () , , , -, , () - ( ) , , - ( -

48

), - .

- (MPa)

2.5 2.5 1 3 95 5 1 2 610 10 1 0.5 520 20 1 -- 3

5.1: ' .

( 1 2 , "" "") ( 3 , "-"). . - , , -, . - - . 1 m3 250 kg , 100 kg . 5.2 (Wendehorst 1975). . , , . ' .

(mm) 1 ()

2 ()3 ()

0-70-50-3 0-7

1 ()2 ()3 ()

0-3 0-7 (0.5 )0-30-1 0-2

5.2: .

, (.. ), ( , ' ) . "-" . - , (.. ) , , ( ) . . . , - (.. ), , , ( ) -.

5.4.2.

49

(. 5.1.), (. 5.1.). , 40x40x160 mm, ( 100 mm) , ( ). -. 1015-11.100 mm

. 5.1: () - ( ) () .

, - , - , .

5.5. , I. . (1991). , . 3, ' , . .Eurocode No. 6 (1994). Common Unified Rules for Masonry Structures., . . (1985). , . 1, . . , ., . . (1992). , . 1, , -, .European Standard prEN 998-2 (1993). Specification for Mortar for Masonry - Part 2: Masonry Mortar, European Committee for Standardization.European Standard prEN 1015-11 (1993). Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry Part 11: Determination of Flexural and Compressive Strength of Hardened Mortar, European Committee for Standardization., . (1993). , .-., 39-72., . . (1984). , . , . . , .Taylor, G. D. (1983). Materials of Construction, 2nd edition, Construction Press, London. Wendehorst, R. (1975). Baustoffkunde, Verlag, Hannover.

50

6.

6.1.

, 5.5 (Mehta and Monteiro 1993) 20 . , -: () ( ) - () - () , .

6.2. (, , ,

) , - . , - - (, , , , , - ).

( , - 0.2 mm) - (, , ) , - . - ( - , 105 ), : , , , - 10-50 m . . , . , , , - , . , - , . , - -

51

.

6.2.1. ( ) -

, -. , . , ' ..., - , , -, , , . (.. ), ' ( ).

6.2.2. . -

Portland 1-50 m. - (.. , , , ...). () - : 40-80% C3S ( , ), 0-30% C2S ( -, ), 7-15% C3A ( , ), 4-15% C4AF (- , ), - C = CaO, S = SiO2, A = 2O3, F = Fe2O3 (Lea 1971).

. 6.1: .

- ( ) , -

52

. - . , - C3A -.

. 6.1, - C-S-H, 0.5-3.0 nm, - .. CH, C4ASH18 C4AH19, 1 m (S = SO3, = 2O), C ( 10 nm 1 m) . . 6.1, - , . - -.

6.2.2.1.

. (C-S-H). -

50-60% ' . , - , C/S 1.5 2.0 . C-S-H , - . Powers (1958) Brunauer (1962) ( - 18 ) ( 100-700 m2/g) van der Waals. To Feldman and Sereda (1970) C-S-H (5-25 ).

. 20-25% . C-S-H, , Ca(OH)2. - C-S-H van der Waals -. , Ca(OH)2 ( ) .

. 15-20% - - . - .

. - . , -.

53

, - , . , - .

6.2.2.2. .

6.2 .

. 6.2: -.

C-S-H. , C-S-H - (Powers 1968). , ( ) .

. , - , - ( ), (/), . - - / 10-50 nm. /, 3-5 m. - . 6.3, (Mehta and Manmohan 1980). - -: 50 nm, , , - 50 nm, , - (Mindess and Young 1981).

. , () . ( 3 nm), , , ( 50-200 m).

54

, ' .

. 6.3: - (Mehta and Manmohan 1980).

6.2.2.3. ,

. ( ) . , , , , . 6.4.

. 6.4: C-S-H (Feldman and Sereda 1970).

55

. 50. - - : , > 50 nm , - (5-50 nm) -.

. ( ) . - 30% .

. - C-S-H . - ( 10% ), - C-S-H.

. - .

6.2.2.4. - - -

-.

. van der Waals. , - . C-S-H , - . - /. . 6.5, 1 cm3 2 cm3 (Powers 1958) 3140 kg/m3.

