© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Charophyte algae Fungi Animals Plants 1.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Charophytealgae

Fungi

Animals

Plants

1

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30 nm

2

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FERTILIZATIONMEIOSIS

Key

Alternation of generations

Mitosis

Gametophyte(n)

Gamete fromanother plant

Wall ingrowths

Mitosis

Spore Gamete

Zygote

MitosisSporophyte(2n)

Placental transfercell (blue outline)

Multicellular, dependent embryos

EmbryoMaternal tissue

Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)

10 m2 m

2n

n

n

n

n

3

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Gametophyte

Sporophyte

SporangiumSpores

Longitudinal section ofSphagnum sporangium(LM)

4

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Sporangia

Rhizoids

25 m

2 cm

5

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Hyphae

Mycelium

60 m

Reproductivestructure

Spore-producingstructures

6

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Fungal hypha

Haustorium

Plant cell

Plant cellplasmamembrane

Plantcellwall

7

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Zygote

Spores

PLASMOGAMY

Key

KARYOGAMY

GERMINATION MEIOSISGERMINATION

Spores SEXUALREPRODUCTION

ASEXUALREPRODUCTION

Heterokaryoticstage

Spore-producingstructures

Mycelium

Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)

Heterokaryotic

8

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2.5 m

Chytrids (1,000 species)

Zygomycetes (1,000 species)

Glomeromycetes (160 species)

Ascomycetes (65,000 species)

Basidiomycetes (30,000 species)

25 m

Hyphae

9

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Origin of land plants

Origin of vascular plants

Origin of extant seedplants

ANCESTRALGREENALGA

Millions of years ago (mya)500

Angiosperms

450 400 350 300 50 0

3

2

1

Gymnosperms

Mosses

Hornworts

Lycophytes (clubmosses, spikemosses, quillworts)Monilophytes (ferns,horsetails, whisk ferns)

Liverworts

La

nd

pla

nts

Va

sc

ula

r pla

nts

Se

ed

pla

nts

Se

ed

les

sv

as

cu

lar

pla

nts

No

nv

as

cu

lar

pla

nts

(bry

op

hy

tes

)

10

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Sporophyte

Sporophyte(a sturdyplant thattakes monthsto grow)

Gametophyte

Gametophyte

Capsule

Seta

(b) Polytrichum commune, a moss

(c) Anthoceros sp., a hornwort

(a) Plagiochila deltoidea, aliverwort

11

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(a) Diphasiastrum tristachyum, alycophyte

Strobili(conelikestructuresin whichspores areproduced)

(b) Athyrium filix-femina, amonilophyte

2.5 cm 2.5 cm

12

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Sporophyte

Gametophyte

Example

PLANT GROUP

Mosses and othernonvascular plants

Ferns and otherseedless

vascular plants

Reduced, independent(photosynthetic andfree-living)

Reduced (usually microscopic), dependent onsurrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition

Seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms)

Dominant

Dominant DominantReduced, dependenton gametophyte fornutrition

Gametophyte(n)

Gametophyte(n)

Sporophyte(2n)

Sporophyte(2n)

Sporophyte (2n) Sporophyte (2n)

Gymnosperm Angiosperm

Microscopic femalegametophytes (n) insideovulate cone Microscopic female

gametophytes(n) inside these partsof flowers

Microscopicmalegametophytes(n) insidethese partsof flowersMicroscopic

malegametophytes (n)inside pollencone

13

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Pollen tube

Femalegametophyte (n)

Seed coat

Sporewall

Foodsupply(n)

Embryo (2n)

Egg nucleus(n)

Dischargedsperm nucleus(n)

Malegametophyte

Immatureovulate cone

Megaspore (n)

Integument (2n)

Spore wall

Megasporangium(2n)

Pollengrain (n)Micropyle

(a) Unfertilized ovule (b) Fertilized ovule (c) Gymnosperm seed

14

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(b) Douglas fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii)

(a) Sago palm (Cycas revoluta)

(c) Creeping juniper (Juniperushorizontalis)

15

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Sepal

Ovule

Petal

Style

Ovary

StigmaCarpel

Stamen

Filament

Anther

16

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A foliose (leaflike) lichen

Crustose(encrusting) lichens

(b) Anatomy of a lichen involving an ascomycete fungusand an alga

(a) Two common lichen growth forms

Fungal hyphae Algal cell

50

m

17

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Endophyte not present; pathogen present (E−P)

Both endophyte and pathogen present (EP)

E−P E−P EP EP

15

10

5

0

Le

af

mo

rta

lity

(%

)

Le

af

are

a d

am

ag

ed

(%

)

30

20

10

0

Results

18

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(a) Corn smut on corn

(c) Ergots on rye

(b) Tar spotfunguson mapleleaves

19

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(b) By 2009, much moreof this same tropicalforest had been cutdown.

(a) A satellite image from2000 shows clear-cutareas in Brazil (brown)surrounded by densetropical forest (green).

4 k

m

20

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Bilateral symmetry

Time since divergencefrom common ancestor

Radial symmetry

Commonancestor “Bilateral” clade

“Radial” clade

Comparenumbersof species

21