Κλιματισμός Αυτοκινήτου Και Συστήματα Ελέγχου

: .

2 117

/ ,

/ . , . , . . , . , . , , , .

3 117

4 117

...................................................................................................................... 7

1. .............................................................. 9 1.1 ................................................. 9 1.2 .......................................................... 17 1.3 ..................................................................... 49 1.4 ........................................................................ 51 1.5 .................................................................. 53 1.6 ........................................................................ 55

2. (Air-condition).............................................................. 572.1 ........................................................................................................ 572.2 .................................................................................................... 792.3 () / ............................................................... 832.4 / .................................................. 872.5 ......................................................................................................... 972.6 .................................................................... 992.7 ................................................................................. 103

3. ........................................ 105.......................................................................................................... 115 ............................................................................................................. 117

5 117

6 117

, . 14 ( ) , , . , , . ,

, . , .

.

7 117

8 117

9 117

1.

1.1

, . . . , , , . . . . , , , . ! , . , , .

Chrysler Imperial 1953

AIRTEMP (: Wikipedia)

. . , . , . , . . . , , . . 1939 Packard

, . , , , . . Packard : . ( ) .

10 117

11 117

1940-1941 , . Cadillac ( ), . . 1954-1955 Nash-Kelvinator . , , .

, , . . . , . , , , . , . , , , , .

Computer Aided Design (CAD), Computer Aided

Engineering (CAE) Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM). CAD . . () . , .. STL (). (CAM). CAD . CAD CAE. Solidworks CAD Cosmos Works, (Finite Element Analysis FEA) (Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD). FEA , CFD ( ) . , (FEA) (CFD). , .

1.1 / CAD ( ) (: Visteon )

12 117

1.2 CFD (: Visteon)

. . , , , . . , ( ) . . CFD

( ), . CFD . , , , . ,

, , , . .

13 117

CFD .

1.3 (:Visteon)

. , CFD, . , . (), ( ).

. , . , , 158 (75 / ) 300 (141,6 / ) .

14 117

1.4 (: Visteon )

1.5 (: Visteon )

1.6 (: Visteon )

15 117

16 117

(heating ventilation air conditioning: HVAC) . 1 2 2 3. , . , . , , CAD. HVAC ( ). , . (CFD) ,

, . 10-15%.

1.7 HVAC (: Visteon )

1.2

. , , . , () . . . . . . , . .

H , . . ( ). . ,

, .

17 117

18 117

. , , .

1.8 (: Toyota)

1.9

, ( ) . ( ) .

( 1.9), , ( 1.8). , . () ( ) ( ) . .

.

, . . , :

1. . 2. .

19 117

( 1.10). ( 1.11) , . , . , . . , , . , , .

1.10 (: Toyota)

20 117

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1.11 (: Ford)

(damper), . , , . , ( 1.12). , . , . , . , , . .

21 117

22 117

1.12 (: Toyota)

. :

1. . 2. ( ).

. , , . , , . ,

, . :

(+) : (-) :

1.13 (: Toyota)

1. , .

2. , ( ) .

, . , ( 1.13).

23 117

1.14 (a) (b) Ford Fiesta

1.14a . (2). , (1). , , . ( 1.15) . , , . , , . , . , ( 1.15).

24 117

1.15 (a) . (b) Ford Fiesta (:Ford)

, . (, ). , . . 1.8 () .

1.16a

25 117

26 117

. . . . . ( ) ( 1.17). . , , . , . CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), , . .

1.16b

:

Turbo

Sirocco

1.17

, ( 1.14a b). . . , . , , .

27 117

28 117

/ ( ) , . . , . . .

. .

: 1. / , . 2.

. 3. 2000 ,

. 4. .

. , (H2O2) (OH). . .

. .

1.18 , (: Toyota)

(Air Quality Sensor AQS) HVAC. , AQS HVAC .

29 117

30 117

. . , . , .

(a)

1.19 (a) , . (b) (: Peugeot)

. / . , , . , ( ). . . : . , , .

. , , / . . , .

1.20

1.21 , , . ( ). ,

() &

31 117

. :

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12)

1.21

1.22

32 117

. , .. . ( 1.22),

. , . . .

1.23

( 1.23) . . . 1.24 ,

. .

33 117

34 117

, , .

1.24

1.25

7 C. , .

( 1.25).

. ' , , - . , , .

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13 ) ( A/C)

1.26

1.26 . , . A/C , 2 6 C (35 42 F). , . () , (). , , , .

35 117

: , .

, : , , . , . , () .

()

, . , :

. , .

. 1/4 1/2

. 1 6

, .

36 117

A / C . ,

.

1.27 (: Toyota)

( 1.27), ( ) .

. .

37 117

1) 2) 3)

1.28 (: Ford)

( 1.28) . , . . (1). , ( ) . . , . () ( ). , . , ( 1.26). - . , , .

