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SG AWG Hf J dAG fb ``M Ih``f G``Z ````jRh ``````a `````````j ````````dG jR Q````c``dG ``````SG ````````dG SG A````WG ``````fh ,I````M ,````````G ````c````H Q````````c````dG MG QcdG A````WG fh VG fh ,``W``e````dG fdG PSGh ,IjYHG dN Va ````````fOQG ``````e```G cG ````Y ``````h ,I````````````dG eG fG WdG

.GYHG GU dG Ih````dG ``g G cj V ```J```J ``H``````dG ``````````J ,dG ````T````G ``e S HdG ```D```G V ```eh aGdG dG SG d e ``M ``bh ````e``bEG Y

.dG Gg

GH - Y

edG IhdG YCG Y AKdG eCG CGH Yh IQ``````dG ``j``M ```X ``H``````dG ``````dG ```M hdH HdG dG e J dG ObG KK Jh OQCG Y Hd dG O``G e N TdG gGHEG QcdG dG jRh cCGh .jCG ,dG GQGRh e OY a QT dG Ihd jYQ dG Hf O``Gh ,````YCG UCG eh hdG OGh ,HdG hdG eLh ,HdG hdG IQdG d dG O``Gh ,dG dG Hd dG Gh ,HdG Od YGQdGh YdGh hH YLG hDdGh dG AGQRh IhdG OfG gCG ,HdG G hd hdG

.HdG dG GSCG Y dG j X JJG dG fGdGh jdG G EG QTCGh ,dGh ``````dG de ```LG ``e ``e````G jG ``a``d ``Y``````LG ````````dG ``f``b ``j````Jh Y L Jh ,````WG``G YLG ``Y``````LG ````````dG ``````e ````J ``````H ,OQCG

e dY GTEH SDG L jG fdG.dG GTd cCa MGh eY

YdG cQG Sd eG CG EG dh J KK T edG dG Hh H WCG ```ah J ``e````Gh ``````dGh ``````dG ``````UCG YLG eCG TCG c d ffbh jJ

.QLCd fOCG G Vhh ,fOQCG d Wh ````````JG````SEG ````j``d ``e````G EG ````bh SJ Y dG G LJ e gGDhQ J

.IdG dG jMh jYQh ,SdG dG OQCG dG Hd dG OG FQ Hh dG ``X Ih``````dG O``````fG ``````gCG ````j````G R```e

.dG Sh dG Y JSfGh Jjh IQGOEG je HdG dG e VhCGh Y ``e``N ``````N ````````G ````Y``````LG ``j````G d ,QGh YGHEG dG SCG WEG IQhV beh ,HdG dG e LGJ dG jdG ,idG h````dG ````J ````dG ````a``````G ``Z ``````a````G dG LGe Y QO``b HdG fEG CG e

.jdGh

dG f - TL

eCG hCG Ae VjdG TL Of qf R```dG ``M Y G``D``e O````dG ``Y``b Ff YQ fdG gGdG dG RYEGh

.dG Tg TL a O OQCG GddG Ue e G GddG VdG Y a JjdG M c q``Hh ,IQh````G WGh G OH e HV dG RdG O qYh RdG Y G U fS de b dG fG JjdG dh ,G bh M Sh U Y ```` oH ``eG````dG q````S CG EG Q``````G

.G Ic IQN j ,f e Y ```HCG O```` R```G `` a

jje GOGSG Y G adG jje cCa ,R``````dG ````N ````LG`` ````G ```a```dG VQY R``dG eh QGdG IQGOEG Y IQb GddG h``M ``M FbdG GAG````LEG ``Y

.gHh HJ ``j``j``e ``e ``M````dG ``` a ge H Y IUY S Y TL fCG EG QTCa ,dG BGdG dG RYEG J dG G c jBG 1300 Lj" udG e lH fEGh ,fEGh dG Y qj BG````dG qCG ke ,"VQCG Y

.edG i qj BGdG CG Y a edG jfdG ``T``L ````SQO `` ``W q```bh Y ``g``KCGh R```dG ``M Y GQhCG d YdG OLCG QGf ddG qa ,jKCG bGG

dG FG fc acG IY ``gCG qCG (14) b dG BGdG c b c VG dG jGH cG eh ,``e``dG e ``b jM ``d````dG q````h ,```` q``S``J ````````cGh RYEGh fdG gGdG Y dG e V I``g``X ca ````dG BG````dG dG QfG IgXh dG JQG e QdG QfCG ``H R````dG I```g```Xh ``````d ````````dG f ``````f O````dG ``````FQ ```ch .Q``````dGh j OdG CG ``cCGh ,QH MQ dG Yh i````````e `````aQh ````````dG ````````J EG

