Пиросправка. ВВ. 2012

. , . 6

. , , . , , . , ,

20121

:.......................................................................................................... 4 ...........................................6 1.0 .......................................................................................... 9 2.0 . , ..................10 2.1 ( ) .......................................................................10 2.2 :............................................................................................15 2.3 .................................................................................26 2.4 ...................................................27 2.5 ........................................................................................................28 3.0 .................................................................................................30 3.1 ..............................................................32 3.2 ........................................................................................34 3.3 ...........................................................................................40 3.4 () C6H(NO2)3(OH)2 ....41 3.5 ....................................................................................43 3.6 ....................................................................................46 3.7 , (NH2)C(=NH)NHNO..................................................................50 3.8 ................................................................................................50 3.9 ...................................................................................... 52 3.10 ( )..........................................................................56 3.11 ...............................................................57 4.0 ............................................................................59 4.1 .........................................................................60 4.2 .........................................................................................................92 4.3 .................................................................................................... 126 4.4 .......................................................................138 4.5 :................................................................148 4.6 ....................................................................151 4.7 , .................................................. 155 4.8 ......................................................................................158 4.9 ...............................................................161 4.10 .........................................................................................162 4.11 ..................................................................164 4.12 .................................................................168 4.13 .....................170 5.0 .........................................................172 5.1 .............................................172 5.2 .....................................................................179 5.3 ............................................................................................ 189 5.4 (Sheet explosives)...................................................................... 190 5.5 ()................................................................................191 5.6 (Paste Extrudable Explosives, PEX)...........................................195 5.7 ()............................................................................................. 196 5.8 .....................................................................................197 5.9 .......................................................................... 199 5.10 ().....................................................................201 5.11 ...................................................................................216 5.12 ...................................................................................................... 219 5.13 ...........................................................................................220 5.14 ......................................................................................................221 6.0 . ................................................................................... 222 6.1 ( ) . . . .227 6.2 ..............................................................................................238 6.3 ...................................................................................250 7.0 ................................................................................... 251 7.1 , ...................................252 7.2 .............................................................................257 2

7.3 (Delay)....................................................................... 262 7.4 .....................................................................................266 7.5 ........................................................................ 268 7.6 ............................................................................273 7.7 .....................................................................................276 7.8 ..........................................................................................280 7.9 -.....................................................................285 7.10 ...................................................................................286 7.11 ..................................................................288 8.0 ...............................289 8.1 ...................................................................................................... 289 8.2 .............................291 8.3 ...........................................................................................................292 8.4 ...............................................................................295 8.5 ..................................................................................296 8.6 ...............................................................................................300

3

" . , , . , , . , , " -, , . 10- , . : http://book.by.ru/cgi-bin/book.cgi?book=PYROMANIYA http://www.members.lycos.co.uk/pyroforum/index.php http://www.exploders.info https://piroman.org 2000-2003 2003-2005 2005-2010 2011-2012

- piroman.org . , , , . , . -

https://exploders.us

- . imploders.info, . imploders.info, -. , . , , , , . "" , , . , , , - , . , , () , ( ) . , , , . , , . , . , , , , , . , , , , . , , , . , . , . " " 4

, . , . , , - , " ", . , . , , . , , ( , , ). , , , 90% , 10% . , , , . . , , ( , ). , , . (, , ..) . , , - . , . ( ). ( ). , , . , , , . : aka Alex, Dikobrazz-, artem-, Nightcat-, alboro HMTD. . - . 22 2012 Vandal

, : . " ". 2.2 - 2.3 - 4.2.13 - . 4.2.19 - HNIW . 5.7 - "Dragontooth" 5.12 - ""

5

. , , . ( ) , . , . , - ( , .. ), , . - , , . , , . , , . ( - ), . - , , . , , 2007. , , , . , , . , : 1. 2. 3. 4.

1. , ( ). , . , , , , . - . , . , - . , . - . , .. 100% . , . . 222 223 . , , . 2. - . - , . , . , - - . , -, , -. , . 222 . . , , , 6

, , . . 3. . , . . , . , . , , , . . 4. - . , . , , . , , , . 90% . -, - , , . , , . . , , , , .. . . , - , , . , , , . , , , . -. . , ( ) , . , , . , . . , , .. . , , . , . , , . , . . , , . 15 . , . 50 , , . . . 7

, , , , . . . , . ( ) , , . .. , , . , , 8.7 1.5 . , , , , 2 1 . . , , . , , , , , . 222 223 . , . , . , - . , , , , , , , . , - , , , , , . , . ( ) - - . . ? - . , , , - . - , .. , . - . , . , . ? , , , .

