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(V X .)
2012
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(V X .) .: , , 2012, 202 .
ISBN 978-5-98196-027-7
, V . , -. - . -: - . - . - - VIII .
; - - ; courtesy Gunkarta Gunawan Kartapranata, - http://www.wikipedia.org/
ISBN 978-5-98196-027-7 .., 2012 , 2012 , 2012
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II. V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 III. VIIVIII .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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IV. VIIIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
1. 732 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
2. () 760 . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
VIIIIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
4. -
VIII X . . . . . . . .
154 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
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. -
, . - - . VIIIIX . .
- , [Bellwood, 1997]. - .
- - : , , , . - . -. - . , . .
I .. , , : - . - . , - , - .
. . .-. -, .
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
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, .. , . . , . .. -, .. .. [Cds, 1968; Munoz, 2006; Van Naerssen, 1977; Wolters, 1967; Jordaan, Colless, 2009; Barrett Jones, 1984; 1984; , 1992].
- , V . , - . - . : - . - - . - - - VIII .
, - [, 2006]. - , -, 1.
1 , , : , - , , - , , -, Barbara Watson Andaya, Robert Cribb, Maria Kekki, Hermann Kulke, Waruno Mahdi, Pierre-Yves Manguin, Mai Lin Tjoa-Bonatz, Adrian Vickers, and Jan Wisse-man Christie. ..
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Courtesy Robert Cribb [Cribb, 2010].
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
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I -
1.
. , -; . . - , , , , .
, - - . - [Service, 1962; 1965] - , - . . [Carneiro, 1981, p. 6567, 71, n. 2; 1987, p. 760].
-. , - , . .. , , , -
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, - , -, [, , -, 2000, . 3245].
- .. [, 2011(13)]1. -.
, -, . - . , , - , , , (, , , . ). , , . -. : , , , .
, - () , , ; , -, : ) (); ) , - ; ) , [, 2011(1), . 24]. (, ..), . 1 - - VVIII . [-, 2005(12); 2006].
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
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( ), - : , - ; - , , - [, 2011(1), . 2526].
, - - ( , ), ; - - : ) ( ); ) - ; - , ; ) - ( ) [, 2011(1), . 30].
, - .. . : - , - [Carneiro, 1981, p. 45; , 2011(1), . 147]2. . - , - [Service, 1962, p. 142, 146; , 2011(1), . 149].
. : - ; - , , , -. - , , , - -
2 .. . ..
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. - [Service, 1962, p. 103; , 2000, . 270; , 2011(1), . 149].
.. - . , : , , - [, 2011(1), . 154].
, , - , / -, , - [, 2011(1), . 234]. 1) - , ; 2) () ; 3) , ; 4) ; 5) - ; 6) , - - , -; 7) , [, 2011(1), . 251].
.. - . .
. .. , : , - . , .. , -
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
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- .
, , -, . .. - . , - , .. ? . - , . - , . -, , - , .
. . , , - , ? -? ?
, .. . - , - - . . -, ; -, : . . , ... . , . , . -, . , . [, 2006].
, . - : , . [Earle, 2003], . / - ,
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[ .: Earle, 2003, p. 7589]. - , - . -, [Flannery, 1998, p. 1617]. -, , , -, [Flannery, 1998, p. 21, 36].
- - : , -, . - , - . - , , , - , , - [Feinman, 1998, p. 95133]. , .
2. -
- , - [., : Cds, 1968; , 1958]. - : , , - , .
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. - - - : - . - . , ; - - ; - -, , - (soccage), , - , , - . , - ( , , ) . . , , - , , , - (com-munity) [Van Leur, 1955, p. 104105].
.. , - ; , , . -, , , - [Van Leur, 1955, p. 105]. - , , , (power) - , [Van Leur, 1955, p. 106]. .. ,
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(manpower), , , - , [Van Leur, 1955, p. 106]. , - , - - , .
, - .. , - .. , .. .. [1968, . 516545]. - 3 : -, 4; -. ( ), - [, , , 1968, . 524528]. .. - , - (), - ( / ) - () [, 1982(1), . 2535; 1982(2), . 187226].
. . . , (hinterland), [Van Naerssen, 1977, p. 30; Hall, 1976, p. 61105].
3 - , ; -, , . . , - , - 1884 . [, 1948]. 4 Nagara ; - .
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
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1970- . - . . - - [Tambiah, 1976]. . - , - . -, , - .
. ( , ) . . , ; , , [Anderson, 1972, p. 28; , 2001, . 43]. , , . - - , [Anderson, 1972, p. 34]. . - XIX . [Geertz, 1980, p. 132].
, - - , ( ). - :
Maala (, , ) , - . , , , -. (belligerence) (), -, ,
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, - . -, , . , (cakravartin) [Moertono, 1968, p. 71, n. 207].
. .. :
- , - , (patch-work) [ ] , . , , , , ( , - ) , . , . - (tributary) , , , - . (overlord) - ; (officials) [Wolters, 1982, p. 1617].
.. , - , , [Wolters, 1986, p. 21, n. 75]. , - ( II) 20- - sakalamaal kadtuanku
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
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, [De Casparis, 1956, p. 35; . III]. - XIV . [Pigeaud, 1960, vol. 1, p. 110; vol. 3, p. 158].
, - . .. , - [., : Hagesteijn, 1989; The Cham of Vietnam, 2011, p. 120, 169, 178].
- -- / - - ... . [Claessen, Skalnk (eds.), 1978, p. 640; Kathirithamby-Wells, 1990, p. 3, 4; Wisseman Christie, 1990, p. 3960; 1995, p. 237; Manguin, 2000, p. 409416; 2002, p. 7399; 2004, 282313]. . . , - - , , - , , , , (reciprocity) [Claessen, Skalnk (eds.), 1978, p. 640].
. - , , - , , - , [Claessen, 1995, p. 444445; , 2000, . 18]. - . . [Service, 1975, p. XIII]. . - - : -, , ,
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[Claessen, 2004, p. 74]. - (kingship) (king): , - [Claessen, 1986, p. 113127].
. , .. , - [Kulke, 1993, p. 1011; 1993, p. 176]. (. III) , , . -, .. .
... . -, - , .. - . - - : , [, 1980, . 327; Feinman, Marcus, 1998]. , , - , [Miksic, 1999, p. 167184; 1989, p. 329; 1991, p. 86144]. - - .
, , , .. . -, , - , - . .
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3. -
- 5 , - , . - , - - , , -. .
.
XIX . - / . .. , .. .. [Majumdar, 1927; 1937; Chatterji, 1967[1927]; Nilakanta Sastri, 1949; , 1983, . 256269]. , , 1950- 1970- . [, 1959, . 84; , 1966, . 60; , , 1966, . 176; , 1966, . 374; , 1967, . 1415; , , , 1966, . 522; , 1967, . 44; , 1973, . 1112, 1415]. , - [Cds, 1944; 1948; 1964(2), p. 114; 1968]. - , , / , [Supomo, 1995, p. 309332].
, , , -, . -, , - ( ) / 5 - .
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- , -, , - 6. -, -, - . , , - , , [-, , 1985, . 2024; -, 2002, . 116122, 130139]. -, - ( , , - , , - ..) [, 1978; -, 2003]. , - , - - [, 1940; , 1985; , 1980; , 1990; , 2002; , 1995; , 1993]. - , , , , ( - ) , , : - , , .. - , 6 , - : [, 2006].
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[Maspero, 18951908; , 1911; , 2008(2), . 1124].
- , 7. - . [Cds, 1964, p. 114]. .. , [Van Leur, 1955, p. 103]. - , - . . - , [Legge, 1992, p. 2343].
- . 1926 . . , - [Krom, 1926]. .. , , - [Van Leur, 1955, p. 103, 107]8. . , - , , , - , , [Mabbett, 1977(2), p. 156].
7 [, 1999, . 32], , , , . 8 : , , . [Bosch, 1961 [1946], p. 122].
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- , : -, - . , , , - : --, , , , - .
, - , -- , -. , , , - - , - .. , .. .. [, 1959, . 85; , 1966, . 60; , 1967, . 15]. .. , : , , , , [, 1966, . 297].
.. . .. , - , - [, 1966, . 414]. - . , - . - , , , 9 . 9 , -, -
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, 1960- . .. , - .
. , , - -, [Wolters, 1982, p. 55; 1999, p. 5557]. - - . . - . [Iyer, 1998, p. 9; Kulke, 1986, p. 2; 1993(2), p. 265; . Reynolds, 1995, p. 432433]. - : - , , - .
.
, -
, . 1977 . - : - ( ), , , , ..; , , , , ; - - - - .. - , - , I . [Mabbett,
. , -, . : [Sawer, 1977; Dunn, 1982; Foursov, 1997, p. 345420].
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1977(1), p. 114; 1977(2), p. 143161]. . , [Cds, 1968, p. 14f., 46f.].
-: - . , , , , - : - , . , - , , - ( , ). , - , -, . , - - , , .
. , , . - . - , ( , ), , , - , -. .
, . -, - ( , , ). -, - . -,
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, - . , - : -, . , IV . [Smith, 1999, p. 126].
, (- ), - [Brown, 1996, p. 198; Bellina, Glover, 2004, p. 6888; Miksic, 2007; Munoz, 2006; OReilly, 2007].