.IQU MCG Y WdG AH Ged hQO TL O``f q``b ,``D``G jf h cQG Y jjdG GOTh J

.DG

Jf dG dG jQG b QhO e 30 OQCH AEd jeCG dcdG

dG CGdG Jh NBG CGdG J fG

fG fH SdG UEd gX QGOCG eG :VQG

eT LGe AGLEG :HdG jRh iG Se JGSEG IQGRdG

GQH gGHG

dG M edG IhdG YCG AH dG X HdG

TL Y De zdG RYEGh RdG{

hDT 4

eOdG MG j M SG icP S zdG{ JY Ihf

(1245) OdG - (17) dG - ( 2010) QjCG (26) AHQCG

dG ````U``gQEG Y GP``e ,a Y.O :d G ,1946 QjCG 25 TdG fOQCG G SG S

.OQCG jQJ je GQGb e eh H SdG dSG Y OQCG M :a .O a VJ ,hCG LQdH S f c dGh ,Mch T ,jdGh dGh Yd ,SdG dG UHh ,fOQCG QdG ``c``Mh SG IO```b e j ``dP ``gh Y M GdG HG dGh FGG ASH HdG WdG SG f YSGh ,G V e IQH dSG

.IdGh dH Y HY H j HG dGh FGG ASHh OQCG JOb ``dGh ,SdG dG ``N e EG dSG CG ````M ````````SG ````b ``e I```a SS G`````MCGh ``c``M

.1946 Y WdG SG CG eh ,SG EG OCG dhO hX dg fc dHh fCGh fah fjH e jdG dG e idG hdG H J jaEGh SBG Ge d c dGh ,djEGh CGh ,IG OdG MG J CG fdG dG ``G fjH d a ,G g b VdG c c Y J LQdG e dhO EG dG QH Y J hCG Y dhO e CG ```jCG Y fa ````gh ````MG EG ``a````VE``H ,fdG

.JGe Y G JQ j dHh ,jRdG j e fdG dG G H fT ,dP AV Yh dSG Y M fh ,QSG J M dG jQJ e IjG Md JGe T f AL M ,MG g

.dG jQJ Ig Je c GfBG dG SG Gg CG Z dGh G jY YGb Ed H M ,fjH ,(c GG) jH HV IOb G c c ,cQeh e d Vf OQCG dG d ,bf SG c dd dG dG I``Mh H ``dP SGh ,gObh IgG eEH j M ,Seh jb WdG dG ``e L

.fdG dG G b G g c ,g GMCG ICf H dd fOQCG UGe ,dP EG VCG ,jFY G````MCG eh ,````V``G ````dG N SdG EG jN YLG jO cM e Gd G G``NE``a cMh ,YdGh dG G``MCG Af fL EG ,SS cM GMCG H Cf c ,eSEG jdG Mh dG edG HS eM ASDhQ M Y IQY fc dG WdG

.idG HCG aJh YadG S e e hdH QG```MCG dG H ``b e j ,dG Gdh Y GREG ,1956 Y QGPBG 1 W H G MGdG G IOdG e dG eY dPh ,LdG OQCG SG S ,e He IOdG g UCGh ,OQCG d fjdG

.HY Hh fOQCG HY L OQCG G UCGh UhCG ,1956 Y jN jf Hf HfG L ,Mh e Ff 19 a HG OY H PEG ,dG EG SdG GMCG eQY H M dG M G Y K eh ,Ff 40 UCG YR EG ,G IOb jd HdGh OQCG jdG Y dGh ,eG dCH HdG S cGTG WdG G UCG Feh ,1957 QGPBG 13 fjdG fOQCG IgG fCG

.GLf SG e dhO OQCG "QhfjCG" CGe HY hO SG H e Me Th C CG IG jd qH fCGh ,G Ga OLH b dG hdG e W ddh ,"YdG" adG OG A b

.CGG GH dG dG e fhGh GfBG dG HdG GMCG fb a QU dG 1992 Mh 1957 Y e OQCGh LGdG" ``e Me ``T``Y ,````a````dG ````MCG A````fEGh SdG Ge Y GR```EG OQCG M HG d ,"SdG Y dGh HdG e Gb b M ,dGh HdG

.HdG hdG ac H hCG cG MGh ,M G KCG Y dG e SdG fG CG``H eYh OQCG UCGh ,HdG dG Y VdG qJ ,1989 f GMCG eCG f Ua ,dGh HdG Ge fG g j

.HdG WdG f bCG gh ,G 10 EG HdG H OQCG Vh ,ObG dG Yh jh ,SSCG T c HJh fEH gG C ,dGh H G``j``h ,````eCG ``jG``H JYS fjH C```H ````f CG VdH fjdG T a ,1948 Y jOdG-HdG G J G`````HCG G``````a ``d``d ,OQCG ``j``G O````````bG fc jdG dG LdG UHh fOQCG eCG G CG c ,dhO SG b G e AH YJ JfeEG N e ,ObG VdG gS H LdG OLh

