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1791 & . Fr.List1789-1846, . (1841), . , .i 1846, , . . 3. v '
& v, . v 4. ' v WWII .. vA, . , . 5. v 1970
1980,RobertGilpin,StephanKrasner4Robert,.Keohane (1941). :
v,!9701980 ., . . a.,, , b. v . v . 6. : 1. To 2. 3 = . 4. , , 5. .
6. .. . 7. . 7. H & CharlesKindleberger5 4 Stephan Krasner
(1942) Stanford University Robert O. Keohane (1941) , . Woodrow
Wilson School Princeton. 5 Charles Kindleberger (1910 2003) , . .,
, ,- : a. b. . c. . . , : 1. ; ; , , , , . 2. ; . . . 3. / , ;
& 6
-, , 4. ; a.,,, . . b.& 8. . Pax Britannica (1815) (1914). .
, 19 . 1875 . '' . ' . . , . ,, . 6:,, , . - , . 9. & -. .-, .
4.,, . 1. : A., .B. , . C. , , . 2. , & , : , 3. & - , , -
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7.ADAMSMITH(1723-1790)O 7(1776)ADAMSMITH . : . . , .
8.DAVIDRICARDO8(1772-1823) . , ( ). 9. JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES &
KARL POLANYI JohnMaynardKeynes9(1883-1946), & Keynes( ) & .
7 Adam. Smith An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of
Nations(1776) 8 On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation
, (1817). 9 The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money
(1936), ,,: , , . . , ',Keynes, . ,Keynes , . Karl Paul Polanyi
10(1886, Vienna, Austria 1964 Pickering,Ontario O ) - , 10.
KeynesPolanyi :. . . . . , ,, , . 11. 1970 & 1974 : . & .
Friedrich Hayek, Ludwig von Mises & Milton Friedman,
.Thatcher-Reagan , . , ,, . AdamSmith, , : 10 The Great
Transformation (1944) 5., . 6. , 1982, , . 7., . 4 , & .T, ,
.11
12 , . . . . , 1970 OKehoane13,. .SusanStrange14, . Susan
Strange & . .Cohn . , . .M .OW..Reinicke15 . ,, .. , 11 Stephen
D. Krasner, Structural Causes and Regime Consequences, Krasner (.),
International Regimes, . 2. 12 Robert Gilpin O . 2003, 108 13
Robert O. Keohane (born 1941) is an American academic and a
neoliberal institutionalism theorist in international relations. He
is currently a Professor of Political Science at the Woodrow Wilson
School at Princeton University. 14 Susan StrangeCave! Hic Dragones:
A Critique of Regime Analysis International Organization, Vol. 36,
No. 2. (1982), pp. 479-496. 15 W..Reinicke Global Public Policy
Governing Without Government Washington Brookings Institution, 1989
, . - . . . . 13. & - , . , - , . . , . 14.
, . 1980, , ,. . , 1960 1980 .,Milton Friedman Rose Friedman
1980 , , , , -, , .16 15. & . , . 16 Milton Friedman Rose
Friedman, Free to Choose: A Personal Statement ( , Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich, 1980), . 57. Bela Balassa, The Process of Industrial
Development and Development Strategies, Bela Balassa (.), The Newly
Industrializing Countries in the World Economy ( , Pegamon Press),
. 16-17. , . . PTHZIZ 1.FriedrichList& Alexander Hamilton ;
2.', 1970 1980; 3. , ; 4. , ; 5.', John Maynard Keynes Karl
Polanyi; 6.(); AdamSmith,DavidRicardo,FriedrichHayek Milton
Friedman; 7. -; 7. ,, , . 1.H , . , . ., , . . . 1) / 2) / . 3) / .
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1960, & . : : , Paul Baran (1910-1964)17
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Baran, The Political Economy of Growth ( , Monthly Review Press,
1962), . 11-12. 18. comprador . & . , .Prebisch (), . Prebisch,
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Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle." Quarterly
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marketing) , . (. J. Paulgeorg, 1981, .82)., ,., . 63 , - .2
'70 . , (. United Nations, 1983, . 41/ A. Halbach, R. Osterkamp,
J. Riedel, 1982, . 59-152). (. United Nations, 1983, . 40). , , . ,
. , . . ,, ,, . , marketing, . , ,"" , (.C.Oman,1984,.76, 113-114).
'80 , (.UnitedNations,1988, . 5). 2 , '60 . 64 2.2. - ', . . . . (.
. I.1.). . ,management, marketing ., "" . ., 100%.,100% .3
. (second-best) .' (.H.Giersch,1979,.25-35/S.Borner,1984,.
481-498). . ., ,,,,, . ,' ,., (. P. Buckley, 1981, . 70-87). 3 , ,
, . 65 , . " " , (.UnitedNations,1978,.68-114/UnitedNations,1983,.
167-175/C.Oman,1984,.14-17/P.Buckley,1983,.195-207/C.Pollak,1982,
.18-57). , " " : ) , ) . )(Joint-Ventures), . . ()50%,' (). . ,, .
,know-how, management, marketing . 100% . Fade-in: , ., , , (..
Licensing Agreements, . . ). , 100% . ,, 66 -, . , , Fade-in,()
(..LicensingAgreements,Joint-Ventures) . Fade-out - -, ,, , .
Joint-Ventures, 100% . (.. )1,--,,, . Fade-out, , managers (.
United Nations, 1978, . 152-154/ P. Buckley, 1983, . 205). )"" , ,:
Licensing, , , (.. Franchising). 2
Licensing (), 1 , Joint-Ventures, , , . 2 " " A. Georgopoulos,
1991. 67 know-how(.UnitedNations, 1973, . 2). . know-how , , , , .
. (Royalties)(Lump-SumPayments). . Licensing Joint-Venture (Fade-in
). , ,know-how, . ., , .
(Subcontracting), . (.D.Germidis,1980,.10-33). , . ,. " " (Turn
-Key Agreements). , ,' (. United Nations, 1983). Franchising .
Franchising, 68 Licensing, marketing. ,(Franchisor) (Franchisse) ,
. ,, ., , . (.. Fast-Foods) (.. ).
3. 3.1. . . , .1
,., : , , . ,' 1 J. Niehans (1977) : "With the suppression of
multinationalism, the overwhelming of the langer swiss firms would
be to a relatively small size or disappear". 69 ., . , , . (. F.
Froehlich, 1974), . ,, , . , service(, ). , ,, . ,, , . , ., , . .
. , . , , ' (. United Nations, 1983). 3.2. , , . . 70 , ' . , , ,,.
, . , . . , , (.H.Hesse, 1983, . 40). . . ( . M. Breitenacher,
1978, . 8-12). ., (..marketing,service, ). "" . ,, . , . , ., , .
,, . 71 , -. . 3.3. ( ) , . , . , ,, (globalization). (. . Rugman,
1980, . 370). , ,. , . , . , . 72