38 117

, . .

:

1. , .

2. , .

3. , . ,

.

1.29

/ ( 1.29). , .

39 117

. , , . . .

HVAC

, . , .

1.30 HVAC

HVAC

, . . , , .

40 117

1.31 HVAC

HVAC

. : , . HVAC, . (MPV: Multi Passenger Vehicles) - .

1.32 HVAC

:

1. . 2.

, . 3. (MPV). 4. .

41 117

:

1. . 2. ,

.

3. .

, / ( ). , ( ) . ( ). .

. . :

, (1), . 1.33 1.34 . , .

42 117

, 0,8 . , .

(PTC: positive temperature coefficient). . , , . , . . 20 . . ( ) , (ohm) . , , . , . . , . . , .

165 C.

1) 2) 3)

1.33 (: Ford)

43 117

1) 2) 3)

1.34

(: Ford)

(

80 C, . , . .

1) 2) 3)

1.35a Diesel (: Ford)

1) 2) 3) diesel 4) 5) 6)

1.36a (: Ford)

1.36b Diesel

45 117

(, ) . - , , . 1.36c (B) () , . , (3), (2) . () (7). , . (1) . , . , , . . , .. .

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) . 6) (ECU) 7) ) ) C) D) E)

1.36c (: Ford) 46 117

(6) . , HVAC (, ). , : 1. ( 90) 2. 3. (125 C) 4. 5. , ,

.

. .

, . Volvo, 40%. , C30 Electric ( E85).

. C30 Electric, , , . . C30 Electric 150 km. 80 km.

47 117

48 117

Volvo C30 Electric ,

-33C

Volvo C30 Electric ,

-33C

; . . ( ). 10C 50%. , , .

; . . ( ). 10C 50%. , , .

1.37 . (: V.W.)

A / C,

, , . A/C .

1.3

. (ECU), , .. , , , . ECU ( ) . , ECU , . , .

: 9C. 5 . 4C (

). 40C 105C.

( ..). ,

.

ECU.

49 117

, , A/C /C. A/C (ECU) , A/C, , . ( ) ( 1.38).

1.38 (: Rover)

A/C

50 117

1.4

( 1.39). .

1.39 (: Toyota)

2 bar 16 bar, , 0 80 C. ( 57 C). . .

. , , 80 C 57 C, ,

: :

-

-

-

-

R-134a

51 117

. ( ) . , ,

, / . . ( ) ( ) . . / . ( ) ( ) . , .

. , .

. : O

, .

52 117

1.5

( 1.40). 2 bar 16 bar, , 0 80 C. , 57 C. . .

. , , 80 C 57 . , .

.

. () , ( ). . /

, ( - ). . ( ) ( ) () .

(: O , , .)

53 117

54 117

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. A/C 7.

. . C. D.

1.40 (: Ford)

1. 2. 3. / 4. A/C

5. 6. 7. A/C 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

. & D. & . & . C. & F.

1.41 (: Ford)

1.6

( 1.41 1.42)

. 1.41 . , ( ).

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1.42

(: Ford)

55 117

56 117

2. (Air-condition)

2.1

. . , , , . (). . 80% . , .

(. 1.38). , . ( ) ( ). / , . ,

. 2 bar 22 bar. 0 C 110 C. , 1,2 bar 3 bar,

57 117

58 117

, 28 bar 125C . 22,5 bar 57C,

57C. , .

2.1

2.2 &

()

, . . . . 10 cm3 , , . , ( ), , ( ) . . , .

: 1. (swash plate). 2. (Rotary Vane) (Turbocompressors) 3. (Screw Type):

59 117

2.3 (: Toyota)

()

(. 2.3) . "V". , . ( ) . .

2.4 (: Toyota)

60 117

(. 2.4). . : . , , . . ( ) .

1. ( ) 2. 3. 4. 5. ( ) . . C.

2.5 (swash plate) (: Ford)

(swash plate*)

(4)

( 2.5) .

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. , . . , .

* , swash plate , ( 2.6): swash plate

. . swash plate ( + )

( ). , ( ). , ( ) , . .

2.6 Swash plate (: Wikipedia)

62 117

1. 2. 3. 4. . .

2.7 (: Ford)

swash plate (3 2.5) . swash plate . swash plate . , . , . swash plate , . (5

2.5). , .

: swash plate.

63 117

64 117

(a) (b)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

. . , C.

2.8 (a) (b) (: Ford)

swash plate, , ( 2.8a 2.8b):

. . . (

) ( ).

C. .

To (). P swash plate .

, . , :

, . , ( C 2.8a). , , . (6) () (C). .

65 117

, ( C 2.8b), . , . , () . () . , , . swash plate , , . , ,

swash plate . , 5% , .

F F

FF

F F

2.8

66 117

, F, (F). , . F, 0 ( ), . , .