8

1.0 ( ), ( ) ( ), , . : ( ), . ( ). . , , , , . ( / . /.) , ; , . , 1500 9000/. , , , , 2- , . . , . . . . (); , .; . .. , , . , , , , . 70- High Energy Density Materials (HEDM) - (). , . , , , , , , , , , . , , . , . , , , 5- , 1 . , .

9

2.0 . , .2.1 ( ) , (, , ..) , . - . , . , , . , ( ), - . - , . , , . , , , CO2, H2O, (), , N2. : C2H4(ONO2)2 => 2CO2+2H2O+N2 , =1 , , , . 1 . , , , , . , , . 1. , , 1 . , =1 . : . ( 1.0 3.5 /, 10 /), , . , . . ( ) 4000. . . . , , , , . ( . 1). - ( .) : , ( . 2). . . ; , , . . 6000-8000 /. .

10

1. ()

2. 80/20 (80% , 20% ) 110 .

. , , . , , , , . . , , , , , - . , , , , .. . , , , , .. . , . , , .. ( 3). , , 0.01 0.1 . ( ) . 3. B . (60/40, /)

11

. . : 1. , .. , . 120-150, 25-30. 2. (, ) , . ( , .) , ( 4). (. 50/50) , . , ( >1.2 / 3) ( 5). , . ( , .), . .

4. ()

5. / ( 50/50) 3. . , 0.06 9, 0.5 28. 6. 6. / ( ). 1 - , 2 , 3 .

12

4. . , . () . 5. . . . 1 . 1.0 / 3. 0.18. 6 0.01-0.02 1.0-1.5 1.0-1.5 8-10 10-12 4 7 11 12

. 2 . . . -40 . /3 1.56 1.56 1.70 1.61 1.60 1.63 1.74 1.69 D 3.5 30 3.5 0.3 1.5 4.0 4.0 7.0

: , ( ) . . ( 8000 /) , , 2000 / . , , . , . 2 , , . . (. , .), . ; , , .. , (). , , . ; , (, - ), ( , , ..) , CO, CH4, H2 (, ). , , ( .. ). 13

, , . ( ) ; ( ) , ( 1.4 / 3). , , , . ; , . , , . . . / 1/. , , . , , . , , . 1% . - : , .. ( ), ( - ). (. ), , , . Al2O3, , CO2 CO. , (). , , 2 : , , . . . . . ( 20%) . ( , , , ..) , . . , , . , . 4 - 20% . . , , ; , , , . ( . ). (), (, ..), () .. () , , . , , - - 12-70% ( 20 25%). , . , . 2.1 3.8 /, 4.5 / . 14

2.2 : . . , , . , , , . (bulk density), ( ). , . , . , , , . , , 5 , . , . . ( ) , ( ), , . . : 1/(max) = n1/1(max) + n2/2(max) + , (max) , 1(max) , 2(max) .. n1... . . 3 . 3 1.33 1.46 2.46 2.12 1.40 1.40 1.34 (kpsi) 5 10 12 15 20 1.41 1.47 1.49 1.61 1.64 1.52 1.60 1.63 1.65 1.68 1.39 1.46 1.51 1.55 2.69 2.98 3.05 3.16 3.28 2.23 2.43 2.47 2.57 2.63 1.48 1.61 1.50 1.57 1.59 1.61 1.64 1.47 1.57 1.60 1.63 1.67 1.40 1.47 1.49 1.52 1.55 /3 1.72 1.82 1.71 4.68 3.10 1.77 1.76 1.73 1.65

. (.. ), (max) ( (TMD)), 2-3% : (max) = 1-1, 1 1 , , %. , . 1: (. 1,3- 2,2-) : (max) = 1.780 0.096.