, Powers (1968) S ( MPa) - ( + )x (x = 1 - , = ) S = kx3, k = 235 MPa. , / .

. ( ) . - . 6.6 (L. Hermite 1962). - , - . - , . (5-50 nm)

56

, , .

() 100 cm3 , / = 0.63,

() 100 cm3 , 100% , /

. 6.5: () () /.

. 6.6: () () - .

( ) . - , 100%.

57

. . - -. , (. 6.7, Powers 1958).

. 6.7: , - .

C-S-H - . , , .

6.2.3.

, : . (, ) - , . - ( , /) - . - , - , - .

6.2.3.1. -

/ ' , (

58

) ' (Maso 1980).

6.2.3.2. ,

- van der Waals, . -, - . CH, ( ), .

, , , -, /, , , .. , - , ( ) - . (.)(. ). , - . , .

6.2.3.3. -

. , 40-70% , - . , , - . - - , . - , - .

. "" - . - , ( -

59

)., -

. ( -) . , .

6.3. "" -

, . ( , ' ) - , , , ( ) .

6.3.1. -

(.. Powers 1958).

f cp= f cp ,o xn= f cp , o1

n

fcp = , fcp,0 = , = n 3. - (.. Neville 1981, Lemaitre and Chaboche 1990). , - , . , , - .

6.3.2.

- / . (.. , - ) , ' - . , - - . , - . 6.8, - , .

60

. 6.8: .

6.3.2.1. -

, - .

. 6.9: /T - .

. / - Abrams, - 1918:

f c=k 1k 2N /T

k1 k2 .

61

. 6.9 (PCA 1988). / (. 6.5)

, - , .

. . , - . - , . 6.10 (Cordon 1979).

. 6.10: - () / () -

.

/ -, ( ) , . -, , (- ).

. . - (. - ), (.. ) . , ... (PCA 1988).

. , (-) - . , , , , ( ) , , , .

-

62

. , - , - ( ). /, . 6.11 (Cordon and Gillespie 1963). - (. /), - , / - . , , - / .

. 6.11: /.

/, - - . , - ( ) (. , ), .

(.. ) ( -) (.. -) , -. , , - . , , , .

, , - ( - ) .

.

63

. - , (- ).

. ( ), ( CaO), ( ) ( - ) . - 15-20% - . - -, , ' - , ( - 1997). - , , 15%. . - 1008 ( -345).

. - . , , . - ( , ) . , , , ( ), - - C-S-H (.. Neville 1981).

6.3.2.2.

, , , .

. / . - (Comite Euro-International du Beton, CEB) - ( 20 C) (CEB-FIP 1990):

6.1 f cm t =cc t f cm=es1 28t / t1 f cm

fcm(t) = f , fcm = 28 , s = , s = 0.20 , s = 0.25 -

64

s = 0.38 , t1 = 1 . , 3, 7, 90 360 60%, 78%, 112% 120%, , 28 .

. - (.. , , ...). - . 6.12, (Mehta and Monteiro 1993).

. 6.12: -.

, , 7 ( - ) 28 -. 6.10.5.

. - -, . - 28 5 C 80% - 20-40 C. , . -, - . , - 5 C 20 C, 2-3 - 20 C , 20% 15%, , 40 C, 2-3 . ( ) - .

20 C - -10 C, 5 C 12 C 28 , (28 ) 5%, 50% 60%, , 20 C.

65

, . , , .

6.3.2.3. -

, , , - , , .

, . , - (), - . . "" , ' - . 2:1. 150x300 mm 75-85% 150 mm ( - ). , , , , , . 2:1 , - , (. 6.13).

. 6.13: : () , () .

- , . ,

66

150 mm 300 mm 5% 10% , , 200 mm. , - 50x100 mm, 75x150 mm 200x400 mm 10% , 6% 4% , , 150x300 mm.

, - , . , 20% .

. 2-3 (30 sec ' ), - , "" . - .

6.3.3. , -

. .

6.3.3.1.

. ( - , ) - . - (. 6.14.) 30% fc, . 30% 50% fc -, , , - -. 0.754, (Chen 1982), - . , , - . , 0.75-0.94 - - , - -. . . 6.14., , , 4 . 6.15 (Glucklich 1968).

67

. 6.14: () , () .

. 6.15: .