.. 1977 ., , , - [-, 1977, . 4263]. , - , - , - . - , - . .. -, - , - .
, .. . , - .. . , - , - , - , , -, [, 1977, . 31].
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.
. . . , , [Hall, 1985, p. 44]. . , . - V . - - 10 , .. , [Hall, 1985, p. 70]. : , . , . , , - , , [Hall, 1985, p. 6971]. - - - [Hall, 1985, p. 70]. . -, ( ..) - - - [Hall, 1996, p. 47], . .. .
. , , : , - - . . -, - III ., .. . - [Hall, 1985, p. 48; Pelliot, 1903, p. 254]. -, - 10 [Wolters, 1982; 1986, p. 15; Jacques, 1979, p. 371379; Vickery, 1998; 2003, p. 101143].
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[Bellina, Glover, 2004], [Smith, 1999]. , , , - .
1970- 1980- . , , - , , . : -, -, , , , - ( . ), - - , . , - [Koselleck, 1979; 2002; Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe, 2004]. , - , - [, 2004]. -.
. , .. , . . . , - , , - - , . - , , , . .. , , - - . . -
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, - , -11. [Wolters, 1982]. . , , , , , , , .
1980- . . , .. ..
, - - [Kulke, 1986(12); 1990; 1993(2); , 1984; , 1988, . 333339; 1992, . 124127]. .. 12. . , . -, .
.. - -, , - . , , .. , . - .
. , (conver-gence) , 11 . [Wolters, 1979, p. 15]. - . . .. -, .: [Reynolds, 2008, p. 25, 3238]. 12 .. - , - ( potestas ), 19801990- .
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(nearness) [Kulke, 1990, p. 28]. , IVV . ( . ), -. - (limited universal king-ship). . , , (princely states) , - - , . -.
.. , , [, 1984, . 38, 40]. - . , .. .. .. .
. [Vickery, 1998]. , IIIIV . .. , - ( - po). - , , - , . -, . - , - - , ( ), . varman [Vickery, 1998, p. 56]13. , 13 . [Ray, 1991, p. 357365; Stargardt, 1990]. . , , , - [Christie, 1970, p. 114]. .
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, , , - [Vickery, 1998, p. 54].
1980- 1990- . .
I . .. , (, , - , ) [Glover, 1980, p. 1630; 1989; 1990, p. 139184; 1992; 1996, p. 5794]. - - IV . .., , , . , - . , , (Ban Don Ta Phet), - [Glover, 1990; 1996]. IV . .. (C14). , - , - : , , [Glover, 1989; 1996]. - - . - : , -, . , V . , VII . [Bellwood, 1997].
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.. 1994 . [Ray, 1994]. . , .. , IVIII . .. IIIIV . .. , [Ray, 1994, p. 87120, 161; . : Higham, 1989]. IV . .. - ( ) , [Ray, 1994, p. 136]14.
, . , [Brown, 1996, p. 185, 191]. , - . -, - , , - [Brown, 1996, p. 187]. -, - [Brown, 1986, p. 194]. - . , - , , , , , - , - 14 - III . .. (Suvarabhmi) . [Le May, 1954, p. 42].
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. , (statements of power), , [Brown, 1996, p. 195].
, , 15. , - - .
. , , 16. , - . , , - . . - .
. .-. , (Viu mitrs) (reseau marchande viuiste), - [Dalsheimer, Manguin, 1998, p. 87123]. , - , III . [Dalsheimer, Manguin, 1998, p. 104105]. - [Dalsheimer, Manguin, 1998, p. 107; Manguin, 2000, p. 409416; 2002, p. 7399]. , : -, ( ) , ( - .. ) [Dalsheimer, Manguin, 1998, p. 109; , 1966, . 414; 1977, . 56; . , 1995, . 9396]. 15 - [, 1965, . 178184; , 1965, . 185198]. 16 [, 2004, . 4667].
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- , bhgavata bhakti K.5 [Dalsheimer, Manguin, 1998, p. 108; Cds, 1931, p. 18].
, -, . - , IV ., , V . .. [, 2011, . 165176; Vogel, 1918, p. 167232] . - . VVI . [Tingley, 2009; Art & Archaeology, 2003].
. . - ( , ): IV . .. II . .. , - / - , IIIV . -, - [Bellina, Glover, 2004, p. 7283]. - . - , - . (stamped and moulded ceramics) [Bellina, Glover, 2004, p. 8081]. , , - . - . . -, , - -
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I . .. I . .., [Bellina, 2001; 2003, p. 286297]. - - [Bellina, Glover, 2001, p. 191215].
. . . [Stark, 2006, p. 407432]. , - IV . .. II . .. - . . IIIV . .., . IV . . - , , , VIIVIII ., . VIII [Stark, 2006, p. 411]. , II ., V . , , [Stark, 2006, p. 413].
.
. 1997 . -
, , , - [Mabbett, 1997, p. 342355, p. 343]. 1977 ., . , - , , -, , , , , , .
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, , , - : -, , , . (environmental circum-scription) [Carneiro, 1970. p. 733738; , 2006(2), . 5570]. - , - , - -. - .
: 1) I . .. (- ); 2) .. ..; 3) - I . .. [Mabbett, 1997, p. 347]. , I . ..II . .. - . - . . [Bronson, 1977, p. 3952; , 2006, . 7375]. , / , - . - .
, - : , , (government) - ? , , [Mabbett, 1997, p. 350]. (core
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and periphery) - - , .. , . , , . , / (core) , , - (stress). , , - , , - . , - (identity) [Mabbett, 1997, p. 350]. , , , - , - . - / , . , , - .
- - . - : , , , , ; , , . , , , ?17 , -
17 . .-. .
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, - .
.
1999 . -
, IV, V . , [Smith, 1999, p. 126]. IV . , , - .
. . -, - , - ( - .-. [Manguin, 1996, p. 181198]). , , [Smith, 1999, p. 6]. - , - [. : Ray, 1994, p. 2147]18.
-, ( ) - - , [Smith, 1999, p. 45]. - -.
-, , , , -
18 .. - , (Suvaabhmi, ) [ -, 1989, . 326, 339343]. , - , , - (II, 28).
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. - : , III . , (Chansen), [Smith, 1999, p. 7]. : , - I ., ( , , . ..). - (rouletted ware) , : , (), [Smith, 1999, p. 7]19. , : -, -2 [Manguin, Indrajaya, 2006, p. 255256, fig. 23.12]. . , .
-, , , , -, , V ., - [Smith, 1999, p. 78]. - - .
- , - . , II . .., - [Smith, 1999, p. 89]. - - . , , - [Smith, 1999, p. 9]. 19 , : [Earthenware in Southeast Asia, 2003].
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- .
, -, IV . -. - : - - [Smith, 1999, p. 1011]?20
. . . , - - , - [Smith, 1999, p. 11]. , , , - (integration) , - [Smith, 1999, p. 1214]. - VVII . [Smith, 1999, p. 15].
. ( .. [1984, . 38]). , - ( ). , , , [ ] -
20 , . -. - ? ( , . ..) - . , : -.
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[] [Smith, 1999, p. 17]. , - , - , , [Smith, 1999, p. 18].
, . . -, - , - III . (. ). -, - : , II . .. II . .. , - IIIII, - IIIIV . [, -, 1984; , 1984, . 285286]. -, I . .. [Lankton, 2003, p. 61, 69], - , , , . , . - -, - , , . - . , , : ?
.-. 2006 . - : - IIII . .. , V . [Munoz, 2006, p. 59]. : I .. : I . .., . , , ,
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. , . , , . .-. . . .
, . , . , - -21: -, ; -, III ., ; -, - . , V . - , , . III .
. , -, [Miksic, 2007, p. XLVIIXLVIII]. , , - , , , , - , , , [Miksic, 2007, p. 145]. , - - . - - 21 -, , 221 . [, 2002].
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, - - - [Miksic, 2007, p. 146147].
, -,
, -, . -, 1970- - , . - , , , . , - , - . -, , - -, . . .-. . - - , - / - . , , - ( ) . , - .
, - , - , - -
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. , , - , , . - , , - -, . / . , . . - , .. , , , - , , - .
, - - . , , , , - [, , 2004; , 2002; 2005; 2007; 2008], . - . , .-. [Ishizava, 2003, p. 221228].
, [, 2008(1), . 510]. , , , , - - ( . ), (
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), - . .
. -
- , - : , . , - - , - [OReilly, 2007]22. : III, IVV . : - , , ( - . [Wheatley, 1983]). -, , -, . - , - . - . -- , , .
, - . -, - , . , 22 , - I . .. .., - [Higham, 2002], , ( - ), - I . .. ( IX ., , ) [Vickery, 1998; , 1992; , 1967].
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, - , . : , . , [, 2001, . 250256; De Casparis, 1956, p. 146; Cds, 1930, p. 2980].
23 - : , , , -, ( ) - . -, [Schweyer, 2006, p. 122129], - .
- : , . - - . - () - -: , - , , , () - [Manguin, 2004, p. 282313]. (. II). , .. -.
23 : [Pollock, 2006].
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- , - . , , ? -? - ? - ?
, -. -, - - . , - -. , , , VII . [Gonda, 1998 (1st ed. 1952)]. - . .. , - [, 1988, . 333339]. , , - ? , ? - -? - , ?