15

2: (. 1,1-) : (max) = 1.584 0.067. 3: - / : (max) = 2.114 0.169. 4: : (max) = 2.114 0.151. 5: , / 2,2- : (max) = 2.114 0.134. 6: : (max) = 2.118 0.103. 7: - / : (max) = 2.085 0.143. 8: ( , ..) : (max) = 2.086 0.093. 9: : (max) = 2.114 0.114. 10: , ( ): (max) = 1.948 0.141. 11: , , 10, ( ): (max) = 1.954 0.130. 12: , (): (max) = 1.984 0.124. 13: , , - : (max) = 2.094 0.132. . . 3-9/. , . , . Rothstein- (2.4% 95% ), : D(max) = (F-0.26)/0.55, F = 100 ((+)/M)-G, = n(O) + n(N) + n(F) ((n(H)-n(HF))/2n(O)), = A/3 n(B/F)/1.75 n(C)/2.5 n(D)/4 n(E)/5. = 1 , = 0, G = 0.4 , G = 0 . n(O), n(N), n(F), n(H) , , , , . n(HF) , . n(B/F) , >1 (.. CO2 H2O) / . n(C) ( ). n(D) - ( C-O-R, R H, NH4 ..). n(E) , , . M . n(O) = 0 n(HF) > n(H), = 0. (, C3H5N3O9) : =0, G=0.4, n(O)=9, n(N)=3, n(H)=5, n(F)=0, n(HF) =0, n(B/F)=0.5 ( 0.5 ), n(C)=0, n(D)=0, n(E)=3, M = 227.1 /. F= 4.372, D = 7.48/. 7.60/, .. -1.6%. 16

, : D= a+b, a b , , . , 85-100% : D = D(max) 3((max) - ), (max) . .. - = 1.67/3 D = 8.29 3 (1.77-1.67)=7.99/. (8.29 / 1.77 /3 ). . . , . D() = DiVi , Di i- , Vi . . 4 . ( ) Estane 5740-X2 Kel-F 800 Sylgard 182 -4 Viton-A BNDPA/F /3 0.92 1.2 2.02 1.58 0.93 1.05 1.05 2.15 1.82 2.70 3.24 1.74 1.95 2.52 0.92 1.39 2.21 D() / 1.50 6.50 5.52 5.50 6.70 5.55 5.28 5.10 5.33 5.39 6.85 3.80 7.20 6.25 5.47 6.02 6.31 4.00

- 1.67 / 3 : D (1.67) = D(max) ( /(m)) + D(. ) (1-/(max)) D (1.67) = 8.26 (1.67/1.77) + 1.5 (1-1.67/1.77) , . P () = (D2)/(+1), . = 1 1.8 /3 ~3, P () = (D2)/4. - ( ) ( ). 298 1 . . . , . , .. 1 .

17

- , , . , . H0 = H0f ( ) - H0f ( ) : H0f (CO2) = -94.0518/ H0f (CO) = -26.4157/ H0f (H2O-) = -57.7979/ H0f (Al2O3) = -399.09/ H0f 0. H0f = +14.7/. (1 = 4.1868) : C3H6N6O6 => 3CO + 3H2O + 3N2 H0() = 3*(-26.4157) + 3*(-57.7979) + 3*(0) (+14.7) = -298.9/. -335.4/. , . ( . . 50. . ( , ). , , , . , . () (). . ( 2.5 ), . . . (20 ) 150 , ; . - , . - (. 9) ( 7). (1), 60, 40 (2). (3) 40 (4) 8 ( 8 0.5 1.0 ). (, ..) 50, (, ) - 25 ( ). (5). , . , 7-30. . (. , ), 40 , , 100. . 7. . -, 18

5. 20-30. ( ) . , . (. 9): , 0.4 - 6 3000 /. . , . . . , 0.3 , 0.3 . 5 . - .. (Plate dent test . 5). 20 . 5 . . . . 5 . . Plate dent test . /3 /c * /1 65:35 1.81 8.11 8611 5.0 / 50:50 2.915 8.09 6501 1.0-1.5 1.81 7.82 8773 4.0 1.73 7.71 8489 5.5 () 1.72 7.56 8142 3.5 /N2H5NO3 70:30 1.74 7.51 9000 5.0 / 80:20 1.75 7.39 8160 4.5 / 70:30 1.81 7.35 8319 202 / 60:40 1.735 7.04 7965 10 /. 80:20 1.80 7.03 8114 4.0 () N2H5NO3/ 65:35 1.71 6.58 9023 4.5 1.69 6.48 7573 10.75 () / 60:40 1.71 6.30 7303 25-30 1.82 5.87 7539 (1.86) 25-30 1.775 5.72 7959 (1.81) 25 / 85:15 1.57 5.72 7897 6.5 DINGU/ 60:40 1.79 5.67 7488 17.5 1.61 5.59 8522 4.5 1.60 5.51 6913 15 TAGN3/ 50:50 2.48 5.30 5086 1.0-1.5 DADPyOx4 1.66 5.24 7328 (1.80) 25-30 TAGN 1.44 5.04 8048 (1.47) 5.5 DADPy5 1.53 3.21 6800 (1.69) 25-30 1.62 7713 7.5 DNNC 1.76 8368 7.5 0.98 2.62 5516 3.5 1. - CH2ONO2(CHONO2)2CH2ONO2 t . 61, . , . 5.87 /. 1.79/3. 871/ . . . . 2. - , .. 2 . 3. - . (NH2NH) 2C=NHNH2HNO3 4. - 2,6--3,5--N- 5. - 2,6--3,5- 19

Plate dent test 35100 . . 16145 (25250 ) 6 . . , : B = V2p, V- , p . : B = VpQ Q . , , .. . ( ) , . . , . , , (10 ) (. . 8) 8, , ( 30). 200200 25 115. ( ), ( ). . . 9.