(), , - ( ). , , . -, 0.9fc , - 0.75fc 30 . - . 6.16 (Rusch 1960).

, - . - 0.25 MPa/sec, 0.001 MPa/sec 100 MPa/sec Jones and Richart (1936) - R 0.25 MPa/sec (1.04 + 0.07log10R). 12390-3.

68

. 6.16: - .

, - . ' , -, - . . CEB-FIP (1990) fc,imp:

f c ,impf cm

={ 0 s

106MPa / sec

s3 0 106MPa / sec}

fcm = 0 = 1 MPa/sec, = - , as = 1/(5 + 0.9fcm ) ( fcm MPa) logs = 6as - 2.

. 6.17: .

, - 60% ( ).

69

. - . 6.17 (Karson and Jirsa 1969). - , - -.

6.3.3.2.

. . - , - - - . 0.07-0.13, - . , .. -.

-, - (. 6.18), , .

( - 12390-6) ( " "), L = 300 mm D = 150 mm - - (. 6.19.). -,

h=2 P L D

. 6.18: - .

h ,

70

( , . 6.19.), - , fctsp. -, 10-15%.

. 6.19: () ( ), () -

.

150x150x600 750 mm, - 450 mm (. 6.19.). -739. max (" " " ")

max=6M maxb h2

Mmax , b h , . ' , -- - - ( ). , ( , - ), ' 50-100%.

(2000) , fct,fl, (fctm = 0.5fct,fl), (CEB-FIP 1990):

71

f ctk , flf ctk

f ct , flf ctm

=112.56h0.7

fctm = (fctm = 0.9Act,sp, fct,sp = ), fct,fl, = , k ( , , , - - , 5%) h = mm. - , 90% 0.7fctm 1.3fctm (CEB-FIP 1990).

6.3.3.3. (

), , - , , , - (.. , -) . , , - , ( - ) .

(2000) - 2 (1994),

6.2 f ctm0.3 f ck2/3

fck = Mpa.

6.3.3.4. , -

( ) ( ) - . (1 2) . 6.20 , - , - . 6.21. (Kupfer et al. 1969).

( 27% 80% 16% ) - , . - - , - . : , , , (. ) .

72

. 6.20: - : () , () --

() .

-. - (.. ). ( ) , (), (. 6.22, Richart et al. 1928). , - . . 6.21..

73

. 6.21: () () .

. 6.22: - .

6.3.4. ,

, , - fc ( ) fcm s. , , - , , - , fck. - , 5% (10% - ACI318) fck. ,

6.3 f ck= f cm1.64 s

74

, ( - s) fck, ( s) fcm .

, , f28, , - , - . - . (20 C 2 C, 95%) 28 , . - 12390-2 ( -671).

206-1, - 150 mm 300 mm ( - ACI 318, DIN 1045 CEB) 150 mm ( ). - 200 mm ( DIN 1045). 6.1. 6.1 .

- - . "" ( - ) , - , , . 150 mm . - 200 mm - , , - , , , - . 150x300 mm (MPa) 9.2 12.8 18.4 25.4 39.5 150 mm (MPa) 12.6 16.8 23.6 31.5 47.2 200 mm (MPa) 12.0 16.0 22.4 30.0 45.0

6.1: .

6.4.

, - , - ( ' ).

75

6.4.1. -

, , - - ' . . 6.23 . , Eco, , ( ) , Ect, - , ( ) , Ecs, - , 40% . , , , Ecd, .

. 6.23: .

- (.. ASTM C469-83), (, , ).

(2000), 28 , Ecm, fck

6.4 Ecm=95003 f ck+8

Ecm fck MPa. - - 80 MPa.

, Poisson, - 0.15 0.2, .

6.4.1.1.

, , , - ' , -

76

(, ), - . . . 6.24 .

. 6.24: .

. , , , ' . , ( 25-85 GPa) ( 5-10 GPa), , "" . , - . , , , - , , - -.

. - , , /, , - (. 6.8) .

. - , - , . - . 6.8.

. - 15%, . C-S-H - , C-S-H van der Waals, .

77

, -, , . - - , . , - , .

6.4.2. 6.2.2,

. , , - C-S-H , - . , . - , , , ( Poisson).

, . , . , - -, .

6.15. - 100% - , . , -, (). , - . - , , . - , - . , , , . - . , - , - , .