.HdG hdG eJ fc dG GYG e a.O dEG QTCG e X :dG OHCG GP GMCG e gJ eh SG S jQJ

dG a ObG MdGh Jd f ,SS LGJ dG jObG jdG RHCG Y AdG d

?OQCG G Y OdG H qe dG QdG gCG e ZdH :dG ,QdG M VCG H fG Gg CG EG ,ObG dG GPEa ,ObG fG ``jDhQ dG jhGdG Y j Ggh INCG G OdG N OdG iL e Mf e fNCG H QJ OQCG CG Mf SDGh GdGh dG M e eO EG Ie S gP eY fCG bCGh ,QG Gg c

. qY H f dEG gf eY dG d ffG EG j dG e fG Gg Ea jdG SCd d Y GH Od e Qd SSCG J jObG-jOe IYb ff GPEa ,eY jObG ``eRCGh GQfGh GdG M f Sd jQdG QdH WJQG ObG Vd Y j O````dG ObG Ad dG dG HW C``H dG jObG dG dH bY dd j bh ,QdG Gg GfBG QSG dG Hh ,SG b e IFS fc

.j CG j G CH OQCG e edG T e j OQCG ObG E``a ,dG ``g jdh ,cSGh eG d GSCG Gj ,G S a ,QdG ga ,V GR e G ObG dG CG j CG ZQ ,G 3 RhJ LEG G dG YGQdG b

.JGSG H YGQR H OQCG Fg GhKh feEG dG OQCG EG ,dP Y IhY SdGh jdG dG SdGh SJdG e Ijah Ih 2 e bCH LGSG YdG b a gj ,fGQdGh e ZdH ,ge bQ jCG Ggh ,LEG G dG e G

.GhdG g c G ````dG jdG ``Y````````dG ge J ````c YdG ``g e GA``L C``H Y ,G 16^6 f ````LEG FcQ HdG bQCG dHh ,Obd ae b j bh ``dh``dG d ga G G 80```dG ``eCG ,ObG ObG j M V Y j e ,UGh dG eG

.WdG I``Y OQCG q``e jObG hdG ``g X h ,fObG Y GNh Gc GKCJ cJ jObG eRCGh MGe T dGh ,1989-1988 eY H jObG eRCG gRHCG ch e G````ah LCG dG ``eCG QjdG U S QfG fjH OdG GZEG EG aVEH ,gdGh dG WMG dP e M Y J dG SdG ```bQCG NG Y

.1991 Y QjO Qe 6^5 M bdG SG M bdG GKCJ KCG fd ,dZ OQCG c 89 d jObG eRCG g ObG SG CH Y ,ObG dSG Y Gc OdG jM Y jQOb f GPEa ,SdG Sd e ,d SdG dSG Vf fEa jObG MdG e CGHh OQCd dhdG dGh dG hU H eb ddh SCd eG Y ch ,JUJh JLJh WhT J ehG j a ,MhG hdG aH J CG jdG dG HdG hdG hCG OQCG AGS M M c H Y IQhdH d ``fCG c ,dG Gg e jObG ``eRC VJ J EG bdG e c H ,hdG hT ac b ge RHCG e ch ,dY IAH ObG dG efHh jObG ``fG``b ``e`` G````fBG ``e````G QG````UEG ``e``f``dG G``g e hTh ,dhdG dGh dG hU hT e d

.dG IQdG OQCG Obd jM aJ e qH c dG bdG h jh LQGh NGdG IQdG j iL ,``fOCG gH dG IQdG e bJH GdGh ,edH dG GSCG fOH EG LCG dG ``a``J M ``e ,jQJ Jh SS LGe ````fOQCG YdG Y a ,Y G H GAH G SS GAG``LEG g aGQ c ,G dG ch ,dhdG jN Y GeCG aJ LCG e IG SDH ,ec N Y VY SDG GQGOEG N hCG e

.LCG G EG dhdG UCG ac f M LdG V AL dG jdG UEG ,dP EG VCGh e 1994 CGH SS gh ,ObG dG efd edG jV e jdG g d G jV fb W N Y jYJ jdG CG Y j OQCG QSdG H NdG

.NdG Fb ``f``c ````dGh jdG dG J i``L ````gh NdG jRJ IOYEG Xh CG SSCG Y aYh GObGh GQSO Yd IGOCc jdG GSGh ,YLG dGdG LCG e j NdG aJh WdG ObG LfEG YdG

.fdGh hCG XdG Y dG H ,dhdG eCG e SdG EG ObG e fG :dG RHCG g e ,dG MCG.O QSdG WdG G Y

LGJ dG LQGh NGdG SdG jdG GjdG X e hCG gGdG MG OQCG

?jdG WdG M FGSEG jdG ``Y ``j``G dG f :dG .O Mh ,hdG bEGh ,OQCG WdG jG H SdG Y cCdG e qH jdG g e edG c EG f j ```gCG ``cP ``e bEG ``K ``eh ,h```dG G e