, , . . , F F. F ( ) 0 ( ). () . ,

. ,

(swash plate) . . .

67 117

X. bar . bar . . C.

2.10 swash plate (: Peugeot)

. , . :

1. . 2. .

2.11 2.12

(:Toyota) (:Toyota)

68 117

. , , , .

. , . , . , .

. .

2.13 (:Toyota)

69 117

. .

( ).

( 2.14) , . .

70 117

1. 2. 3. 4.

1. 2. 3. 4.

2.14

( 2.15) , . . . , . .

1. 2.

2.15 () (:Ford)

71 117

A. . . . ( ) .

B. . .

C. , .

. , .

. . . , . () . , . , . 10 , , , , .

72 117

2.1

Proto.F653DC Brushless (cc) 20,1 (rpm) 12.000 (kW) 6,5 (V) 345 / HFC134a / SE 10 (mm) 120 (mm) 194 (kg) 6.0

, , . . , . 3,5 - 4,0 MPa.

( 2.17), . ( 150 C), .

73 117

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2.16 ( 140 150 C)

2.17 (:Toyota)

. (4) ( 2.18 & 2.19). , .

74 117

(5) . , ( ) .

1. 2. () 3. 4.

5.

2.18 (:Ford)

2.19

(:Toyota)

( 2.20). F G . R P &

75 117

F R

G P

2.20 (:Toyota)

() , . . . , . .

76 117

. swash plate (Pulse Width Modulated PWM), (Electronic Climate Control ECC). . . , .

:

.

. .

1. swash plate 2. 3. 4. 5. PWM swash plate 6. 7.

2.21 swash plate (: Opel)

77 117

78 117

()

. . . R12 R134a , , .

( ): . . .

2.2

. . , . .

. , , ( ) , .

. , . () .

2.22

79 117

. - . : . : ,

2.23 (:Toyota)

2.24 (:Toyota)

R12, R134a. ( ), .

80 117

2.25

.

. , . ,

( 2.26) ( 2.27). () (-) . , . . / .

( 2.28), / () . , . . .

81 117

82 117

.

1) (80 oC), 2) , 3) (57 oC) ( )

2.26 2.27 (: Ford)

/

()

2.28 (: Toyota)

, . . , .

2.3 () /

( 2.29)

, :

1. , .

2. , .

3. .

4. . 5. .

2.29 (: Toyota)

83 117

84 117

. , , . . , , , . R134a,

.

, . 100-110 C , .

2.30 (: Toyota) (

)

. . , ,

. .

2.31 ( ) (: Toyota)

, :

1. .

2. , .

3. , .

4. .

5. .

6. / .

& . (3) (4). , . (4), . U (6). (3% )

85 117

86 117

. , .

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. U 6. 7. 8.

2.32 (: Toyota)

: . R134a R12 .

() :

3 . . .

. : / ()

. , (UV).

2.4 / ,

. :

.

. .

, . . . , .

. . 10 C . , , .

:

87 117

88 117

. . .

( 2.33) : . . .

: 1.

(Pe). 2. ( )

(Ps). 3. , ,

(Pf).

2.33 (: Toyota)

/

. (Pf) ( Pe Ps). ,

. , ( ) . , (Ps) (Pe). . . . Pf , Ps Pe , .

. . . V

, .

89 117

.

, . , .

( 2.34) , . .

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ( ) 6. , 7. 8. 9. 10.

2.34 (: Ford)

90 117

/

(1). (8). . / . . (7). (7). . , . (7) . , , . . , . , . , , . .

( )

( 2.35) . , ,

91 117

. .

. ( 1,5 2,9 bar ). , , . , .

, . , , . . . , (3%), .

1. ( ) 2. 3. 4. 5. ( )

2.35 (: Ford)

92 117

/

(1,19 mm - 1,70 mm) (. 2.2).

2.2

/ 1,70 mm 1,57 mm 1,45 mm 1,35 mm 1,19 mm

( 2.35) , ( ). , , , , . , , . ,

. . . . , .

93 117

. . (). . . .

, ( , ). .

1. 2. 3. 4. 1,6 mm (.. - )

5. 1,3 mm (.. )

6. 1,1 mm ( ) 7. 1,4 mm 8.

2.36 (: Ford)

94 117

/

2.37 , .

2.38

, .

95 117

96 117

2.39 (: Toyota)

2.40

2.5

. , . , .

( 2.39) , . . , . ( ) ( ).

. , . , . , , . .

, / .

97 117

98 117

, , , . , .

2.41 (: Toyota)

2.6

( 2.41 2.42) ( ). . (2 bar), . 0 C, . ,

. . , . , .

, .

2.42 (: Toyota) 99 117

( )

. NTC (negative temperature coefficient = ), . , . (0 C) 1 C, . 2,5 C, , , .

1. 2.