-. ,

78

. - , , , - .

- -

-

-

()

- ,

()

( -)

- 0 = 0

-

- , - , -

(-)

.

( - -)

- -

6.2: , .

- . 6.25, - . - (. 6.25.) , -, , C-S-H. -

79

, , , (.6.25.). . , .

. 6.25: () () .

6.4.2.1. -

- , .

. , - ' , . - , - .

. 6.26., , Sc, , Sp, , Cc/Cp, , - (Powers 1961, Neville 1964):

80

S cS p

=1g n C cC p

=1g

g = ' , n, = (.. - 1.2 - 1.7, L' Hermite 1962).

. 6.26: () () .

- . 6.27 (Troxell et al. 1958), 2.5 . , , - , , - .

. 6.27: () () .

, , . ,

81

. , - - Portland, .

, . / -, /, - . , ( /) , , , .

. 6.28: () () -.

. 6.29: () () .

, , .

, . , , - , (. 6.28, Troxell et

82

al. 1958), (. 6.29, CEB-FIP 1990)..

-, - . , h, , Ac, , u/2, . . 6.30 (CEB-FIP 1990).

, , . - ' . , -- . : , . , , , , - ( 40% , ), - ( 35% 60% ).

. 6.30: () () .

6.4.2.2.

CEB, , .

. t () , ts (), :

cs=106[16010 sc 90.1 f cm] RH stt s

: sc = , 4

83

, 5 8 - ,

RH = , RH (%),

RH=1.55 sRH 4099

0.25 RH99

sRH=1RH100

3

stt s= tt st 1350 hh0 2 tt st 1 h0= 100 mm t1 = 1 ( ). (.. t = 70

) (RH = 50%) -0.00060 -0.00050 h < 150 mm h > 600 mm, . (RH - 80%) -0.00033 -0.00028. h . - S2 S3 (. 6.10.2), 0.7.

. co [< 0.4fcm(to)] to, - ( + ) t

cot , t 0=co[ 1Ec t 0t , t 0E c28 ] () t0

E c t 0= t0E c28= cc t 0 E c28 Ec28 28 , 1.05Ecm.

cc(t0) 6.1 (. 63) -

t ,t 0=RH f cm t0 tt0

: RH=11 RH

100

0.46 3 hh0, f cm=

5.30.1 f cm

, t 0=

1

0.1t0t10.2 ,

c tt0= tt 0t 1H tt 0t1 0.3

H=150[11.2 RH10018] hh02501500

t0

84

:

t 0=t 0,T1 92 t0,Tt1,T

0.5

: t1,T = 1 , = , -1 , 0 1 - t0,T = -,

t 0,T=i=1

n

t i e

4000273T t iT 0 13.65 T(ti) = ( C) ti,

T, 0 = 1 C., , 0.4fcm(t0) - 0.6fcm(t0),

e1.5 co

f cm0.4

(t = 70 ) 6.3 ( h). - 6.3 S2 S3 (. 6.10.2) +10 +20 C, 0.7.

, t0 ()

-. .

(RH= 50%)

-.

(RH= 80%)

, h (mm)50 150 600 50 150 600

1 5.5 4.6 3.7 3.6 3.2 2.97 3.9 3.1 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.028 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.590 2.4 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.2365 1.8 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0

6.3: (t = 70 , t0).

6.4.3. ,

. , ac, , ' - . 6-1310-6/C, - 1010-6/C. c (10-6/C): (): 10-12, : 9, : 12.5, : 7, : 9. - ac - c, , , . c

85

2 W/mK. (.. )

( ), ( ) - () (-) . - - , , , . , - , . - (.. Carlson et al. 1979).

6.5. ,

, , . , - , ' - - . -, .

6.5.1. -

. , -, , , . , , - . ( ) , 3 , , , , k [ 3.1 (. 27)].

. - , /. / = 0.7, 10 -3 - 10-4 mm/sec , 10x10-8 mm/sec 6 , 50x10-10 mm/sec 13 6x10-10 mm/sec , (Powers et al. 1954), . -

86

, 40% 30% , 110x10-11 mm/sec 20x10-11 mm/sec, - 20% . - , . 30% -, . / 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 0.7 3, 14, 180 365 , , - 10-11 mm/sec. , / ( 0.5).