8. . () . . . . . , , , 10, , -. - , . , . , , , . . , , - , . : 1. . . . 2. (-60 ..) . 3. (-, -20) (W) (W2/2) V/V0, .. , 20

, , . . . 6 , - W / 3 / / V/V0 = 2 V/V0 = 7 V/V0 = 11 1.894 9110 1.70 1.90 1.95 PBX-94041 1.845 8782 1.61 1.83 1.90 C-42 1.601 8193 1.39 1.59 1.64 36/64 1.717 7990 1.44 1.63 1.68 1.630 6950 1.23 1.40 1.46 1.854 7675 1.32 1.47 1.51 AFX-9023 1.742 8344 1.30 1.42 1.47 X-04204 1.874 7760 1.30 1.46 1.50 1.852 8101 1.33 1.47 1.52 1.765 8277 1.58 1.78 1.84 1.136 6285 1.05 1.24 1.27 EDDN5 1.550 7550 1.29 1.44 1.47 75/25 1.804 8480 1.56 1.75 1.80 1.965 9335 1.71 1.92 2.04 6 1.421 8645 1.36 1.54 1.60 1.852 8485 1.59 1.80 1.88 1 - 94%, 3%, -() 3%. 2 91%, 2.1%, 5.3%, . 1.6%. 3 95%, Viton A 5%. 4 94%, Exon 5%, 1%. 5 . 6 79% , 21% . 1 , . . , CO + H2 => C + H2O 2CO => C + CO2, , , . , 1 ( ). , - . : 1. ( 1 = 4.2/). 2. . . 7 9 .. . (1 9 0.85 ) 9 6 7 8 -3 NH4NO3 1.0 0.85 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.85 1.45 1.0 21

3. , , 1 . , . . . 8.1 , 20 ( ). 20 4308 4437 5385 4753 5270 (psi(psi) ) 10 (psi(psi) ) 20 6.0 6.9 8.6 8.2 7.5 9.1 9.5 10.4 10.3 9.6 9.5 7.9 8.6 7.6 10.9 9.1 9.1 11.2 8.9 9.9 9.8 9.1

2695 19.6 13.5 4.4 2975 23.0 15.1 5.6 PBXN-3 2821 28.7 22.0 7.8 PBXN-1 2968 28.9 21.8 6.8 / 2670 30.9 18.0 6.4 (86/14) -3 2750 5358 31.0 22.9 7.9 PBX Type B 2778 5359 31.9 19.8 7.9 B-3 2892 5432 32.6 21.8 8.0 PBX 9010 2992 5678 32.6 19.6 8.2 Cyclotol 75/25 2923 5704 32.7 19.0 7.1 PBX Type A 2807 5430 33.2 19.6 6.3 -4 2729 5479 33.4 21.5 7.1 2862 5353 34.1 18.3 6.8 LX-04-1 3133 5696 34.2 20.5 6.7 HBX-3 3098 4496 34.4 20.4 7.3 H-6 2939 5116 37.0 24.1 7.2 Octol 75/25 3022 5790 37.4 18.1 7.1 Octol 70/30 3023 5772 37.9 21.2 6.7 PBX 9404 3102 6031 39.1 19.1 7.1 HTA-4 3311 4988 39.2 21.3 7.6 HTA-3 3211 5548 39.2 20.5 7.9 /Kel-F- 3130 6083 39.5 19.2 7.2 800 95/5 PBX Type A: -90%, 8.5%, 1.5%. PBX Type B: -89.9%, + 5.7%, 4.4%. PBXN-1: - 92.5%, Viton A - 7.5%. PBXN-3: - 86%, (nylon) 14%. . 5.0.

