міжнародний досвід використання е-петицій для вирішення проблем місцевих громад

INTERNATIONAL PRACTICE on E-PETITIONSJORDANKA TOMKOVA, PhD Swiss Funded Expert on E-Governance24 June 2015 - Open City Forum, Odessa

…some facts

Over 75 countries are using some form of petitioning system

78% of people living in Sweden have signed a petition,

72.6% in Switzerland,

72.5% in Canada,

70.4% in the US

68.2% in the UK World Values Survey (2006)

Preference for e-petitions, 6 million citizens across Europe supported European Citizens Initiative - 70% online, Latvia e-petitions 6.5 million online visits - 1st 100 days

Approximately 50% e-petitions qualify to be registered

E-petitions tend to attract younger demographic users

WHY E-PETITIONS?

One of several instruments in democracy’s toolbox

Collective action instrument + bottom-up political agenda setting

Enables citizens’ preference articulation “voice” & influence on decision + policy-making processes

Stimulates debate + awareness on issues of public concern that would not get attention otherwise

E-petitions new modality for civic participation, much wider audience, transparent, convenient, built in civic education

Ukraine – Draft Law 2299 in progress…

… key features

Signature threshold 1 signature (Scotland) 50,000 (Finland),100,000 – (US

’We the people’), 1 million (EU Citizen Initiative)

Local level – signature thresholds = LOWER

Pre-moderation & Collection of Signatures time allowed

Multi-level, multi channel

Obligation for Institutional Responsiveness non vs. binding, time requirements

Opportunities for influence on Policy Making (Latvia, UK, Finland, ECI (slide)

Special features – “social lift”, involvement of NGOs

… jointly determine the ‘power’ of the instrument

…Policy Influence Effects

FINLAND …if 50,000 signatures directly to Parliament

GERMANY …if >50 000 signatures Commission Reviews – recommends to Parliament, If <50 000 petitioner presents in Public Hearing in Parliament

SWITZERLAND …if 100,000+ signatures national referendum and possibility to vote on constitutional change

UK …if 100, 000 signatures consideration by Backbench Business Committee (House of Commons)

City Manchester (UK) …cascading model: 100 – response in 6 days, 1000 – debate by committee, 4000+ signatures debate in by full City Council.

…Some examples

US “We the People” (2011)

RESPONSE + APIs13+Years old, email only, 100 000 signatures = response

https://petitions.whitehouse.gov/how-why/api-gallery

Latvia (2011)

16+ years of age, via online banking ID, 10 000 signatures Parliament https://manabalss.lv

City of Birmingham, UK

Simple – active petitions, guidelines, terms and conditions, archive of non-active petitions

http://epetition.birmingham.public-i.tv/

City of Manchester, UK

INTEGRATED E-DEMOCRACY portal http://www.manchester.gov.uk/councildemocracy

…successful petitions

MONTENEGRO

(2012) “Overcrowding of kinder gardens”

Response: The Government contracted €10m loan from the Council of Europe Development Bank to build 7 new

kindergartens in 4 municipalities where overcrowding was most acute.

UK (2007) (1 million) “Opposing new Vehicle tracking + Transport Tax policy” ….Tax seen as unfair by citizens, if road tax then other subsidies, tax reductions on fuel tax, vehicle excise duty to be instituted, roads to be improved Response: Commission for inquiry established

… process

UNITED KINGDOM

8 weeks to develop – procurement, assembly of the team, development, hosting solution & deployment.

Cost £ 80,700 + 3-years of staff running costs (£67 500 per annum).

System is maintained by in-house team of IT developers in the Cabinet Office.

Built on open source software and crowdsourcing to engage different parties in problem solving techniques;

Reusable and made available to anyone in the public sector, e.g. local governments.

MONTENEGRO

Donor initiated (Gov. of Montenegro + UNDP) Cost 100,000 USD Based on a mixed model (UK, US +

Germany) Technical solution - outsourced through

open procurement procedure 2 stage process – 1) web platform with link

to Central ID register + 2) digital certificates (110 EUR – expensive & later discontinued).

1 administrator + 1expert per ministry appointed for processing and responding to e-petitions,

Each ministry responsible to pass on relevant e-petitions to Government for response.

…challenges & lessons learned

Signature Authentication– different countries, different solutions Scottland, UK cities – simple, postal code + duplication

Montenegro - Central ID register + Digital certificates, Latvia – 2 stage process)

UK(3 stage process) - postal code + automated words validation +

Australia – acceptance of conditions of use + random identification number + postal,

email address

Petition instrument to be volume tolerant pretesting is criticalE.g. (UK) 2+ million visitors, 12 million+ page views, 12,000 petitions raised, 700,000 signatures collected, first petition of +/- 200,000 signatures in 5 days, at peak with 12 000 hits/ minute.

Ideally Open Source

Process and outcome as important as instrument

Back office & institutional coordination as important as interface

Involvement of NGOs critical for impactful e-petitions

E-Governance for Accountability and Participation (EGAP)

4 years 2015-2019, 4 oblasts, 4 Components, 4 mil CHF

COMP 1 – E-Service Delivery

COMP 2 – Capacity Building

COMP 3 – E-Democracy

COMP 4 – National & Inter-regional Policy Dialogue

СПАСИБО!

Contact: [email protected]