.CdG Gg OQCG LGj e ``Z ````jQ``J ``````e q``` ``````e``H ````````G ,``````W QSG Me qe J b HdG eCa ,OM h HdG dCG Y CGW b GjL d ,a.O d QTCG dG e RHCG a ,VG dG jGH QSG HEG GOLe j dG FK AfG H dG jOMCG IS G Gg jOMCG j dG hdG G g jL e RhHh ,dG jdG J dG "jeCG dG jdG" gh dG EG jdG YGdG IOH j NBG eCGh ,jeCG IG

.fG J jH HdG G ,MGdG HdG dG ``NGO MdG Me EG TCG c MJ e dG jOMCG Y dEG Sh ,IOLe J dGh ,UCGh Gh FdGh dGh gG SSCG Y MGdG dG

.d jeCG PdG QYH GdGh eG edG h``````G Z jCG dG MG Jh d dP ``bCGh ,eSEG hG Z dch ,HdG eCd JGOLG ````NG ````Y ````e````SEG ``c``G ``M ``e UfG SDe cc G GNEG YL fGY j bh ,jdG gOGeG d dGh ,G eSEG HdG dG hG J dEH J IjL Y Y NOCG M ,dGh hdG adG d J cG UCG dHh ,SEH "gQEG" LGJ dG hdG eM eCG M f Y H Yhe Y

.a he dg ,``e````SEGh edG YhG Z X h "jeCG dG ``j``dG he" hCG dG ``jO``MC dK J GPEGh ,aGSH IMGdG jdG dhdG J Y FdG gJ b fEa ,FdG hCG gG hCG dG SSCG Y dH ,WGdG Zh ,G S N e dhdG aEG EG dG b fC Y cQCGh ,GL N hG Gg CG YCGh

.HY b e cCG Y j b P gh ,OQCG hCG dG Ea ,OQCG ``eCG KG jdH j ah QbCG ``b``Hh OQCG Y j UCG ``dG bEG dG ``g dG e Y gYGb J bEG ib X HdG eCG ,FGdG jhO EG f HY QfG He cJh GjEc jdG SdG ``e hd j Y Vj ``dG ```eCG CGh J e Ob g f ``jCGh ,"SdG G" dhdG ``e``````G ``H ``d``````G ```g ``S````SCG ````Y I``j``L ``b``Y Ve d CG Th Y jQS CG EG IQTEG e ,bEGh ceEG N e ,dhdH JG bEG eG V b e JGSG JbY Y gf ,SdG dG GWCH JQN Y dch ,dG ehG Fah cJh G``jEG

.d bGQhC dG ```g OQCG ```LG```j `````dG `````````G `````````dG `````eCG fCG S dG ``g AcT ````fOQCG C ,dG dG dG dHh ,QdG GP dG fDhTCGh "SdG G"`d GhCG BG ``d``d ,``````eh Q```b ````fOQC``d ,adGh VdG e J CG fOQCG SdG JGSGh WCG eCG dG WdG hG e OQCG j c jh

.G fdG cG d fOQCG SdG eJ dG YdG e ZdG Yh dG e qH fCG EG ,dhdG aG dG WdG g dG dG Ch ,AcT fd dG NGdG EG Jj dG dG e CG S ,eh Qb b bh Oh````Gh ````aG``````dGh ````aG````G H OQCG

.dG RdGh MRdGh LdG ,SG Y S ````fOQCG SdG Y f dd dG NGdG CdG J CG ,jb JObh QO``b OQCGh Wh Yhe QYH dG NGdG fG AfE jdhCG Yhe j jCGh dG WdG hG j fOQCG a ch OQCd fOQCG a ,OQCG WdG eCG SSCG Y hO LEH dG dG dG j dG Y dG Y dd ,d e ``gh ,dhdG M WdG G```dG I``Mh Y ``cD``j `` SM ``c``Mh dG hG IMd ec I``Zh HdG dG H e dG

.dG WdG dG ``b``Y ```M ``MG````U ````H ``````j CG OQCG ````Yh idh dGh SdG SdG gcCJh dGh OQCG d dG dG CH G feh HdGh GMCG j b g ``EGh ,OQCG ``VQCG Y a OQCG b

OQCG LGJ j jObG eRCGh eH WGG K IOYEGh G Th dGh dG G

a Y .O

dG a

dG - Y

OQCG T M 1946 Y e dG Gg e a ,Hb Y IjdG SG icP Y c e QjCG e 25`dG fOQCG cj.TdG fOQCG G SH dhdG d ,dSG

Y L fG dG eCG ,jOG T Yf Gb ,dG Y MfGh fRGG SS Hh dSG e OQCG Th dG QGSGh eCG f fL EG ,GdGh dG dGh eG LdJh eGh ObGh dGh dG Me