, - . , , ( ) . , - , ,
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, - , . , . -, . , - : - , , , ( - [Schlumberger et al., 1958, p. 148; , 2007, . 30]), , -, ( , -) , - ( , , ).
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II
V .
1.
V . -. . - . .
- . 7 [Vogel, 1918, p. 167232; Chhabra, 1965, p. 8592]. (ypa). 12 , ( ) [Chhabra, 1947, p. 7782; 1965, p. 101108]. - , -, (yajabhmi), . - .
. - V . .. (. [Bhler, 1896, S. 6870; , 1990, . 181]). : I, II, IV, V, VI VII , III V .
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[, 2006, . 3138]1. .
I. .-. ( II . ) [Vogel, 1918, p. 212213; Chhabra, 1965, pl. 8]:
(1) rmata r-narendrasya (2) kuugasya mahtmana (3) putro vavarmmo vikhyta (4) vaakartt yathumn (5) tasya putr mahtmna (6) trayas=traya ivgnaya (7) ten=traym=pravara (8) tapo-bala-damnvita (9) r-mlavarmm rjendro (10) yav2 bahusuvarakam (11) tasya yajasya ypo yam (12) dvijendrais=samprakalpita ||
: , (narendra), [] -, 3 . [] , . , (rjendra), [-] [] . ( ) .
. , -, .-. . [Vogel, 1918, p. 197; Coeds, 1968, p. 52]. . [Wis-seman Christie, 1995, p. 162]. . , -
1 .. [, 1995, . 303304] - .. . 2 iv ( i). 3 , , [Apte, 1997, p. 1], , IV [Vogel, 1918, p. 213, n. 5]. - [Chhabra, 1965, p. 51; - . : -, , 1985, . 158].
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[Van Naerssen, 1977, p. 21]. .. . , [Chhabra, 1965, p. 5051; Minattur, 1964, p. 181183], .. [Majumdar, 1963, p. 24]. .. .. , [, -, 1971, . 223233].
10 I (Blaka, I, 94; Uttaraka, XXV, 89) [Chhabra, 1965, p. 108], - -, , , , -. . [Kern, 1917, Blz. 6263]. suvara hiraya [Monier-Williams, 1899, p. 1236, 1299], . . -, , - , - .
II. .-. ( III . ) [Vogel, 1918, p. 214; Chhabra, 1965, pl. 9]:
(1) rmato npamukhyasya (2) rja r-mlavarmmaa (3) dna puyatame ketre (4) yad=dattam=vaprakevare (5) dvijtibhyo gnikalpebhya (6) viatir=gosahasrikam (7) tasya puyasya ypo yam (8) kto viprair =ihgatai[] ||
: (dvijtibhyo), , . (viprair).
. -. vapra , -, ; ; [Monier-Williams, 1899, p. 920; Apte, 1997, p. 491]. .
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- [Kern, 1917, Blz. 66]. .-. , - puyatame ketre ( -), , , [Vogel, 1918, p. 203]. - bhara i r Baprakevara - kamung hyang i r Baprakevara , - [Vogel, 1918, p. 206; Kern, 1917, Blz. 66; Krom, 1931, Blz. 72]. . , , - / (vapra) [Kulke, 1991, p. 4; , 1995, . 37].
, - -: ? .-. -, [Vogel, 1918, p. 205]. -, , - [Poerbatjaraka, 1926, Chapter V, Blz. 6282, esp. 69]. .. , , [Chhabra, 1965, p. 52]. - : - , , , , - , - [Majumdar, 1963, p. 25, 28; Edwards McKinnon, 2000, p. 217240]. , , - .-. , -.
III. C .-. ( I . ) [Vogel, 1918, p. 214215; Chhabra, 1965, pl. 10]:
(1) rmad-virja-krtte (2) rja r-mlavarmmaa puyam (3) vantu vipramukhy (4) ye cnye sdhava puru (5) bahudna-jvadnam
.. _____________________________________________________________________________
53
(6) sakalpavka sabhmidna=ca (7) tem=puyaganm (8) ypo ya sthpito viprai ||
: : , (jvadna), [] - . .
IV. D .-. [Vogel, 1918, p. 215]: (1) sagarasya yath rja (2) samutpanno bhagratha (3) (4) mlavarmma
: 4 / 5 .
V. .. [Chhabra, 1965, p. 89, pl. 11]: (1) jayatu=atiba[la] (2) rmn=r-mlavarmma-ni[pa] (3) yasya likhitni (4) dnny=asmin=mahati[sthale] (5) Jaladhenu=ghtadhe[nu] (6) kapildnan=tath=aiva ti[ladnam] (7) vabh=aikdaam=a[pi yo] (8) datv vipreu rjendra[] ||
: , -, ! [] - , [] (rjendra) : , , [] /, .
VI. B .. [Chhabra, 1965, p. 90, pl. 12]: (1) r-mlavarmma rj (2) yad=dattam=tilaparvvatam
4 , 60000 , [Monier-Williams, 1899, p. 744; Apte, 1997, p. 398]. 5 [, 2000, . II, . 396].
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
54
(3) sa-dpamlay srddham (4) ypo=ya likhitas=tayo
: / ( )6 . [ ] .
VII. C .. [Chhabra, 1965, p. 9092, pl. 13]:
(1) r-mlavarmma rjendra[] sama(re) jitya7 prt-thi[vn]
(2) karad npat=cakre yath rj yudhihira (3) catvriat=sahasri sa dadau vaprakevare (4) b triat=sahasri punar=ddadau (5) sa punar=jvadna prithagvidha (6) kadpa dharmmtm prtthivendra[] svake pure (7) mahtman (8) ypo=ya sth[pito] viprair=nnn ih=[gatai] ||
: , - (prthivn) , (npatn) (karadn, ), . - . - (dharmtman), (prthivendra) [] (jvadna) (: ), / / . , [] [].
- . , (rjan, prthiva, narendra), (-, ), . - [ Majumdar, 1937; 1963]. - vipra dvijti [Kern, 1917, Blz. 6 parvata [Monier-Williams, 1899, p. 609]. 7 jitv [Chhabra, 1965, p. 91].
.. _____________________________________________________________________________
55
6065; Majumdar, 1937, p. 139; Chatterji, 1967, p. 116, 122124]. , [Bhtlingk, T. VI, 1886, S. 103; Bhtlingk, Roth, T. III, 1861, S. 830; Monier-Williams, 1899, p. 973]. brahman. , (vipramukhy III).
- . . - . , . , - , - .
-/ (dna, dhenu). -: I IV . . .. , , [Van Naerssen, 1977, p. 1821; De Casparis & Mabbett, 1992, p. 305]. . -: 20000 - , -, [Wisseman Christie, 1995, p. 261262]. , .
- . : - (prthiva) (kara-d). prthiva . -, . - prthiva - (prthiva = earthly, coming from earth). Prthiva, -, , raka. -, -
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
56
(d) (kara) [Kulke, 1986, p. 6]. - , , - prthiva , . I . .. , prthiva .
. [e.g., Co-eds, 1968; , 1958, . 29., 4445; , 1995, . 3638; , 1992, . 1, . 3233; , , , . 524; , 1995, . 216; , 1984, . 30]. , . , . , . , [Kulke, 1986, p. 56; 1990, p. 19; Wisseman Christie, 1995, p. 260262; Edwards McKinnon et al., 1994, p. 155]. (early kingdom) [Kulke, 1991, p. 46; De Casparis, 1996, p. 52; Munoz, 2006, p. 9596, 104105; Miksic, 2004, p. 236237; 2007, p. 383].
- , , [ .: , 2006]. .. , -. - - ( , ), - ; - : ) - ( ); ) ; , ; ) - ( ) [, 2011, . 30].
. , . -
.. _____________________________________________________________________________
57
, . , , - , , . - . , . , . . - .
.. . - [, 2011, . 147148]. . , - - , - - , -, - [Service, 1975, p. 16]. . - (vaa-kartar). , - , .
, - 8.
2.
V .
. ( ) 424 . - - [Pelliot, 1904, p. 275; Coeds, 1968, p. 54]. - , 8 , ; - rjan , (. ).
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
58
[Legge, 1886, p. 113; 2008, 149; , 1990, . 349]. , 7 , - .
- ( ) XIX .: 1854 . . , . - , V . .. [Sarkar, 1971, p. 2; .: Dani, 1963, p. 238239; Majumdar, 1937, vol. II, pt. 1, p. 110]. .-. 4 [Vogel, 1925, p. 1535; . : Kern, 1917, p. 19, 129138; Chhabra, 1965, p. 9397, pl. 1418; Sarkar, 1971]. -; , [Sarkar, 1971, p. 1; Majumdar, 1937, vol. II, pt. 1, p. 105, n. 2].
-, : ( ) . (). , 1949 . , [Wisseman Christie, 1995, p. 257258; Van Naerssen, 1977, p. 23, n. 50], - ( , ).
-, - , . - [, 2006, . 4650].