2.43 (: Ford)

( ) , ( ) . 1C,

100 117

. , 2,5C.

( )

0 C, , . , ( 2.46) , . , 1,5 bar, , . 2,9 bar, . , . , 1,5 bar .

2.44

101 117

102 117

2.7

, 1,5 bar. , .

. . 20,7 bar 17,2 bar. .

, 30 35 bar. .

. 1,4 bar ().

103 117

. 30 bar, . ( ) , . 18 bar. . , . .

. . , , . .

2.3 Bar Voltage

2 0.4

10 1.6

15 2.35

20 3.1

25 3.85

104 117

3. o

, - . , , .. (CFCs, ) . . CFCs

, , ( HCFCs), ( - HFCs). , , ( ) . , , . , / . .

( ), , , . ( .. , 20 , , , ). , (, , , , , ) CFCs HCFCs HFCs.

105 117

106 117

2037/2000 , :

CFCs & HCFCs

1/1/2001 CFCs CFCs HCFCs > 100 kW

1/7/2002 HCFCs < 100 kW

1/1/2004 HCFCs inverter 1/1/2010 HCFCs 1/1/2015 HCFCs

. , CFCs, HCFCs . , HCFCs , , (HFCs). (, ) , 30/5/2002 31/5/2002. HFCs

. 1990 , 37.500 1998 129.000 2012. , F-gases (HFCs, PFCs SF6, ) 15%

&

2040 40% 2100. 3% 2050, 3-5% (3,3% 2000) 4% 2012 ( 2% 1995).

(), . , .

HFCs

(

100 )

R134a (HFC-134a)

R12 (CFC-12) 1.300

&

. R407c

( HFC-32, HFC- 125, HFC134a)

R22 (HCFC-22) 1.653 1.653

R410a ( HFC-32 & HFC-

125)

1.975

R413a ( FC-218, HFC-

134a, HC-600a)

R12 (CFC-12) 1.760

R12 (drop-in)

R417a ( HFC-134a, HC-

600a)

R22 (HCFC-22) 1.950

R22 (drop-in)

Forane FX90 ( HFC-125, HFC-

134a, E170)

R22 (HCFC-22) 2.400

R22 (drop-in)

Isceon 39TC ( HFC-134a,

R227ea)

R12 (CFC-12) 1.940

R12 (drop-in)

107 117

(R600a) (R290), ,

&

. , HFCs . R134a (R600a).

HFCs 1%

10% 10-25%

30% 8-30%

* .

, HFCs. 2003 , , F-gases, HFCs 2012.

CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs, . ( .. ), (.. ) ( Stirling, , , , ). ,

109 117

. , , (R717), (R744), (R718), (R729), .. ( ), . .

. , CFCs. 1990, Greenpeace . (Greenfreeze), Greenpeace 1997 . ,

. . . . , . , , . , . . .. 40-120

110 117

&

( ), . , 300 15 . , , . , (split-unit), , 300 ( 2,4 KW 8.000 Btu), 340 ( 3,55 KW 12.000 Btu) 1.500 20 KW (70.000 Btu). . ,

150 , , , . , ( ). ( ). , . , , . : (R600a) (R290)

R12 , R290/R600a ( 50-50%).

, , , (drop-in) R12, R22, R134a, .. R290/R600a .. R12 R134a, (R1270) R22, .. .

111 117

...

CARE 10 R600a /

,

R12, R134a

CARE 30 R600a/R290

/ , - ,

R12, R134a

CARE 40 R290

// , , ,

R22, R404a, R407c, R507

CARE 45 R1270 // ,

, R22, R404a, R407c, R502

CARE 50 R290/R170

// , , ,

R22, R404a, R407c, R507

, (R744) . , , . , . , . , , ,

112 117

&

.. , , HFCs.

HFCs

, 90 CFC-12. R134a (HFC-134a). 800 R134a . , ( 400 R290 R290/R600a) . , , . Daimler Chrysler 2005. , .. Toyota, Ford, Renault, VW BMW. , HFCs 2012. ,

, HFC-134a, R404a R507a R410a. CFCs 2010, 4.300 CFCs 17.000 HCFCs 25% . ,

, . Thermoking, , 2001.

113 117

114 117

. . ( ), (CO2). ,

, , . . , . , , , .

115 117

116 117

117 117

1) STEVEN DALY (2006), Automotive Air-conditioning and Climate Control

Systems, Elsevier Ltd.

2) WILLIAM WHITMAN, WILLIAM JOHNSON, JOHN TOMCZYK, EUGENE

SILBERSTEIN (2009), Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Technology

3) (2003), & , Greenpeace.

4) SANDEN Compressor Service Guide, 2 .

5) (1996),

1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

2. (Air-condition)2.1 2.2 2.3 () / 2.4 / 2.5 2.6 2.7

3. o HFCs