.G H J G OY H a ,2008 Y dW e 1^598 dGh ,SQe 5690 Rh G SQGG OY Ea ,SQ bQCG Hh

.JGP Id eh e 89512 OGYCG QJ H ,Se c 51 EG aVEH ,UN eL 17h eM eL 10 SdG eG OY H M

.dWh dW dCG 236 GH LQdGh eGdG UGh SdG eH G dG H M ,HdG h``dG a gj Oe J e M G Gg dG f OQCG N a ,dG b eCG SQ GAMEG ah ,2009 dG UNh eM e 104 gOY H dGh ,Je dG d dG ATCd Ge

.jM.VG dG Gce 1464 EG d ,Xe YJQG dG IQGRd HdG dG GOdGh cGG OY T c

dch ,2008 Y G 97^7 EG d edG dH G cG f JQG SdG bQCG J ,dG dG h Y G 99^9 EG AHd edG dH G cG fh ,G 59^9 EG Qd edG dH G cG f

.2008 FdG dG GWCG H M ,WdG ALQCG OGeG Y Gc GQJ T a ,jhdGh jfdGh FdG dG T eCG

.SQ GAMEG H ,2009 Y c 3246 f MG jh SG{ GY Ihf G S dGh HGdG icdG e eGdH zdG{ Y ,AKCG h ,fOQCG eG SdG dG PSCG HHQ RZ.Oh ,a Y.O fOQCG eG jQdG PSCG e c cQ zeOdG a ObG MdGh JdG EG aVEH ,dG MCG.O QSdG WdG d dG eCGh ,GQG L HdG FdGh

..IhdG UJ gh ,OQCG LGJ dG jdG RHCG Y jd dPh ,dG

S OQCG SG AL H QSG J Me

fdG dG G

1956 Y G jJ SG S Y REG

LdG OQCG

V H ObG fG dG QdG M VCG

OdG JT

U GQKBG cJ G gc KCGh OdG Y

WGG

eOdG MG j M SG icP S zdG{ JY Ihf

hDT5 (1245) OdG - (17) dG - ( 2010) QjCG (26) AHQCG

dGh ````fOQCG CG ch G dG ``W``dG dg ````j CG ````d``Hh ,fdG ``c``G ``e ae dhdG ````b H dG jdG ``H Oe h```Mh T Wh jg Rj jQdG a Y G dG HdG jdG e eCGJ jc fOQCG Wh jgh a

.eSEG j CG CG GQ``G L HdG FdG e hf :dG OQCG LGJ dG SdG jdG R``HCG f Ve EG IQTEG e ,LQGh NGdG jdG Y

.OdG edG jG DhdGh SG icH fEG Ma IZ :GQG hRCe OQCG VdG CG UN ,Z dG CG EG ,H dG ````LG``J ````dG ``j``````dG CG ```XCGh ,``j````````G ``a``c Y SdG CN g dGh ,HdG dG LGh cCG G

.SdG dGG T NCG dGh ,dG eG PJG O``````dG OQCG e ````j ````dG Q````eCG ````NCG ``eh ,MCG Y CJ h QGdG OJ FGO bG ea ,QGdG eG ``J``bCG ``dG jG fG fb ,````G S a dG GMCGh G G SDe e CG CGH NCj GNDe WGG Vh e j MGdG dG fb jH dW

.dhdG f Y KDj h OQCG SdGh jG eh e EG OQCG Oj QGdG PJG OdG CG dP Y ORh SS Gfc EG dG Gg VQCG Y jOLG CH Y , IQdGh ``U``G ``e ````d``Y GQ```b h``````j ,``g``Zh Hf hCG gh ,OQC```d e e ZU Y hQO``b ``gh ,YdGh cQG e LQG SdGh HdG cQe J e

.(4h 3) IG jT ab JLCGh eGh QGdG fd f LhCG fEa ,dHh QGdG PJG j CG OQCG eh IMh Y jM dh hCG jObG hCG SS fc EG ,de d Ie Y jCG

.f dG VdG Gg EG JOb ,gZ hCG jQ Hh eG EG ,WGdGh jG j ah jdG H jJ e H b fCGh jQCG e aCG fCG J MGU e OY YG dP Y ddGh ,"jJ e c b"`H J dG M ,CGdG Y dG O HdGh SdGh adG e EG jG IOdG f edG H J c UCG

.QG Gg LGJ f fCG S ,1989 Y Y c Ic K eRCG dg Ea ,eGh dhdG ie Y eCG GMGh jOY WGe CG ``jQCGh ,eGh WGG H GL ,eG b e GQe c NCG bhG QSCG aQ CH j gh ,eG j a H Me EG dG Uh dd

.IN eRCG LN ,HdG HdG HfG jhJ Y J Mh dhDe gH d ,d "Jh eJ" bh eG e SdG S c Yh ,HfG jhJ bh Y HS