, 3-10%, -. , 10m, -, 10-100 nm.

-, - . ( , - ...) - . , - / = 0.5 10-9 mm/sec.

, - . , , - , , , . : ( ), /, , -, , .

6.5.2.

, . 6.31. , - , - . .

( ) , . - (.. ) (.. -, , ) - (.. ), , - .

87

. 6.31: .

, , , , - . //(. 6.32.), . (. 6.32.). Liu (1981), (.. ) (.. ). , - . , - ' ( 1993). -, , . 7 60-80% 3 (ACI 302.1 R-80). , ("") . , . - /, (.. ) .

, - , , , , , - (CEB 1982).

, ,

88

. , , ' .

(1997) - ( , 6.7.3), 50 mm, 350 kg/m3 - C25/30 ( 6.10.1).

. 6.32: () / () .

6.5.2.1. ,

- . -, , , "", , . , .

- , C/Cs. C/Cs = 2, (NaCI) 0 C, 25 C 50 C 55 MPa, 60 MPa 65 MPa, . C/Cs = 10, 185 MPa 220 MPa, 0 C 50 C, (Winkler 1975).

6.5.2.2. -

, , . - , -, 0.25 mm 35 mm, , -, ,

89

, . - , ( 1993).

. . 9%, , , - . (.. ) (Mehta and Monteiro 1993). , . - "", . , - ( ). - ( ) , , (Litvan 1976). - ( ). , - , , . (.. C-S-H).

, . - - , . - , , . ( ) , . - ( 500 nm) - , . - , -, . - . , - , . - .

. (.. CaCl2 NaCI) , , , . -

90

14 C/, . - , . , - , - , . , - - , - , . , - ' .

. , - , , , - . , -, , . - (.. ) .

, . - . - (.. ), , . - , 0.1 mm. , 0.05% .. . - 0.05-1 mm, . - , . - 25 mm, 16 mm, 12.5 mm 8 mm 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% 2.5%, ( 1993). , - - , - 6.0%, 4.5%, 3.5% 3.0%, 8 mm, 16 mm, 31.5 mm 63 mm, . , 1% 5%. , -

91

/. , .

, . , - Portland. , , , . - , . - 10% .. ( -), 0.35m 20m, - .

/. , / , , - / (. 6.33) .

. 6.33: / ( 1993).

. , . , -, . , .

. , - .

. , .

6.5.2.3.

92

. , , , .

. , - . . , , . - C-S-H 300 C , 500 C , ( - 30%). C-S-H 900 C (Mehta and Monteiro 1993).

. , , , - , . , - ( ), , , .

6.5.3. -

. -- , - , CaO MgO, , .

pH ( 12.5 13.5) , Na+, + -, - ( ), - pH - . pH (.. 6) , , , ...

, , - (. 6.34). . -

93

, .

. 6.34: - .

6.5.3.1. . , , -

, . , - ( ) , ( ), (Biczok 1967). , - . CO2 , -. , , ( -), , , .

6.5.3.2. -

. . -

- . , -, , , ( -) ( CO2 ).

- , - (

94

, pH 7) , .

. - (.. , , , , ) , .

. , , , - . - C-S-H, , , - . MgSO4 .

6.5.3.3.

, .

. (, , ) . () . - , , .

- , Ca(OH)2. .

- (. ), - , (CEB 1992). SO42- 200-600 mg/l, 600-3000 mg/l - 3000-6000 mg/l ( 206-1). , , /, , . , - -. , (.. ) - . , / , .

-. , 75% , ( , ...),

95

(.. ) - (.. , , ...), , - . 6.35. ( pH ) - Na2O 2O (), 0.15- 1.5% .. ( 1993). 0.6% ( ).

. 6.35: -: () , () -.

( ) ( ), -, , , , , ... - ( ) - , . (.. ) . - ( pH) , - , - (.. , , ). 40% 1/4.

(. 6.35.), ( ), ( ) , ( 1993).

MgO CaO. MgO CaO - .

. () -

96

. , .

. - (pH 13), Ca(OH)2. ( ) , 0.5% .. , ( ), pH 9. ( - ), , . - pH 9 Ca(OH)2 CO2 , - . . : To Ca(OH)2 , 0.5% . Ca(OH)2 .