-: (1) vikkrntasyvanipate (2) rmata pravarmaa (3) trumanagarendrasya (4) vioriva padadvayam ||
: / (vikrnta-sya) (avanipati) , / (nagara) 9 () , - [] . 9 *taRum [, 1992, . 46; Wisseman Christie, 1995, p. 258; Krom, 1931, p. 78; .: Wessing, 2011, p. 325337]. -,
.. _____________________________________________________________________________
59
. - , , -, , - . , , (- III.270; I.29; - II.36) [, 1975, . 1938; , . 1, . 239, 2425; , 1980, . 6162; , 1977, . 327; , 2002, . 6784].
: (1) rmndtktajo narapatirasamo yo pur [t]rumym nmn rpravarmm pracuraripuarabhedyavikhytavar-
mmo (2) tasyedampdavimbadvayamarinagarotsdane nityadakam bhaktnm yandripnm10 bhavati sukhakaram alyabhtam
ripnm || : , , -
() (pur) (narapati), - () , , , - . , - (nagara), (npnm) .
: jayavilasya trume[ndra]sya ha[st]ina [air]vatbhasya vibhtdampadadvayam || : [-
]11 / (indra) . (): [1] pur rjdhirjena guru pnabhun
[, 1958, . 45]. , - , 666669 . [, 1958, . 45; , 1995, . 180; Coeds, 1968, p. 5354]. 10 yannpnm [Chatterji, 1967, p. 130131; Sarkar, 1971, p. 9, 12, n. 64]. 11 (, III, 42, 1315; 43, 3438; 216, 17; 220, 18; 221, 110; , VI, 15, 6; VII, 29, 27) [Apte, 1997, p. 124; , . 1, . 54].
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
60
kht khytm pur[m] prpya candrabhgravam yayau || pravarddhamnadvviadvatsara12 rguaujas narendradhvajabhtena [3] rmat pravarmma || prrabhya phlgue msi kht kamtithau caitrauklatrayodaym dinais siddhaikaviakai[] [4] yat atsahasrea dhanu[m] sa atena ca dvviena nad ramy gomat nirmalodak || pitmahasya rjarerbbidryya ibirvanim [5] brhmaairggosahasre prayti ktadakia13 || : ,
/ , (?) (pur), . 22- [] [] - , - (narendra) , - [] [ ] [ ] 14, - 21 , , , . [] , (ibira)15 , - 16 .
. , - , , - ( - , -) [Chatterji, 1967, p. 6]. -
12 vatsare (Loc. Sg.) [Sarkar, 1971, p. 6, 11, n. 29]. 13 dakiai (Instr. Pl.) [Sarkar, 1971, p. 6, 11, n. 29]. 14 , [, 1977, . 517518]. 15 ibira / , , , / [Bhtlingk, T. VI, 1886, S. 233]. , .. - ibira [, 2004, . 57]. 16 . , (I.18.5; X.103.8).
.. _____________________________________________________________________________
61
(.75.6)17. - , - [Sarkar, 1971, p. 11, n. 42]. . - , ( - ), . - (). 6122 - , [Noorduyn, Ver-stappen, 1972, p. 298].
, , . , [Bosch, 1961, p. 166]. , -, ( ) : : - ( . ..) - ( . ..) . - , , . - ( ) [Poerbot-jaraka, 1926, p. 20]. , () - , - [Bosch, 1961, p. 155170; Noor-duyn, Verstappen, 1972, p. 299300]. () (- ) [, 1984, . 198, . 58]. . : - - [Hall, 1985, p. 107].
, - [De Casparis, Mabbett, 1992, p. 305306; Wisseman Christie, 1995, p. 261]. . , , , 17 .. , , () , [, 1999, . 211, 476].
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
62
[Hall, 1985, p. 107, 291, n. 12]. .. , -, , ; , , , , , - [De Casparis, Mabbett, 1992, p. 306]. , - .
. - 21 . . . , - [Coeds, 1968, p. 54; , 1958, . 4445]. , .. .. , - [ , 1992, . 29]. - .-. , [Vogel, 1925, p. 2833]. . , - [Bosch, 1961, p. 164167]. . .. .-. . , , , , -. . , , , [Noorduyn, Ver-stappen, 1972, p. 299]; - , , , .
. .. , ( ) - [Noorduyn, Verstappen, 1972, p. 298307]. - - [Noorduyn, Verstappen, 1972, p. 305306]. , .
.. _____________________________________________________________________________
63
, , , XIX . ( - ), (-) [Van Naerssen, 1977, p. 28; Ng, 1979, p. 26272]. . , [Hall, 1985, p. 105]. X . .. [Van Naerssen, 1977, p. 25]. , , ( ; , , ).
. [Coeds, 1968, p. 54; , 1958, . 4445; , , -, 1968, . 529; , 1992, . 29; , 1995, . 180; , 1984, . 30, 47; , 1995, . 25; -, 1995, . 3839; Kulke, 1991, p. 6; Hall, 1985, p. 105]. .
, , - . (. ). pura, - nagara, pur ibira. pura (pur ), , , - , , [Apte, 1997, p. 341; Bhtlingk, T. IV, 1883, S. 97: Burg, eine befestige Stadt, Stadt]. ibira , . cantonment - , pur [.: , 2004, . 57]. . , - nagara - (arinagara); ,
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
64
, , , [Kulke, 1991, p. 67].
, . - , - - , -, - [Service, 1975, p. 16]. - . , . - ( ). , , . ( ) - , : ( ) , -.
, . - V . .. - . - , , - -: 22- . . , , . .. . - , .
.. _____________________________________________________________________________
65
, -. - . - . . - [Boisselier, 1959, p. 210226].
- , 1952 ( ), 1957 1975 . [Dal-sheimer, Manguin, 1998, p. 88]. - , - . 64 , 49, 10 , 17,5 8 [Dalsheimer, Manguin, 1998, p. 102103, 123, figs. 1516; Edwards McKinnon et al., 1994, p. 154; Boisselier, 1959, 210226; , 1984, . 221, . 1]. , . VVI . [Dalsheimer, Manguin, 1998, p. 103; .: , 1984, . 48]. - .
(kecamatan) - (kebupaten) ; - 6 3' 1" , 107 20' 48" - 18. 1984 1992 . - - [Edwards McKinnon et al. 1994, p. 153155]. 6 , . 3 (CBY III) 99,6 in situ [Ed-wards McKinnon et al. 1994, p. 154155, fig. 6]. - 36 . [Edwards McKinnon et al. 1994, p. 154]. : 3,53,5 (CBY II), 4,354,45 (CBY V); - .
18 http://www.maplandia.com/indonesia/jawa-barat/karawang/cibuaya/
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
66
, 6001200 . , 19.
. () 1984 . -, 4 . 606'15"606'17" 10709'01"10709'03" [Edwards McKinnon et al., 1994, p. 148; Manguin, Indradjaya, 2011, p. 114]. - : , , , ; , -, [Edwards McKinnon E. et al., 1994, p. 149].
1980- . . - , - . , - unur. -: . ( V) [Manguin, Indrajaya, 2006, p. 250, fig. 23.6; Manguin, 2010, p. 174]. - , . - . [Manguin, Indradjaya, 2011, p. 116]. 25 [Manguin, Indrajaya, 2006, p. 247]. - , .-. . - VIVII ., - 400 . .., VII . 19 .-. , - ( ), , , , [Manguin, 2004, p. 302].
.. _____________________________________________________________________________
67
[Manguin, Indradjaya, 2011, p. 115116; Manguin, Indrajaya, 2006, p. 249250].
( V) - [Manguin, 2010, p, 176, fig. 6; Dupont, 2006, vol. I: D. 14]. , - . .
, [Manguin, 2010, p. 172]. , .-. , ajnc=cyate karmma, .. . , . : -, - 6,5 , 5,0 1,1 , - , - ; -, 5,02,5 , [Manguin & Indradjaya, 2011, p. 250; ]. . - , - , - [Jack-Hergoualch, 1992, p. 217226]. -.
, -. II A [Manguin, Indrad-jaya, 2011, p. 121, fig. 5.6]. , , .
II, , 4800 - [Man-guin, Indradjaya, 2011, p. 116129]. II A , . 800 . IIA . :
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
68
- . IV VI .: 330540, 390550 340540 . .. [Manguin, Indradjaya, 2011, p. 121122].
II - [Manguin, Indrad-jaya, 2011, p. 127128, figs. 5.1314].
, , , , - . , -. - - . .-. . , , - VII . , . , , - [Manguin, In-dradjaya, 2011, p. 131]. - VVII .; , .
, . - V . IIA - VVI ., - . (arinagara), - - , . - IIA , -, , -
.. _____________________________________________________________________________
69
= 666669 . .
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
70
III
VIIVIII .
, VIIXIII . - - , - . 1918 . - , - - [Cds 1918, 136; , 2006; Manguin, 2008]. VIIVIII . , - .
. - VIIVIII . [De Casparis, 1956, p. 146; Cds, 1918, 1930; Cds, Damais, 1992, p. 4192]. - [Takakusu, 1896; Chavannes, 1894; Wolters, 1979, p. 132; 1986, p. 142; Ferrand, 1922, p. 52104, 161162; Tibbetts, 1979; , 1996; 1999; -, 2001]. - , - 671 ., 685 689 ., 689695 . . - 691692 .; [Wolters, 1986, p. 5]. [Takakusu, 1896]. , . ,
.. _____________________________________________________________________________
71
, - , . , - . . [Chavannes, 1894]. -, , , Mlasarvsti-vda-ekaatakarman, 700 703 . [Wolters, 1986, p. 5]. , . [Wolters, 1979, p. 132; 1986, p. 142]. , [Manguin, 2009, p. 434484].