.Ic e gh ,eH jL jb OQCG ````j CG ```Lh M Y ````cC````dG ``e ``H h c ,LGj JeM d ,dc j CG Y QOb Th e JQGh Ma AZ e dG eCG j dg CG

.dGh ddGh dG ,OQCG IQGOEG Y IQO```b ``Z ``e````G CG ,```dP EG ````VCGh ,bG ed WG jObG SdG ``Y gf

.Ic eRCH q fEa dd Ve eG QhO g e AJCG ,LQG iG Y eCG ,dG dG fVj G``dGR e OdGh jdG WdG dG YSH OdG CH f fh ?Qf d H Mjh e eG W HY OGh Ige bh Mh ,jeCG Y dG c jeCG FdH GM ,fjO SEG jeCG Ggh ,OQCG ``jO SEG jeCG SdG ````bEG ``HGQ e dHh ,jeCG jU KCJ i``e Y djh ,Ke ``c Y JMhW j IG jdG LJ Y hQO``b g

.d jdG WdG jJ e qH OdG LdG Gg LGe LC ,HG h SdG j fG fb QGbEGh ,dG AHCG H NGdG dG.dG e LCG e dGh ,eH dG IOS ,H

H SS d J HdG G CG iQCGh gh dP eG QhO g e dd ,h```NBG bj c e GjEc IYdG QhG H d JGSEG SGQH CGH bdG e UCG HdG IMdH j ah ,cJh Y G J dG SdG jQG ``e dh ,``gG``dG

.gMCG fL EG j CG OQCG e dG ``G ````dG jf b G J CG ``b``JCGh M b hCG dG d Ff M Va e GQdG dG ``e GD``````dGh ,``jQ````S Y "FGSEG" AG````YG hCG G```jEG V

?fOYCG ee Wh L EG LH fEG bCG ,SG icP h S ````fC ,dG hCG ````J````LCGh eG ie Y AG````S

GPEa ,e GA``L OQCG S ````dGh ,G Ic ``j`` OQCG Ea ,JJGSGh N j h IG HK j j CG G Cfh ,dG g jSG V e S

.IQG Y jh jdG g e HHQ RZ .O jH :dG

?2010 dG OQCG LGJ dG JGSEG d ,OQCG ``LG``J dG jdH j a :HHQ.O j ``d 2015 ````dG "FGSEG"`a ,FG OQG```G T ``g ``gR``HCG T CG j ,G 10 H EG Ae e jd e j QGG hO FG OQGG Y Vfd ,b c S a ,dG Fe aCG j OQCG CH dG e ,T Y fdG IOjdG e bS dGh ,jS 3 140```H QJ OdG dGh ,jdG VM e S Y dG e ZdH e d ,jS 3 e 100 GH G``YCG KK H OQCG OhS gf ,jS 3 e 500 Qj dG FG dG j d dP EG ,dP Y e e G eGdG S h ,G IQGOEG AS Y bJG bJ H FG OQCG M Y jdG ASG fL

.HY OGh AHh ``F``G OG jQe SdG G E```a ,``d``d ,OQCG OGh Y G ``jOhCG L Yh AGdG OhdG e gh SdG H G SG TJ aK f EG aVEH CG H dch ,dGh IdG Y SdG dEG f

.cJh jQc QGG hO e IL bY d J d G dG dG a dG dG eCG QH Yd EG b b fjH HV EG PEG ,"fGdG" ,jOj dhO dG EG dG e a J CG e G ,Lh Z e hOj jdG d Ce OQCG T j CGh

.GNDe FGSEG hDe H e gh ,bT EG dG MCG ah S HdG dG d OdG FGSEG dG "cfe IQeEG" e dGQH OQCG Jj CG hCG ,gjQS j H ,SY O dG dG Fd S dG d OQCG dG RG``L f HdG dG dG dG jQdG eCG ,kS bdG dG EG oj CG Qh HM "FGSEG" G``MEG N e dG QG a AZ keh ,G```jEGh jQSh IZ SM cM V G cDj ``eh ,I``````dG Y dG je ad ``G ``g dG FGSEG dG eG jM Ic MG Gg J j dHh ,dhdG jOj Y HdG hCG eMh dG dP EG VCGh ,cCG dG HdG dG a

.dhd edG fjG JQH G ObG ,jQdH Je G GSG CG :dG LG OQCG ``e G ``g ``e ,a .O ``jCG``H ebEH fdG GjdG X LQG jdG

?d dGh jdG WdG cdh "FGSEG"`d e ehO c OQCG :a.O AKCG 1919 Y a ,G Gg Y ej J dG fdG fdG cG UCG ,jCG b h jQH dG De a CG Y idG HdG hd eb dG JGce c OhM CGh ,bdG dGh OQCG f e HdG dG g