. 6.36: ( 1991).

, . , ' - . , . , , ( ), , () -. -

97

, - , () - (. 6.36). , .

( ) . , ( 2-6 ) , . - / ( -), ( ) , - .

, - . . , (.. 50%) , -. .

, , CO2 Ca(OH)2 -. - , 100% - ( ). , - , CO2 -, 50% ( 1991).

( ) , / , . - , ' - . - , . , ( -), 80%, 1/2 60% 95%,

98

1/5 50% 100%. 90%, 1/2 60% 95%, 1/3 50% 100% ( 1991). ( ) --.

. , - . () . , - / ( 0.5 0.4 ) ( 300 kg/m3). . , - CaO CO2 .

, - - . , ( ) , , - ( CO2 ), . , ( ), - .

( ) - ( , ) , - - (Allen et al. 1993), - (.. , ), " ".

6.5.3.4. (..

, , , ) . - , , -, , , ( ), CO2 - ... , .

- : ,

99

, ( , , ) , - -' , , - .

, . , - , -. ( ), , - , CO2 , - ( ). - , (Mehta 1980).

- . -, / (Neville and Brooks 1987). (1997) - / 0.48, 400 kg/m3 60 mm ( , , / 0.60 330 kg/m3). , , .

6.5.4.

, , ( 1993).

. , -. - , . , . , - .

100

. ( ) , , . . , , , pH .

: , ... .. , - , ... (.. - , ) ( 1993).

6.6. -

, . , - Portland, - .

6.6.1. Portland Portland,

, ( - ). 1824 L. Aspdin, Portland Portland . - 15 , 50% ( 1996).

6.6.1.1. Portland :

() , ( ) , () , . () - () - , . () . 600 C , , 1500 C , 5-25 mm (). () , , 2-3% , -

101

, Portland, 75m. - Portland . 6.37.

, , , , : () - , ( ) () ( -, ) () ( - ). -, (filler), ' ( , ). . - ( ). , ( ) . 3% .. , .

. 6.37: Portland.

, ' . - , 0.9 kWh , - 1.6 kWh/kg. 1996 - (50 kg) 10 kg 5 kWh.

6.6.1.2. -

, - . , (6.27), :

CaO + CO2 SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 + H2O

3CaOSiO22CaOSiO23CaOAl2O34CaOAl2O3Fe2O3

(C3S)(C2S)(C3A)(C4AF)

- . 55% 15%

102

.. C3S C2S, . To C3S , , . , C2S , . , .

(C3A) 12% .. - , , (), , - .

(C4AF) 9% .. : , , ( -).

, - , : (MgO), (' 5% .. ). (Na2O, 2O), - , (' 1% .. ).

Portland 6.4. -196.2. CaO SiO2 l23 Fe2O3 MgO SO3 K2O, Na2O .. 64 22 6 3 1.5 2 0.5 1

6.4: Portland.

6.6.1.3. Blaine

( cm2/kg). , , - . , . 2600 cm2/kg ( ) 5000 cm2/kg ( 1993). - , - ( - ) - . - , . , , , .

103

6.6.2. Portland ,

.

6.6.2.1.

-, . -, . , - , , , - , .

(C3S, C2S, C3A C4AF) . - , (.. 1993).

C3S: 2(3CaO SiO2) + 62O 3CaO 2SiO2 3H2O + 3Ca(OH)2 C2S: 2(2CaO SiO2) + 4H2O 3CaO 2SiO2 3H2O + Ca(OH)2 C3A: 3CaO Al2O3 + 6H2O 3CaO Al2O3 6H2O C4AF: 4CaO Al2O3 Fe2O3 + 2Ca(OH)2 +10H2O 3CaO Al2O3 6H2O

+ 3CaO Fe2O3 6H2O (

6.2.2) , 60% . , . - van der Waals, - , , - . , . 6.38 - . 6.39 (Bogue 1955).

, C3A ( .. ) ( ) , -. , - , . , , .

, 25-30% , 10-15%. / - 0.42, 8% . -

104

, , . , , - / 0.36. / 0.36-0.42, . , - , - .

. 6.38: - .

. 6.39: .

6.6.2.2.

, . 50% - , 75% 85-90%

105

6 (Neville and Brooks 1981). - , , - , - .