. 8.2 . 1.55 HBX-3 MVD* 50/50 1.66 50/50 1.55 Torpex 36/64

1.811.1-1.3 1.81 1.72 1.68 /3 1.84 6.85 6.926.6-7.2 7.465 6.50 7.6 6.472-6.7 7.9 7.01 0.85 1.16 1.05 1.05 0.97 1.23 1.07 1.10 * - Medium Velocity Dynamite , 60% . 22

4. . , .. . : (, , ), () 25%, (, ) 25%. , , . (, , . .) - . , 50% (H50). ( 10 25), (%) . , 50 , .. 50 , , 10% . . , 100% . 100% . , , , . 5-10%. , , . 50%. , , ( 15%) . , - . . 9 , . 2 III 1 . . . 2 (3) 110 I II 17.9-23.4 3 (4) 110 13.8-15 4-5 590 22 (1.6) 25 (25)3 51.5 ( -43) 20 620 22 (1.5) 55.5( -43) 20 375 45 ( -48) 25 (10-17) 500 16 (25) 62.9 (-48) 35 480 24 (1.7) 18 (25) 59 (-48) 40 340 21 (1.6) 19 (50) 54.2 (-48) 80 (100) 285 20 (1.6) 16 (50) 43-48 6 80 400 13 (1.0) 15 (50) 8 90 240 11 (1.0) 90-110 60-90 1 - , 2 . c 50% . . 2 - I - , 20 . / 3 II 1.0 / 3. III . 0.4 3000-3400 /. . 3 1.6 /3, 1.0 /3, . 23

. 10 (H50), . Picatinny Bureau of mines LLNL Type 12, LLNL Type 12B*, machine, (BAM), . 2,5, . 2,5, . 31 100 136 320 11 35 68-140 98-180 Composition B-3 14 95 40-80 69-120 Composition C-4 19 100 42 36 9 32 32 30 37 32 54 66 3 10 8 17 7 15 20 26 47 320 320 PBX-9404 33-48 35-57 PBX-9407 46 46 50/50 12 34 6 17 13-16 14-20 8 32 28 32 320 320 8 26 37 41 14 95 148 100 * - Type 12 (12 tool) , Type 12B . . 11 10 25 4545-88 -44-3 50835-95. , % , /% 4-8 600/0 700/4 24-32 450/0 . 28-32 44-52 350/0 400/8 500/36 72-80 250/0 300/8 400/40 72-80 100 150/0 200/4 300/28 100 80 , , . 0.30 30 . ( 5) , , , , (. 12). . 12 . % % % 0 0 0 Composition B-3 0 0 0 Composition C-4 0 0 20 100 0 0 0 0 0 50/50 72 20 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 13 54 10 40 0 0 24 % 100 100 80 0 100 8 0 0 23 60

, . 5 (10) . -. . , 5 (10) , . . , 0.1. , () . -. (1 5 ) , . ( 120) 22, 40 48 . . - (DTA), , . , . DTA . t . t . . . . 13 - . , 100 120 120 120 0.1 5 10 5/40 5/40 1/48 0.25/22 0.37 0.45 0.07 RNO2, HNO2 + HNO3 => 2NO2* + H2O. , .

: 1. / . .. . . 3- . 2 . . . 2002. 2. LASL EXPLOSIVE PROPERTY DATA. Editors Terry R. Gibbs, Alphonce Popolato University of California Press, Ltd. London, England 1980. 3. / ., .. , .. . . . . .. . . 1961. 4. .. ., , 1975. 5. Encyclopedia of explosives and related items./ Basil T. Fedoroff & Oliver E. Sheffield. Vol4 Piccatiny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey, USA 1969. 6. - 5- / . . .. - . 1998. 7. T. Urbanski Chemistry and Technology of Explosives Vol 3 Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1967 8. Paul W. Cooper. Explosives Engineering. Wiley-VCH. 1997. 9. Irving B. Akst. Heat of detonation, the cylinder test, and performance munitions. Proc. of 9th symposium on detonation. LLNL 1989. 10. Paul W. Cooper. Comments on TNT equivalence. Proc. of 20 th International pyrotechnics seminar. 1994. 11. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH: THE SOLDIER AND THE INDUSTRIAL BASE Chief Ed. Brigadier General Russ Zajtchuk, Chapter 9 MILITARY ENERGETIC MATERIALS: EXPLOSIVES AND PROPELLANTS. 1993. 12. Hans-Heinrich Licht. Performance and Sensitivity of Explosives. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 25, 126-132 (2000) 13. Paul W. Cooper, Stanley R. Kurowski. Introduction to the technology of explosives. Wiley-VCH. 1996. 14. . / . ... 2- . . 2000. 15. . . . . , 2010, 29, 12, . 817.