.jG S T g G a YG ,1922 GfG Uh 1917 QH Yh QU eYh CGh ,fNh YN fjdG eG CG fdG cG dG Ea FGSEG d dHh ,dG j QH Yh fdG ``c``Gh "FGSEG" J M ``bh dCe ``g ,OQCG EG FGO e QfCG dh ,jQdG a HG d OQCG SG ``c bh fjH ``g C``H Y aQ dG eCG ,gOH e jOdG IdG gOS jdG

.OQCG dG dch GfBG GY eCG "FGSEG" O``L``H G````c G````N ``LG``f f ,```M ```jCG Y d gh ,e c Vh dG J eCG jdGh jhdG jh ,"FGSEG" WCG ee g dG OQCG Y a GN

.e e Mh jQSh d ,FGSEGh OQCG ``H ````S Ige O```Lh ``e ``Z``dG ````Yh bH ````fCGh ,``````````dG ````G ``e S ````fC``H ``fO``````YGh a ,``dP Z G CG EG ,jdG WdG fb b bJG j dH ,idG G J dhdG bJGh GgG

.QGSH fOj M GN FGSEG G JGSG gdH jL dG OQCG Y CG YCGh fe ``d``ch ,FGSEG G ``e dG j jQS ``e HdG G e V e jd e ``dP hf CG G g M VCG OQCG C ,dG eh jCG jOdG SSCG eY WdG IMdG Ea dG jM fOQCG GPEG dd ,c e G H eb EG f CG j c ,AT CG b eh-SSh jQSG e HdG SDG eCG dG e cGe d J UCG H ,JL ````NG Y HM e OQCG G J c hJ ch ,dG d

.OQCG bCG M Y jGh NGdG

UG J G QhO Y GPe :dG SdG jG Y dP KCJh ,dhd jObG

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.GOc MCGh ,dG gQLCG Nh FGdG G PGSG EG Ob UdG he G EG bCGh c OY Y dG dHh ,WdG cdG Y LCG dG fh ddG e IOjR gS ,a edG e Y bhG Y YdG TCG dGREG KCJ Y gf ,G

.jRJQG S gQYH dG Gh bdG S QSCG jObG SdG dG IO``YEG eG Y ddh 1^5 EG fRGG Yh QjO Qe 11 EG fjG UhCG dG ,dG ObG bGdGh eRCG g e hd ,QjO Qe N JGSG i```NCG ````fBG G````N Y G````bEG ``N ``e

.eOdG GdG ,fEd ``e````G H a ,````fBG G````G ```eCG GQSG ``N``J fd dSCGdG dG UHh W e eG Y gj e cCG AG a ,G AHh g IO```YEG Y CG c ,``g``Zh SGh ```VGQCGh

.fEG dBG O jdhCG ahh U SCG Y fRGG jL J CG ``e````G Y ,``````JG````SG dG ````Yh LCG ``e ````a````H hCG ``````H``b ``c````T AG````S ```e ``c``e A``````fE``H

H e M cQh ,fOQCGh HY GeCG ShDhQ SG GhdG SGh GQSG ebE ,UGh dG YdG

.YU J N e ,OdG FdG WdG KM ,OdG SdG UEd dH :dG G MG UgQEGh dG Gg ee Y dG.O

?dG Gg e ae QT g SdG ````UEG e :dG.O ie ````Y ``````Wh Th ````H``Gh SdG i````dG ````b NO b OdG SdG UEG Vh CG EG ,IjY GS Gjh ,1989 Y b Y c NCG deh e

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.fjGh dGh IQe UCG ,1993 ``Y H G``j``h ,``f````dG CG c ,GQe fH MG g iSh ,d UCG W IQUh eGh fc d eGMG e fdG g Ea dHh MU jQSO fC jT da ,dG dEG Uh a jT Mh Gh eG SdG Y HbdG jdG

.fGdG eh ,fHh eH dG IOYEG e dM f fh ?dhdH dG Ga hG g ,GDdG j dG g Ga Ve Ggh ?OQCG Y Fb UCG dhdG aEG he gh

.dGh eH dG Ga X GL N OdG OLH INCG IdG OQCG ,NBG eCG hDGh ,dH Je UCG SDa ,OdG QGdGh EG VCG ,UdG ``fCG jUdG ``jh e j.SDG M Y XG H OdG AdG f fCG dP Y IQdG M e eG OH Oe OQCG EG bCGh ,N ````Vh G```gh ,```SQG```Gh d eG ``a``J bY JGSEH dG IOYEG EG eG YOCG c jQSh OQCG e c Y H dHh ,HdG G hO e jdG ``M d ``e ``HGQ Y ````JG dh ah

.jG J dBG dG IOYEG g a ,UEG eCG V Y J dG IQG fdG IQU Jh ,eG H dhdG bY j dG IOYEG EG aVEG ,dhdG SCG Y ``G G ``dhO CG ,SdG UEd ec Y S CG ````J `` QSdG Jh ``f````dG IOS