[, 2006, . 5796; Jordaan, Colless, 2009]. - . - . .. - , .. - [Majumdar, 1933, p. 131; 1937, p. 212213; Quaritch Wales, 1935, p. 29; 1976; 1978, p. 512]. - , , - .
. , I . .. - 1970- ., , - [Bronson, 1979, p. 395405]. .-. , , , -- - [Manguin, 2009, p. 434484]. , -, . .
-. -
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
72
, VII . [Cds, Damais, 1992, p. 4852]. , .
1.
.
9 - , VII . - , - . - ( -) 775 . VII . [, 2001, . 39]: 1) (siddhaytra): - I [Cds, 1930, p. 3337; Cds, Damais, 1992, p. 4548; De Casparis, 1956, p. 1115]; 2) (rketra): [Cds, 1930, p. 3844; Cds, Damais, 1992, p. 4852]; 3) , - (mi-num sumpa): / II ( ) [De Casparis, 1956, p. 1546]; (KK), () [Cds, 1930, p. 4550; Cds, Damais, 1992, p. 5256], - () [Boechari, 1979, p. 1940], -/ (KA) [Boechari, 1986, p. 3334], () [ http://history.melayuonline.com/ ]; 4) siddhaytra, - , - : , - - [De Casparis, 1956, p. 12]; 5) [De Casparis, 1956, p. 211].
, - -, . , , - , , [Boechari, 1979, p. 25].
.. _____________________________________________________________________________
73
, -, , -, - : , , ; -, - , - .
. - [Kulke, 1991; 1993]. :
, , - , - ( ) - . , , , - bhmi. , - , - [Kulke, 1993, p. 176].
. - - : kadtuan, wanua, samaryda, maala, bhmi.
. , wanua - ( ) (semi-urban) , ( -) , [Kulke, 1991, p. 9]. samaryda wanua ; . . maala - [Kulke, 1991, p. 9, 10]. . bhmi , [Kulke, 1991, p. 1011].
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
74
. . . , : 35 ( ), 512 , 1319 , 2022 , 2328 - , , - [Kulke, 1993, p. 170].
bhmi , -: a) ya wala rwijaya kaliwat manpik ya bhmi jwa tida bhakti ka rwijaya , (. .. ; KK, 910) [, 2001, . 252]; b) ura di dalaa bhmi ja kadtuanku , - (. . ; , 7; , 6) [Kulke, 1993, p. 175; Cds, Damais, 1992, p. 55].
. - bhmi matarm, , [Kulke, 1993, p. 175].
. . -,
bhmi. kadtuan rwijaya , , , wanua rwijaya . -, bhmi - , , , [Monier-Williams, 1899, p. 763], . , bhmi java , . , .. -. , , [, 2001, . 41, . 11; , 2001, . 252, . 2], , bhmi : . - , , , -
.. _____________________________________________________________________________
75
. , (Sacrum Imperium Romanum Nationis Teutonicae, Heiliges Rmisches Reich Deutscher Nation) (Le Royaume de France) (The Kingdom of England).
, . , , - , . . . - .
, , : . - , , -, , . , . , - , , -. - , - / .
? -, . -, , , (magala), -, , , .. [De Casparis, 1956, p. 2021]. - , : (magala), -
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
76
, -, , - ( ).
, , - :
, 13: // tita hamwan wari avai kandra . kyet nipaihumpa . an umuha ulu lawan tandrun lua makamatai tandrun lua an hakairu mua kyet nihumpa unai tuai . umente bhakti ni ulun haraki . unai tuai //
KK , : // tita hamwan wari avai kan-dra kyet ni paihumpaan namuha ulu lawan tandrun lua makamatai tandrun lua winunu paihumpaan hakairu mua kyet haraki unai tuai //
KA, 4: raki unai tuai // BB: , , , -
.
, .
, 35: Kmu waak=mmu rjaputra prora bhpati senapati nyaka pratyaya hjipratyaya daanyaka mrddhaka tuh an watak=wuru addhyk njawara1 wkaraa kumrmtya ctabhaa adhikaraa karmma kyastha sthpaka puhwa waiyga pratisra d kmu mars hji hulun=hji waak=mmu ura niwunu sumpa , , , , , , , , , [4] , , , , , , , , , , , , , , [De Casparis, 1956, p. 3233, 3638 -]2.
1 ncavara. 2 .: [De Casparis, 1956, p. 1546]. prora . bhpati . -
.. _____________________________________________________________________________
77
, kmu waak=mmu ( , ) waak=mmu ura ( / , ).
: kita sawaakta devwata maharddhika sannidhna maraka ya kadtuan rwijaya kita tuwi tandrun lua waakta dewata mla ya parsumpahan parwis , , - , , tandrun lua, , , - ! [Damais, 1968, p. 546; Cds, Damais, 1992, p. 135; Boechari, 1979, p. 22; , 2001, . 252; .: Cdes, 1930, p. 48; Cds, Damais, 1992, p. 55]3.
: , , . , -
. , . . -, , [Hall, 1976, p. 69]. , . -, , , , , - , tandrun lua, (. ). . -, (wala rwijaya), , - ,
, .. [De Casparis, 1956, p. 19, 37, n. 4]. , mrdhaka , - (chief of) [De Casparis, 1956, p. 1920, 37]. , - [Bhtlingk, T. V, 1884, S. 95]. amtya -, , .. , , [, 2001, . 2324]. .. mars hji (washermen of king), () [Adelaar, 1992, p. 393396; .: Mahdi, 2005, p. 197]. 3 tandrun lua, -, , - .-. [Damais, 1968, p. 523566; Cds, Damais, 1992, p. 131, 135ff., 148] (. 3).
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
78
[Cds, 1930, p. 3435; 1964, p. 25; Cds, Damais, 1992, p. 46; Boechari, 1979, p. 1942; 1986, p. 3356]. . .
, - .
, 56: kadci kmu tda bhakti dy=ku niwunu kmu sumpa tuwi mula kadci kmu drohaka waun luw ya marwuddhi lawan atruku . athaw larya ka dtu paracaku lai niwinu kmu sumpa .. , /. - / , , , [6] dtu, - , [De Casparis, 1956, p. 33, 38].
: kadci ya ura di dalaa bhmi parwis drohaka haun samawuddhi lawan drohaka maujri dro-haka niujri drohaka thu di drohaka tda ya marppda tda ya bhakti tda ya tatwrjjawa diy ku dan di iya nigalarku sanysa data dhawa wuata ura inan niwunu ya sumpa .. - [] , (?), [, ] , , [] , [] , [] , [] , [] , , [] [, 2001, . 250; .: Cds, Damais, 1992, p. 5455; Boechari, 1979, p. 22; -, 2003, . 269 (. .. )] 4.
: (niuj)ri droha(ka) tda ya bhakti tatwrjjawa diy ku dan (ni)wunu ya sumpa [ ] - .
, .
4 . , sanysa data / (office of regent) [Mahdi, 2005, p. 193, 195].
.. _____________________________________________________________________________
79
, 25, 26: kadci kmu bhakti tattwrjjwa diy=ku . tda marwuat kmu doa ini tantramla pamwalyaku nti mua kawuatana yam sumpa niminummu ini , - () , -/ - , ! [De Casparis, 1956, p. 4546, ].
, : kadci iya bhakti tattwr-jjwa diy=ku dan di ya nigalarku sanysa data nti mua kawuatana dan gotrasantna samddha swastha niroga niru-padrava subhika mua ya wanua parwis , , -, -, , , -, [, 2001, . 252; Cds, 1930, p. 49; Cds, Damais, 1992, p. 55].
: . -
: - ( - )5, . - .
: , (gotrasantn), .. - -. , , -
5 684 ., , - , .. , ( ) ( ) (jan marsrak dan da hya ratnatraya, 10) [Cds, 1930, p. 40; , 2003, . 268]. - [Takakusu, 1896, p. XXXIV] .
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
80
. 6- 11- - (kula). 19- : tlu mua kmu dan anak-mmu winimmu santnmmu gotrammu mitrammu , , , / . kulagotramitrasantna , / , - 21- , : gotrammu santnammu tlu mua iya - - ( ) -. 5- : tlu mua ya dan gotrasantna - (-). , , -, , , , , - 6.
: KK, 9: akawartta 608 di pratipada uklapaka
wulan waikhatatkla [] 608, [, 2001, . 252; Cds, 1930, p. 49; Cds, Damais, 1992, p. 56];
, 28: wulan dha (... ) [De Casparis, 1956, p. 36]. , .
, , , . , , , - - ( , - , [, 2001, . 252]).
6 -, , , , , .
.. _____________________________________________________________________________
81
, , - . - , - - - (. ). - , - : 1) - , -, - ( [De Casparis, 1956; Hall K. 1976; Kulke, 1993; Wisseman Christie, 1995; , 1995]); 2) - .
, . : - , - , -. .
: kmu waak=mmu , - waak=mmu ura / , ; (dtu), (net maddsaseny) -// (patibhi); , (yu-warja, pratiyuwarja, rjakumra), 2022 , -
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
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7, , -, , ; - VII . [Taka-kusu, 1896; Chavannes, 1894; Wolters, 1986].
