1/11433 / 2012 ... 404 / 6 1 (General Introduction) 1 - 1 (Goal
and domain) . : - . . . . . :1 . .2 . .3 . .4 . .5 . .6 . .7 . .8 .
.9 . .01 . . ... 404 / 6 1433 / 2012 2/1 .1 - 2 ( Definitions )
(ASHRAE Fundamentals) . . 1] 2 [ . (ozone) : O3. . (retrofitting) :
. ( ) (reclamation) : . . (recovery) : . . (recycling) : )( . .
(ozonedepletionOD) : . (absorption) : . . (drop-inreplacement) : .
3/11433 / 2012 ... 404 / 6 (atmosphericlifetime) : . (azeotrope) :
. (Montrealprotocol) : 1987 1985 . (CFC 11, 12, 113, 114, 115)
(2402, 1301,1211) . . 1990 1992 1995 1997 1999 2007 . (generator) .
(GreenhouseGasesGHG) : . ( ) . . ( ) (HaloCarbonsHC): . .
(HydroCarbons-HC) :. (ultravioletradiation-UV) : . UV B 280 320 nm
. ... 404 / 6 1433 / 2012 4/1 ( ) (HydroFluoroCarbonsHFC) : . .
(intercooling) : . (latent heat) : )(. (halogens) :. (adsorption) :
. (United Nations Environmental Program UNEP) : 1972 .
(airconditioning) : . . (high pressure side) : . ( lowpressureside
: ) . (compressor) : )( . (condenser) :. (hermetic compressor) : )
( . ( open compressor : ) ( ) . (absorber) : . . 5/11433 / 2012 ...
404 / 6 (absorptionsolution) : (refrigerant) (absorbent) . . - . )
( (accumulator) :. )( (cascadesystem) : . (CFCs) : . (Coefficient
of Performance COP) : ( . ) (heat pumps) ( . ) (coil) : .
(condensing unit) : (receiver) . ) ( (flash inter-cooler) :
(flashgas) . )( (hydrochlorofluoro carbonsHCFC): . . (receiver) :
.. (ozone depleting potential ODP) : R-11 . R-11 . (ozone depleting
substance ODS) : ... 404 / 6 1433 / 2012 6/1 (CFC) (HCFC) .
(ozonelayer) : . 12 40 . )( (per fluoro carbons PFC) : . (phase
out) : . (refrigerant) : . . (refrigerationdetector) : .
(refrigeration system) : ) ( )(.)( (refrigeration) : . (semi
hermetic compressor) : ) ( . )( . (sub-cooler) : . (super-heater) (
: flooded evaporator) . 7/11433 / 2012 ... 404 / 6
(tonofrefrigerationTR) : ( 2000 ( 0oC 24 . (1TR=12000Btu/h=3.516kW)
. 3.516 kW 24 . )( (transitionalsubstance) : .
(vaporcompressionrefrigerationcycle) : . . (water-chiller) : ) (
5oC 7oC . (zeotrope) : )( . . (R-4XX) ISP 817 . ... 404 / 6 1433 /
2012 8/1 1 - 3 Air-conditioning A/C American National Standard
Institute ANSI American Refrigeration Institute ARI American
Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning
EngineersASHRAE Chlor Fluoro Carbon CFC Coefficientof Performance
COP Hydro Carbon HC Hydro Chlor Fluoro Carbon HCFC High Efficiency
Particulate Air Filter HEPA Filter Hydro Fluoro Carbon HFC Ozone
Depleting Potential ODP Ozone Depleting Substance ODS Green House
Gas GHG ) ( Global Warming GW ) ( Global Warming Potential GWP
Refrigerant R Ton of Refrigeration TR Ultra Violet UV United Nation
Environmental ProgramUNEP United Nation Industrial
OrganizationUNIDO 1 - 4 (Applications of refrigeration ) 1748 .
1851 1880 1904 . 9/11433 / 2012 ... 404 / 6 (CFCs) .1 - 4 / 1
(Domestic units) (split air conditioner) . . 35W 375 W 3000 W
(floor standing spilt units) 5000W . . (CFCs) . HFC- 134a CFC-12 .
:1 . .2 . . 3 . . . . . . ( hermetic compressor) [ 2 ] . . . ( on-
off) . ... 404 / 6 1433 / 2012 10/1 1 - 4 / 2 (Air conditioning) .
( . ) (comfortairconditioning) ) ( (industrialair conditioning) 3oC
10 oC [ 3 .] . . (heatpump) 38oC -70 oC [ 3 : .]1 . . 2 . . 3 . .4
. . )( . 10 700 . ) ( . 11/11433 / 2012 ... 404 / 6 1 - 4 / 3 (Food
manufacturing) (colloids) . . (aspiration) . . -20 oC . . [ 3 .] .
20 oC . (freezingequipment) [3] :1 . ( ) (air blast freezing) . 2 .
(contactfreezing) : .3 . (immersionfreezing) : (brine). 4 .
(cryogenic freezing) : 60 oC . [3] . 1 - 4 / 4 (Refrigerated and
cooled transport) . ... 404 / 6 1433 / 2012 12/1 . [ 3 ] :1 . . 2 .
. 3 . . 4 . . :1 . 13 oC 21 oC . 2 . 0 oC 5 oC . 3 . -2 oC 0 oC . 4
. 18 oC . 6.1 13.7 2.4 . . . . . . .1 - 4 / 5 (Refrigerated and
cooled storage) . 0 oC . 0 oC . -18 oC -23 oC -29 oC . : 1 . -2 oC
-3 oC .2 . 0 oC . 13/11433 / 2012 ... 404 / 6 3 . .4 . -23 oC -29
oC . 5 . -23 oC -29 oC -18 oC . . 90 % . 90 % . 3 . . 1 - 4 / 6
(Industrial processes) . . . 1 - 4 / 6 / 1 (Pharmaceuticals
industry) . ( ) . . . . . . . 1 . . ... 404 / 6 1433 / 2012 14/1 2
. .3 . . 4 . .5 . . 6 . . 7 . .8 . . 9 . . 10 . )( . 11 . . . 1 - 4
/ 6 / 2 (Manufacturing industries) . . ( 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 )( 4 ) . . .
:1 . . 2 . 0 % 100 .%3 . . 4 . . 5 . ( 1 ) ( 2 )( 3 ( ) (( glycol)6
. ( .) 15/11433 / 2012 ... 404 / 6 7 . ( compound) (cascade) . .1 -
4 / 6 / 3 (Electronic industries) ( integrated circuit) . . . . . .
. (HighefficiencyparticulateairHEPA-filters) . 1 - 4 / 7 (Other
applications) .
. . . . (cascade) . -40 oC -80 oC (hypothermia) . ... 404 / 6
1433 / 2012 16/1 . : ( 37 oC 28 oC ( ) 28 oC 20 oC ( ) 20 oC 0 oC
.) ( ) ( .) . ( cryogenic surgery) . [ 5,4 . ] . . 21 oC . 12 oC .
1000 kW 7oC . 150 25mm . . 1 - 4 / 6 / 2 . .
(halogenatedhydrocarbons) . . -50 oC . (glycols) . .