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. J dhO jeCG CG S ,jeCG GQG L HdG Fd BG jG :dG LG G J ``gQhOh WGG e M

?OQCG fdG G ,dG WGG g dhdG ee gCG e EG :GQG WGG ``g G``d``H ````fOQCG ``dh``dG ee ``gCG ``e CG ``XCGh fc EG OQCG ``LG``J ``j`` ``Y ````fBG ``cP ``e ```eCG ,````````dG j EG LH fCG cDj ,YLG hCG jObG hCG SS

.WGG Sf G Gg dM X cG G j Gf e CG SCd dh eh ,QG````dG P````JG O``````dGh eH ````WG``G K ``LG``J VhCG Y e OQCG CG iQCGh ,ce e G LGS e ,dG ````WG``G ``Y O``````HG gS U FdH G dG GZEGh FGdH WGG gc KEG ,dG ``e ``VG``b``d aj `` ````WG``G ```eCG ````````LCG

.OdG ae Y bG eG Y dch Wd ```` ```WG```G ``````j CG ````j ,``````S ``` ``Z``d``Hh VGdGh ,``j``dGh IdH ```eCG G``g ````JQ Y ````Gh Ch ,````EG ``e A``L WGa ,````EG ``e ````WhCG ``M CG dfh CNCG eG EG fh f fEa ,Y Z WdG ac Yf c ,jObG VhCG h SdG UEH WdG M Y Gj CGh ,eG WdG j C WGG

.eG a e dG WGGh

dG IhdG g HHQ RZ .O e f :dG ,OQCG LGJ dG jdGh SG Y J

?JGSG jdG RHCG Y GDdH dg c c fCH J ahe IgX LJ :HHQ.O NGdG dG dM N Wh dCe hCG jOL hCG keb k qg kHhDhO Y OG L CG SEG M gh ,G OGaCG H

.bdG j fGhdG YdG CG gOe jQdG IgX g CG c bh a ,dG fe XJ CG j dG H id H GQT f IZ Y FGSEG GhdGh GdG Y G Lh ,OGh edGh WdG qdG Z X h ,WGe ,a dG UNG e a jG CGh ,dG Y GQh EG VCG ,OQCG G dG dM OGOJ CG W c a ad jQjh eSEGh eb e dG ee Z ,dP

.e a EG LH f dd ,WdG Y d dG fGdG eCG N f GPe CSCG dd ,G M f bJCG c ,HdG dG CG jHCG HCG e EG bCGh ?J CG eG Y j Y dG C ,dG M Y dG jQH eG J dHh ,VJ dG hG Td GX fc Gh``dG I IQhdH dh QLEG dG IOYEH ed IYO g OGh edGh WdG G J gCG Y gf ,eY JH dG ge EG SCdh ,SQGGh eG eSEGh IgX EG IQTEG h ,H Afd e c e dN eGH dhDe gh ,AfG ie jOh J G EG aVEH ,jdG dGh SdGh YLG dG IhdG G CG ?e Hj eh ?e j e GUG

.BG f dG jdG OQCG G H EG IQTEG e g qH h 1948 Y OGdG H ce a ,Z gh ,OdG V QG e QTCG Ggh ,d b 800 f cG VQCG Y "FGSEG" cJ "FGSEG G jJh AfEG" Hc T FR ````dEG cDhCG c ,1967 M JH EG aVEH ,jEG dH e H ````WG``G ``H ``````dG ``g RG```HEG IQh````V Y

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dG AYCG "FGSEG" dG eCG JQU d

dG - G SdG

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HdG J J "FGSEG" CG EG dG QTCGh INCG G H J QeCG CG EG ,dG JQU J e e bdG QgJh ,SdZ jJ e YCG eh ,IZ Y FYdG Gh ,IG jdG e bdG O``Jh ,cJ

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.VQCG Y Y hH gQK JDJ d OG g CG EG J JH ````HhQhCG h``dG e CG dG ```cCGh fL EG ,"ShCG dG g S" fCG Y "FGSEG" c ,VG dG ``N KM dG dG SeHdG ```eRCG

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dG HdG dG

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ch -G a

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dG HdG dG

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.kW N EG j Rh aQ Y IQOb ,He e Fe J j c Q````M k````d``M ``eG````dG Jh GYGh OGG d kM S a ,CaG dG VM ,"jG SCG" V A``L dG dG dG ffEG

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GNG hCG e 2008 BG QG c S M.keY HQCG e fG Gg

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e SCdG AHEG Ic Ua HdG dG h G Y ddG fG e dG MG dG SBG Z OQCG Th (2006h 2005) OQCG dGh (2004) QdG jdG ``j````dGh (2008) jdG ````Gh (2007) OQCG

.(2009) QdG O``G V ``eCG JQH d a jdG ``ch VEGh UCG bdG 1-1 d