, - . , -, , , .
: -, - ; - , , , , , [ .: Kulke, 1993, p. 161]; (r-japutra); , - , .
, - . , - .
7 , , , , . -, : , . -, , I, , (684 . ..) - ( ) [Cds, 1930, p. 3942].
.. _____________________________________________________________________________
83
- ?
-, - kmu waak=mmu waak=mmu ura - , -. , .
-, ( ) -. , , - , , , .
-, ( - VII .) . : - - VIII IX . [Manguin, 2009, p. 458].
, . - , , . - , - , , , , ( XIII .), .
-. -, , - , , - -. ?
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
84
, -. ?
, . , . , - , , - , , -. ?
. , - - 8. , ( ) . -, - ?
, , . . -, -, , - [Wolters, 1967; 1970; Manguin, 2000; 2002; 2004; 2009]; -, - (. ), - . , - .
, , -. : - - , , , , - 8 , , , - sarvv (), , . .: [, 2006, . 18].
.. _____________________________________________________________________________
85
. , , -. , : - -?
, - , - . , , , . , ( ) . - , (dtu) (tuh an watak=wuru). : , (senpati) - (net maddsaseny) - b [De Casparis, 1956, p. 67].
, , , .. , , - () , - - .
, , -. - . - - / (, -
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
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). , , . .
, . .. : - , - huluntuhnku, ( 7, 11, 12, 14, 17 23). , (hulun) (tuhn), - : - , , , ; - [De Casparis, 1956, p. 26]. , huluntu-hnku , - .
15- daaku daa (are fined by me with fine) [De Casparis, 1956, p. 27, 34]. , daa , , , ; [Monier-Williams, 1899, p. 466], - . daaku daa .
, -, .. : 682 . 20000 . . , ( ..) [], - - [Cds, 1964, p. 25]. .. : - (?) [. : , 2003, . 266]. , , , / - (dtu), orang laut [Van Naerssen, 1977, p. 3334; Hall, 1976, p. 64]. ,
.. _____________________________________________________________________________
87
[Takakusu, 1896, p. XXXIV].
684 . [Cds, 1930, p. 3844; Cds, Damais, 1992, p. 4852]. , - , I .., [Edwards McKinnon, 1985, p. 136].
= , , (- ), 670673 . [Wolters, 1967, p. 214, 231]. ( ) 702, 716, 728 742 ., ( - ) 695 . , [Wolters, 1967, p. 231]. 683 ., , [Wolters, 1967, p. 231; Cha-vannes, 1894, p. 176].
, .. : , , ; , - ( , , , [Cds, 1930, p. 3940; , 2003, . 268]), ( ). . (hulun), -: , ( , - [Takakusu, 1896, p. 184]), , , , .
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
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2.
, - , . 686 ., - [, 2001, . 250256]. - , , - , - .
Kota Kapur ; , - [Koestoro et al., 1998, p. 63]. , 3 , , ( ). 1994 1996 . - . jayasiddha ( siddhaytra) - [Koestoro et al., 1998, p. 6162].
. - 27 . 5,605,60 . - 0,6 [Dalsheimer, Manguin, 1998, p. 97; .: Koestoro et al., 1998, p. 6972]. 13 . - 5 , .
1 . , . 16 [Dalsheimer, Manguin, 1998, p. 98, 119, fig. 7]. 2 - 1720 [Koestoro et al., 1998, p. 76, fig. 13; Dalsheimer, Manguin, 1998, p. 98, 120, figs. 89]. -, . 3 [Dalsheimer, Manguin, 1998, p. 99, 121, figs. 1011; Koestoro et al., 1998, p. 76, fig. 14; Manguin, 2004, p. 305, fig. 12.16]. , 80 . - ,
.. _____________________________________________________________________________
89
. .-. [Dalsheimer, Manguin, 1998, p. 87123]. (, - , ) - [. -: Dupont, 1941, p. 233254; Dupont, 2006, Vol. II, p. 87, pl. 320322; OConnor, 1972].
, - 1930- . ; . .-. , (Tin Thun) [Dalsheimer, Manguin, 1998, p. 99, 122, figs. 1213]9. -: , - ; - [Dalsheimer, Manguin, 1998, p. 99100, 122, fig. 14].
- - 2,8 , - - [Manguin, 2009, p. 439441, fig. 19-2]. -, VI . , IIIV . [Manguin, 2009, p. 439].
. .-. , - , [Dalsheimer, Manguin, 1998, p. 101]. IX . . , -
9 , -: [Dalsheimer, Manguin, 1998, p. 111].
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
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, [Manguin, 2004, 304307].
, IVV . - : ( ) [Manguin, 2009, p. 438445, fig. 19-3]. - - ; 30 . 220440 . - , (boat timber) , [Manguin, 2009, p. 439]. , , -, ( ); -, - . / ( ). / - .
, - , - (581618 .) [Man-guin, 2009, p. 441, 443]. , - . , , .
VVII ., . , -, , . , - , 800 . .. [Manguin, 2009, p. 448].
.. _____________________________________________________________________________
91
, , , 230 , [Cds, 1930, p. 45, pl. V; Manguin, 2009, p. 448]. - ; VIIVIII . [Manguin, 2009, p. 449452, figs. 19.419.6]. , , .
. [Manguin, 2009, 453454]. 1980 . [Manguin, 2009, p. 454, 456, fig. 19.8]. 19981999 . 7,6 2, - , , , - [Manguin, 2009, p. 454, 457, fig. 19.9].
, . [Manguin, 2009, p. 454]. .-. 1993 . - . 1997 . . -, , , . XIXIV . - , .
IX . - , - , -
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
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[Manguin, 2009, p. 458459]. 80 - , . - 15 . , . . , , .-. , - [Manguin, 2009, p. 461]. , , . -- IXX ., - XI . [Man-guin, 2009, p. 461]. - IX . . - . .-. , VII . - IXX . [Manguin, 2009, p. 462].
: , . : V ., () , - VII . - , - . - 10 , 10 - (III .) (VVI .) [Wolters, 1967, p. 5557, 211212; Miksic, 2004, p. 238], [Jordaan, Colless, 2009, p. 221; Colless, 1977, p. 185196]. ( ) , - 502 . . - . -
.. _____________________________________________________________________________
93
V VI . -. , , [, 2010, . 192193]. - .
3. 11
-
. - , - , () . - , - , - . , , -
441, 455, 502, 518, 520, 560, 563 . [Wolters, 1967, p. 164165]. , 455 . (Che-po-lo-na-lien-to), [Ferrand, 1919, p. 238]. , , , r shili, . (Tchou Lieu-to) . 502 . (Kiu-tan-sieou-pa-to-lo), , (Pi-ye-pa-mo) ? -varman, -. - (Pi-yuan-pa-mo) [Ferrand, 1919, p. 239]. , , VI . - . . , , : - - (, , -, .). 11 [, 2010, . 190199].
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
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/, .
, - , . (minum sumpa), (punta hyiang), (tandrun lua) / - (tantramla), . .
(minum sumpa) (. ). 21- - : /, (sumpa niminummu ini) [De Casparis, 1956, p. 35]. , - , -, . 12- (ptra daan dara) [De Casparis, 1956 p. 34]. - . -, (niwunu kmu sumpa). , , , . , - . : ([pra]j ini muara ya umagap) [De Casparis, 1956 p. 45]. - , , , - -.
(punta hiyang) - 682 . 684 . - : , / (dapunta hi-yang nyik di samwau maalap siddhaytra) [Cds 1930, p. 34, pl. II; Cds, 1964, p. 25]. siddhaytra : [Cds 1930, p. 79; Hall, 1976, p. 84; Chhabra,
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1965, p. 2425]. - . ! ! 606- , , , ( ) (- ) (?) - . (Swasti r akawartta 606 ding dwitya uklapaka wulan caitra sna tatkla parlak rketra ini niparwuat (2) parwa punta hiyang r jayanaa ini pranidhna punta hiyang) [Cds 1930, p. 3940, pl. III; Cds, Damais, 1992, p. 4950, pl. VI]. . - : - Punta Hiyang [Ma-hdi, 2005, p. 190].
*pu, - , , empu Pu [, 1992, . 78]. , , [Sarkar, 1971, p. 172173, 178179]. - , dapunta selendra [Boehari, 1966, 241245]. hiyang , .. [, 1992, . 78]. . , [Cds 1930, p. 80; Cds, Damais, 1992, p. 84]. yang hiyang. .
[Cds, Damais, 1992, p. 4950].
tandrun lua , , - , . - , : tita ham-wan wari awai kandra . kyet nipaihumpa . an umuha ulu lawan tan-drun lua makamatai tandrun lua an hakairu mua kyet nihumpa unai tuai . umente bhakti ni ulun haraki . unai tuai [De Casparis,
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
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1956, p. 32]. , - : tita hamwan wari awai kandra kyet ni paihum-paan namuha ulu lawan tandrun lua makamatai tandrun lua win-unu paihumpaan hakairu mua kyet haraki unai tuai [Boechari, 1979, p. 38]. , - , tandrun lua - .
, -, () : , - , -, , tandrun lua, , , - ! (. ).