3.0 , (, , , ..). (. , , ), . - . . - , - . - , . .. . . , .. ( : - 0.29 0.36 , 0.025 0.09 . 0.5 . ) . . ( ). 30

, . , , .. . , , , . . , . -, , . .. (). . , . . - .. , , . . . , .. . - , . , . . . , 8 , 0.5 1.0 , 15-20, 5-10. , .. . 15 - 0.4 . . . . /2 0 2000 2000 2000 2000 . . /2 0 0 500 1000 2000 . - . (. ) 0.04 0.17 0.05 0.05 0.04 () 0.015 0.1 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.005 0.11 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.3 0.33 - 0.16 0.25 0.55 1.0 . 16 II . 600 600 600 600 600 600 975 914 1215 1215 80 85 70 125 65 210 235 245 >250 >250 50 55 10 70 45 140 70 150 140 >250

31

3.1 - HCNO. . . . . , - . , . Hg(CNO)2 - : ( ) , , , , . . . H2SO4, . .. HNO3. : 0.07 100 12, 0.77 100 ( 0.01% 15.5) (- - HgO). . , KCN NH3 ( ). ; . . . . . 15.5/ ( 4, , . 3.8/ 3). , , , . , , . . . - 4.42 / 3 ( 1.22-1.6 /3). : . . 16. , , 10% . 30% . .. 50, , 90-95 . ; 10% 80. . 180. 700750/2. , - 20% , - . .. - . - . : . ( ). . - , - 0.29, 0.36, 0.4. . 0.25, 0.20, 0.19, 0.17. , . : .. 2300 / . 1.25 /3, 4480 / . 3.3 /3, 5400 / . 4.17 /3, 315/. 1.79 /. +96.2 /. +225/. 110 . ( , 0.4) 17.9-23.4 ( 43-48). : - 250-300/ 2, . 3-3.5/3. - (Kunkel) 17 , , 1716 . 1800, . 1807 . - 1824, (Joyce) . 1836 32

. 1861. 1843. 1867 -, . , 20 (I . ). - , - - . (. ). - . 8 -, : 20 , - 20% (.. ), . 6, 7, 8. 8 0.5 1.0 . . 17 -. - () 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 20% KClO3, . 0.3 0.4 0.54 0.65 0.8 1.0 1.5 2.0 / . 5.5/16 5.5/22 5.5/26 6/28 6/30-32 6/35 6/40-45 6-7/50-55

- 2- . . -, , , . , () . : 1 9-12. 1.36-1.4/ 3 8-12 85-96% . , , . . , . : 1) 300 . 3000 54% (1.34 /3) , 1900 90% ; . . 200 . , . 83-90%. .. 360 . . - . -. 2) 500 4500 HNO3 (62% -1.383 /3), 50-56, 5000 . 95% , 40, 5 , 5 . . HCl. , , . 3) : 2 10 1.42/3, 20 90% . , - . 20 250 . 33

, . , . 3.4 . 0.15 . . - - . 4) . . , ( HgCl, HgCl2, HgNH2Cl), . , . , , AgCNO - : , . , . : . 200. . (Rotter test) 22 ( 30, -80). , . : 0.14 (.. 0.35). : AgCNO . : . , .. . . : . . : 1 6 66-70% 90-95, 1 . , ( 1 - 1,5 95% ) 70. , , , . .. , . : 1. .. ., , 1975. c. 11. 2. Encyclopedia of explosives and related items./ Basil T. Fedoroff & Oliver E. Sheffield. Vol 6 Piccatiny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey, USA 1974. F217-F223, F226-F230. 3. T. Urbanski Chemistry and Technology of Explosives Vol 3 Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1967- P. 135. 4. .. 2 1962 20. 5. . / . ... 2- . . 2000 . 192. 6. .. . . . 1945. 7. Tenney L. Davis. Chemistry of powders and explosives. NY. 1943 p.417. 3.2 . - HN3 (. , , .. . t . 36, . . ). . 6 , . , .

34

, , , : 1. 200: 2NaNH2 + N2O = NaN3 + NaOH + NH3 ( ) 3NaNH2 + NaNO3 = NaN3 + 3NaOH + NH3 2. , () . ( H2O2 , .) : 130 - - . ( 500) - , 500 . 30. - . . ( ). 3. ( - ), . . . -: N2H4H2O + C2H5ONO + NaOH = NaN3 + C2H5OH + 3H2O. (t . 17) . 1) : 65-70 500. . 60 85% -. 15 . 110 , . 1 . 15 . . , 50 . , 125 100 . 55-60 . 78-84%. , . . 10% - . - - (. 50-80%). (0.6-0.75 . 1 ). : 60 87 . . 0 . 222 . (0) - 228 900 . . . 60 . , 45 5 180 . . 87-93%. N-, : - . - . - . . . : - , 0. : 35