, tandrun lua , . , () . Lua, -, , - luah/lwah [Cds, Damais, 1992, p. 131]. lwar/lwa [Cds, Damais, 1992, p. 131]. I taang lwa [Sarkar, 1972, p. 69, 77 (B,1819)]. tandrun . - , tandrun lua [Damais 1968, p. 523566; Cds, Damais, 1992, p. 131, 135ff., 148]. , tandrun lua VII . .
(tantramla) 25-26- -: , () - , / (. ). tantra -, - - .
- . (.
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1). . (wala ya manpik) , (wala ya niwawa di samaryyda) [De Casparis, 1956, p. 36]. , ( ) 671 685 . [Wolters, 1986, p. 1920; Wolters, 1967, p. 241; Takakusu, 1896, p. XXX, XXXIV, 10; Chavannes, 1894, p. 119].
, , - . - , - (dan tawad talga sawaka ya wuatku ) [Cds, 1930, p. 39; Cds, Damais, 1992, p. 4950].
. , . dtu . dtu dtu, [Cds, Damais, 1992, p. 5456]. - bhpati 775 . , -, , -, [Nilakanta Sastri, 1949, p. 120; De Casparis, 1956, 37]. - : npa, npati indrarj, smantarja smantanpa [Nilakanta Sastri, 1949, p. 120; Cds, Damais, p. 103111].
dtu . , , , -: , - , -, , , -, , (kadci iya bhakti tattwrjjwa diy=ku dan di ya nigalarku sanysa da-ta nti mua kawuatana dan gotrasantna samddha svastha
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
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niroga nirupadrawa subhika mua ya wanua parwis) [-, 2001, . 252; Cds, 1930, p. 49; Cds, Damais, 1992, p. 55].
-, - . , - , .. [Wolt-ers, 1986, p. 26; Miksic, 1989, p. 8]. , - , - .
- . : () (anukla ya graha nakatra parwis diya, 7) [Cds, 1930, p. 39; Cds, Damais, 1992, p. 4950]. -, , , : , , , : , , [Cds, 1930, p. 34, 39, 48; De Casparis, 1956, p. 1415]. , , , , . waidika, .. , , [De Casparis, 1956, p. 33 30, 40]. - , , , vid -ika. , . , , , . - (. ), . - .
, , , . -
.. _____________________________________________________________________________
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. - VII . - . - , , - . , . - .
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
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IV
VIIIX .
VIII . 732 . VIII X . , - VIII IX . - [Cds, 1968; , 1992; , 1995; , 2004]. . 928 . , .
. - ( sawa). wanua . - - (kraton), raka ratu [ .: Barrett Jones, 1984; Wisseman Christie, 1983; 1985; 1992; 2007; , 1992].
.. .. , - , , , VIII ., - [, , 1981, . 293]. , - (), - [, , 1981, . 293]. [, , 1981, . 295]. .. :
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-, - . , , , . , . - , - , , .. , , , , , - , .. . , - , - [-, 1979(1), . 2829].
. - VIII . . -, ; -, - III 908 .: - -. ( ) 775 . .
1. 732 .
.
1870- . , . 110 78 . -
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
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[, 1990, c. 181] . 25 , 12 , , . - [Sarkar, 1971, p. 1524, 3; Kern, 1917, Blz. 115128; Chatterji, 1967, p. 134141; Chhabra, 1965, p. 4548; Sarkar, 1971, p. 1718]. [, 2010, . 3445]. -1: [1] kendre tigate rutndriyarasairagkte vatsare vrendau dhavala trayodaitithau bhadrottare krttike [2] lagne kumbhamaye sthiravidite prtihipatparvvate linga lakaalakitan narapatirsajayantaye || (1) [3] gagottuataragarajitajamaulnducmai rbhsvatbhtivibhtidehavikasanngendrahradyuti [4] rmatsvjalikoakomalakarairdevaistu ya styate sa reyo bhavat bhavo bhavatamassryyo dadtvadbhutam || (2) [5] bhaktiprahvairmunndrairabhinutamasakt svargganirvvaheto- rddevairlekharabhdyairavanatamakuaicumvita a[6]padbhai agulytmrapatra nakhakiraalasatkesarrajitnta deyt a vatamvastrinayanacara[7]ninditmbhojayugmam || (3) aivaryytiayodbhavtsumahatmapyadhbhut(n n)idhi- stygaikntaratastanoti[8]satata yo vismaya yoginm yo bhistanubhirjagatkaruay puti (na svrtha)to bhteaaikhaabh[9]itajaassa tryamvaka ptu va || (4) vibhraddhemavapussvadehadahanajvl ivodyajja vedastambhasuba[10]ddhalokasamayo dharmmrthakmodbhava devairvvanditapdapakajayugo yogvaro yoginm mnyo loka[11]gururddadtu bhavat siddhi svayambhrvvibhu || (5) ngendrotphaaratnabhittipatit dvtmavimbariyam sabhr[12]bhagakakay kupitay nna()riy vkita yo yogrualocanotpaladalaetembuayyta[13]le trrthantridaai(s)stutassa bhavatndeyt riya rpati || (6) 1 , , ( daa) .
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sddvpavara yavkhyamatulan dh(ny)[14]divjdhikam sampannai - kanakkaraistadamarai mantrdinoprjita rmatkujarakujadeanihi(ta ga)[15]gditrthvtam sthnandivyatama ivya jagataambhostu yatrdbhutam || (7) tasmindvpe yavkhye purua(pada)[16]mahlakyabhte praaste rjogrodagrajanm prathitapthuyassmadnena samyak st sa(rvva pra)[17]jnjanaka iva iorjanmato vatsalatvt sannkhyassannatrirmmanuriva sucirampti dharmmea p()thv(m) || (8) [18]evagate samanusati rjyalakmm sannhvayenvayavidhau samattakle svargge s(ukha phala)ku(lo)[19]paccitamprayte bhindajagadbhramati okavadantham || (9) jvalajjvalanavidravatkanakagauravara (dyuti) (b)[20]hadbhujanitamvatugatamamrddhagannata bhuvisthitakulcalakitidharoccpdocchraya (prabhta)[21]guasampadodbhavati yastato meruvat || (10) rmnyo mnanyo vudhajananikaraistraskmrtha(ved) (r)[22]j auryydiguyo raghuriva vijjitnekas(mantaca)kra rj rsajaykhyo raviriva ya(as di)[23]gvidikkhytalakm ssnussannhanmnassvasura(savaiva ny)yatasti rjyam || (11) yasmichsa(ti sga)[24]rormmiraas ailastanmmedin ete rjapathe (jano na)cakitacorairna cnyairbhayai krtty(hyairalama)[25] rjjitca satanandharmmrthakm narai nna roditi roditti sa kalirnnsyaga (cihnynya) bhu() || (12)
: (1) , , (654), , , 13- , [] , , , , - , (anti) (narapati) , - 2.
2 , - rutndriyarasa, ruti ( ), ndriya ( ), rasa ( ), , , -, [De Casparis, 1978, p. 2829; , 1972, . 8587]. - , 78 . ..
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(2) , (.. ), [] - , - -, [ ] 3, , () 4, , !
(3) (prabhu), , (lekharabha), 5 (nirva), , - , [] (nakha) -, - - (.. )6 !
(4) , , - , , , , [] , [] (abbhis ta-nubhir)7 / - , ! . 654- 732 . .. krt-tika . bhadr 2-, 7- 12- - [Monier-Williams, 1899, p. 745]. .-. - 6 732 . [Damais, 1955, p. 204]. 3 , , , , , - [, . II, c. 643]. 4 Ajalikoa (ajali + koa) , ; , -. 5 1) . , [Bhtlingk, T. VII, 1889, S. 239]; 2) .. , , - . [, 2000, . II, c. 419420]. 6 [, 2000, . II, . 643; -, 1977, . 333]. 7 , ( ) , , [Sarkar, 1971, p. 23, n. 33; Chatterji, 1967, p. 139; .: Klidsa, 2001, p. 5, 138 (benediction)].
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(5) 8 , , - (dharmmrthakmodbhava)9, , , [] , - , [] , - , [] , [] - , / (siddhi)!
(6) 10, (.. 11), - [] 12, , - - , , - , - !
(7) , , /, 13. [-
8 . , , [Sarkar, 1971, p. 19; Kern, 1917, Blz. 121; Chatterji, 1967, p. 139]. . - : svayabhu , svayabh ; ; ; ; ; - [Bhtlingk, T. VII, 1889, S. 236]. .. , - () [, . I, 2000, . 185]. - , (ja) - . - . , - , . 9 : , (re-ligion, worldly prosperity and desire) [Sarkar, 1971, p. 19; Chatterji, 1967, p. 139]. 10 rpati , .. [Kern, 1917, Blz. 122 (de gemaal van r); Chatterji, 1967, p. 139 (the lord of r); Sarkar, 1971, p. 20 (id.)]. 11 Tridaa , 33 [Bhtlingk, T. III, 1882, S. 50; , . I, . 536; , 1977, . 66]. 12 , [, . II, 2000, . 35]. 13 : . - .. [Chatterji, 1933, p. 29; 1967, p. 139]. dhnya - , , , li, aika, vrhi [Monier-
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
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] [], [] -, , (kujarakujadea)14, , , [ ] - ()15 .
(8) , - , -
Williams, 1899, p. 514; Apte, 1997, p. 271]. . [Braddell, 1989, p. 258259]. 14 kujarakuja, - . [Kern, 1917, Blz. 122; Krom, 1931, Blz. 124; Chatterji, 1967, p. 135, 139140]. , , , , - , , kujarakuja [Chat-terji, 1967, p. 8; Krom, 1931, Blz. 125]. . , kujarakuja , -, , [Cds, 1968, p. 88; Chatterji, 1967, p. 135, n. 4]. .. (Elephant-Enclosure Country) [Van der Meulen, 1979, p. 17]. : Kujarakujadea . , , , -. kujarakuja, , , , . , [Sarkar, 1971, p. 23, n. 38]. . dea: - rjya, dea, - [Kulke, 1991, p. 13]. , dea - , , [Bhtlingk, T. III, 1882, S. 120]. .. , I .. (dea, dea , . . desa ) - ( , , dea ) ( Kayu ra Hiwang, 901 ., . 6) [, 1992, . 138]. , . 15 .. [, 2000, . II, . 643].
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16 - , (- ; sannatrir), - (smadnena)17; [] - , , [ ] - (dharmmea).
(9) , , [] / / - (rjyalakmm)18, , ( -), , ; (vad). : -, , , , , - ; -.19 16 . , (sanna - sad) [Cds, 1968, p. 87]. 17 sman , , (VII.107), .. .. - . . : - ; ; / ( ) [ , 1992, . 136; Bhtlingk, T. VII, 1889, S. 116]. 18 , - -. , , .. .. [Sarkar, 1971, p. 20; Chatterji, 1967, p. 140]. [Kern, 1917, Blz. 122 de Fortuin der koninklijke]. 19 9- . -, . . rjyalakmm , sukha phalakulopaccitam. - , - : samanusati, prayte. : () , () , , -, ( ). () , ( ) , [Sarkar 1971, p. 20]. . -,
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(10) [], [ . ..], - () , [] - , , - , , - , .
(11) , , , , , 20, , (. ) - , (svasura)21 22, / .
: (vad ) , / (rjyalakmm) . -, antham , . -, , -, - , . 20 smanta ; (VI.1.3; VII.7.18, 29) - [, , 1984, . 152; Gopal, 1963, p. 2137]. . - , - , , . : , , ; (noble), - . vijitnekasmantacakra (many circles of feudal lords) [Sarkar 1971, p. 21]. : (circle of many feudatories) [Chatterji, 1967, p. 140]. . [Kulke, 1991, p. 13, n. 39]. 21 : , , , . , , , [Sarkar 1971, p. 21; Chatterji, 1967, p. 140; Kern, 1917, Blz. 123 .van zijne zuster]. svas ( .. gua svasar/svasara) [, 1996, . 765]. svasura [, 1996, . 859]; , ,
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(12) - - -, , (. ) , (dharmmrthakma); , 23 , , -, .
- - . . - narapati rjan. (rjya) . , ( ) [, 1996]. , , .
-, . , . , . - . ( ) [Carneiro, 1970, p. 733738; , 2006(2), . 5570; , 2000, . 137154; Marcus, Flannery, 1996; , 1948].
, , , -. 22 -, , , . . , : , ( 717 .). - I , [Sarkar, 1972, p. 68, 75; Poerbatjaraka, 1920, Blz. 403416]. 23 kali , - ( ), /, - : (kl) [, . I, 2000, . 615; Bhtlingk, T. II, 1881, S. 34 ( , ); Chatterji, 1967, p. 141].
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
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: , , -, . , - .
, - (16- : smadnena samyak st). , - [, 2006(1), c. 211228].
.. , , 9- [Van der Meulen, 1979, p. 18], , . ( -), - . , -: 10- , ( ).
- .. ? , . , , , , , . - , , - , , VIIVIII - [Wolters, 1967; Tibbetts, 1979]. - -. , 7- . , , , . , ( -), . ,
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. - .
, , - . , , - , . .. -.
- , - [Sarkar, 1971, p. 48(XV); Van Naerssen, 1977, p. 46; , 1984, . 57; , 2004, . 3132]. - - I (B, 8; 907 .): , - () : , (kamung rahyang ta rumuhun rakai matarm sang ratu sajaya r mahrja rakai Panangkaran) (. .. ) [, 1992, . 79; Sarkar, 1972, p. 68, 75]. I rakai matarm sang ratu : narapati rjan. I , , . sang [, 1992, . 95]. Ratu [, 1992, . 79; Damais, 1949, p. 1820; Hall, 1985, p. 115, 132; .: Van Naerssen, 1977, p. 47, n. 100; De Cas-paris, 1956, p. 212, 218]. raka, - .. , ratu , ; [, 1992, . 79].
, , . -, . , , , . (788 .)
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[Sarkar, 1971, p. 3538; . -]. -, . , . , . , . . , - - - - , - [Anderson, 1972, p. 2526]. . . , - , : [Majumdar, 1937, p. 233].
1983 . III [Wisseman Christie, 2001, p. 2555; Jordaan, 1999, p. 2920; Sarkar, 1971, p. 178180]. I: , , rahyangta ri Mang. , Mang - [Jordaan, 1999, p. 3031]. - rahyangta [-, 1992, . 98, 79; , 2004, . 54]. rahyangta i Mdang (- ) ( -, ). ( rahyangta ri Mang III) , - ( . ) , -.
.. , - , [De Casparis, 1956, p. 292, n. 50]. -, 716717 . [Damais, 1951,
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p. 4263]24, 746 . [Wisseman Christie, 2001, p. 30]. - : . sa-jaya-vaa .. (stamsticher vaakartar) [Stutterheim, 1927, Blz. 190]. , (- - , -, ), , , , , .. -, [, 1992, . 79].
XVI . -, , () [Poerbatjaraka, 1920, Blz. 403416; Majumdar, 1937, p. 230; Chat-terji, 1967, p. 9]. , -: [Krom, 1931, Blz. 126; Cds, 1968, p. 88; Chatterji, 1967, p. 9; .: Van der Meulen, 1979, p. 27; Mahdi, 2008, p. 111143].
, - . , , , . .
2. () 760 .
. 1904 . , - ( ) . 24 .-. [Sarkar, 1972, p. 123134, 138142]. . , - , ( - ) [Wisseman Christie, 2001, p. 32].
VX . _____________________________________________________________________________
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, , 1923 . -- ( - ). 110 . 26 -. , - . , . .,. .. [Bosch, 1916, Blz. 410444; 1924, Blz. 225291; Sarkar, 1971, p. 2627, 4]. [, 2006, . 110116; 2008, . 2443]. : [1] (1) svasti akavartta 682 [2] st narapati dhmn devasiha pra- [3] tpavn yena gupt() pur bhti ptikeva- [4] rapvit || (2) limva api tanaya tasya gajayna [5] iti smta raraka svvargate tte pra kjuruham mahn || [6] (3) limvasya duhit jaje pradaputrasya bhpate utteja- [7] n iti mahi jananyasya dhmata || (4) nandana kalaa- [8] je bhagavati agastye bhakta dvijtihitakd gajaynan(m) [9] paurai sanyakagaai samakrayat tad ramya maha- [10] ribhavana valahjiriya || (5) prvvai kt tu suradrumay() [11] samkya krrtipriya kalasajapratimm manasvi j- [12] pya ilpinamaram sa ca drghadar kadbhutopalama- [13] y npati cakra || (6) rjgastya akbde nayanavasu [14] rase mrggare ca mse rdra()ke ukravre pratipa- [15] dadivase pakasandhau dhruve tvigbhi vedavidbhi yati-vara [16] sahitai sthpakdyai sahorai karmajai kumbhalagne sudha- [17] matimat sthpita kumbhayoni || (7) ketra gva suput mahia- [18] gaayut dsadspurog datt rj maharipravaracaruha- [19] vissnnasamvarddhandi vyprrtha dvijnm bhavanamapi vhat
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[20] danturam ca adbhuta ca virambhya atithn yavayavi- [21] kaayycchdanai suprayuktam || (8) ye bndhav npasut ca [22] samantrimukhy dattau npasya yadi te pratikulacitt nsti- [23] kyadoakuil naraka pateyu na amutra ceha ca gatim [24] param labhante || (9) vay npasya rucit yadi dattivddhau stikya- [25] uddhamataya ktaviprapj dndyapuyayajanddhyayan- [26] dil rakantu rjya(m) atula npati yath evam || [Sarkar, 1971, p. 2627].
: (1) ! 682- 25. - (narapati) . - (pur), 26, ( ).
(2) . .
(3) () (bhpati) , , ; [] / - / () , [ ] , / , .
(4) - , [] 27 , , (paurai)28 (nyaka)29. 25 .-. , 28 760 . [Damais, 1955, p. 204]. 6- , ( ) . 26 . , , [Cds, 1968, p. 90]. .. , -, I () 907 . [Sarkar, 1971, p. 31, n. 62]. .. , , , [Chatterji, 1967, p. 145]. 27 .. , valahji [Sarkar, 1971, p. 28, 32, n. 66], hji [, 1992, . 82]. 28 . , .. ,
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(5) , / - (npati), , -/, ; [] - (: ).
(6) 682- , , , , , , , [] , [] ,