CO(NH2) 2 + 2NaOH + NaClO => N2H4H2O + NaCl + Na2CO3 - , , , 70%. 100, . - . N2H4H2SO4 ( 2.86 100 20) 4. -. - . , , LA, Pb(N3)2 - : 4- : - . , , ( ) . , , . . (. ) - - , . . , , . (0.023 100 18, 0.09 100 70), , , (146 100 ). -. CO2, . ( ), . . , .. . . 4.71 / 3 ( . 1.2 /3), . - 4.93 /3. : ; 245-250, a.. - . 330 ( .. 275). ; 30% . (3 2, 2), . . 16. ( ). . ( 2): 4-6 , 2 , 2-3 , 4-5. - , . . - ( .. , ), . . 0.5 . , . . , , . : - . - 0.025, 0.02 , - 0.09. . : - 0.09, -0.025, - 0.03. . 36

: 1.54 /. 112 /., 4630 / 3.0 /3, 5300 / 4.1 /3. 308 /. 110 . 13.8-15 ( 43-48). 15.8 3.7 /3. : - 600-700/ 2. (Curtius) 1891 . 1907 1908 . -. 1920 . 20 - 30 20 , , , . 1931. 2 -, 20 . , -, , , . , - . , , 2.5 .. . .. . . 98% Pb(N3)2 . . . : ( ) , . 0.1, , . .. . , - 0.25%. , () 10% . . , - - , , , - a- . 70--80- , - . . 0.4-0.5% - - ( GAM) , 0.1% (), - . . , . Na- ( RD1333 RD1343) ( PVA, 0.3% ). - (. 96% 98% -) ( 92%) .37

- .. , , , . 1) - : 7.5-9% - - pH = 7 (- ), , , 0.2%. 60, 1 3% - . (10%) . . . 2) : 2.33 0.058 70 1. 6.9 0.35 90 2 1-2 10% - pH 5. 2 60-65 . 10 1. 2 ( ). , . 5. 3) ( ): 14-15 100 . , 0.4-0.5 . , 5 50 . , . 4) - - ( RD1333): 1.2 Na- (10 Na- ) 145 Empilan AQ (100 ) 15 . 25, 60-70 (108 ) (315 (CH3COO)2Pb3H2O ) 14 . , . 3.3 . 96.3%. . AgN3 - : . , . . . . -. , . : 250, 300, 270300. 77.7 0.5, 12.7. . : 0.07, 0.02. : 4400 /. . 4.81 / 3, . 5.1 /3. 244 /. 115 . ( ) 44.1 ( 37.2). : , . : - - . - . : 150 - (340/) , . 150 /. 80 20% - 150 38

(130/). 800 / 75. 20 . 5 15% - 5 . 10 95 45 . 18 8 , 50, 5 15% - 2-3 . 300 . . , - : . , ( ). 3.24 /3. : t . 291 . 360. . : 0.04, 0.01. : 2.5 /. 4200 / 3.2 / 3. : . II Cu(N3)2 - - , . . . Cu(N3)2 Cu(OH)N3. 0.001, - 0.0004. 203, 174. 5000-5500 /c. . 16. , , . Cu(N3)2 . - HCS2N3 ( 4-1,2,3,4--5--). -. - . - Na- - ( ) . . : 1. .. ., , 1975. c. 164-234. 2. Encyclopedia of explosives and related items./ Basil T. Fedoroff & Oliver E. Sheffield. Vol 1 Piccatiny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey, USA 1960. 545-587, 597-601. 3. T. Urbanski Chemistry and Technology of Explosives Vol 3 Pergamon Press. Oxford . 1967- P. 169-191. 4. .. 2 1962 806, 795. 5. . / . ... 2- . . 2000 . 10-14. 6. Margaret-Jane Crawford, Thomas M. Klapotke, Peter Mayer and Martin Vogt. CS2N3 -Containing Pseudohalide Species: An Experimental and Theoretical Study. Inorg. Chem. 2004, 43, 1370-1378. 7. : US3943235, GB128014, US5208002, US2421778, SU492070.

39

3.3 . , 2,4,6--1,3,5-, - : . . , . N3 , , , , , , . . . , - N N 30, . , . . 1.73 / 3. 1.5 N3 N N3 /3. : t . 94. . 100, 205, 150. , , , . .. : , . , . . : ; . 200/ 2. 0.07 , 0.02 ( 0.1 0.03 ). : 4.78 /. 5545 / . 1.15 / 3. 7300 / . ( ) 32.2 ( 12.2, 48) 415. 145% . 600/. : 1847 (Cahors), 1907 (Finger), 1919 , , , . . : ( t . 146, ) - . . . 1) : 4 40 , 0 6 40 . . (13 100 ), 250 . . - , . , . 2) : 5.7 20 10 . . - 8 . . . 84% 80% . , . , N3OCNHNHCON3 - 20%. . , , , , - . . . . t . 151

40

. . ( 0.25 ). : 120 104 2 , . . 70%. 9 , 60 14 , - , 100 (t . 98). 14 - (1.185/). . . . , (.. ). , . -. : - 15%, 30%, 25%, 18%, - 6%, 6%. , , . 1,1--3,3,5,5, (DATA) 1,1--3,3,5,5,7,7- (DAHA) , NH2 H2N P N . N3 N . , . , N 3 P . t . 73, t 230. P N3 ( N ) N3 N P 1,1- . DAHA N3 N3 : 1. .. ., , 1975. c. 285. 2. Encyclopedia of explosives and related items./ Basil T. Fedoroff & Oliver E. Sheffield. Vol 3 Piccatiny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey, USA 1966. 590. 3. T. Urbanski Chemistry and Technology of Explosives Vol 3 Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1967- P. 191. 4. .. 2 1962 154. 5. . / . ... 2- . . 2000 . 546. 6. : GB170359, US6232479. 3.4 () C6H(NO2)3(OH)2 - . - (0.69 100 25), . . . . . . . t . 175.5, t . 223, 1.83 /3. 4,6-, H2SO4, 60, . . 7450/. 284. 43 ( 87, 160). , . , . 1) 4,6-: 44 ** 15 , , 320 98% , 30-45 40-50, 70. 20-30. 120 93% 2.5 . 45-50. 1 50. , ,

41

, . 173-175. 2) ( ): 2.2 2.26 95% 80 , 40 . -2 30 3 16 . +5, . 15 . . , 70% 15 40% 30 . - . 5 , , 95, . 25. , 2% , . 90-95% . t . 172-174. ** - C6H4(OH)2 . t . 110.8 , t . 280.8. , , . . , . . , , , , - : - - . O (0.09 100 Pb H2O NO2 20) . . . O2N , . . . , . . 25 O 30 /. 3.09 /3. 2.9/3, 3 1.0-1.6 / . NO2 : 100 ( , ), 200 , 240 . 275. , , , . , . . 16. . : . (1.5 ), - . : 1.55 /, -417.6/, -421.1/, 5200 / . 2.9 / 3. 130. ( , 0.4) 24 - 11 ( 48). 270 /, 368 /. : (Herz) 1914. 1918 , 1919 - , 1925 . 1927 . -. - -, -, , ; ( ). : ( ) () (. ) 70. 42

20 1 1.7 , 1 28.5 . 1) : 30 . 0.5-5% . 60 225 , . . , . 90% . 2) : 80 1.73 , 14.4 320 1 . 70-75 3 , 5 . 1/3 , , . 4,6- . ( 3.2 / 3), 2 . C6H2(NO2)3O2PbPb(OH)2, 100-130. - (. 3.878 / 3) (. 4.059 / 3) , . , . : 1. .. ., , 1975. c. 297-352. 2. Encyclopedia of explosives and related items./ Basil T. Fedoroff & Oliver E. Sheffield. Vol 5 Piccatiny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey, USA 1972. D1276-D1288. 3. T. Urbanski Chemistry and Technology of Explosives Vol 3 Pergamon Press. Oxford . 1967- P. 213-221. 4. .. 2 1962 369,379. 5. . / . ... 2- . . 2000 . 519. 6. : GB162578, US2301912, US1999728. 3.5 , 5-(4--1-). - : . NH N N 0.45 / 3. N NNHNH C (0.02 100 22) N . N NH2 H2O - 0.77% 90% H 30. . . 0.78 /. , . . . 1.635 / 3. : 140. 60 , . 43

75 . , , , , . , . . . 16. : 200/2. : +270.2 /, +240.2/. 2.3 /. 400 - 450 /. 155 . ( 0.4) 28, 48. 5300 /. : (Hoffman) 1910, 1931, 1955. 1940, 2 . . ( - 15%, 5%) - ( 2-3% , ). , . ( ). : - NH2NHC(=NH)NH2 NaNO2 : 1) : 50 - 4 , 50, 1-2 40 - 5 . - - . 30 , , , . 2.6-2.7 . 2) : 34 2.5 15.7 . - 30. 27.6 . 3-4 . 20. . . 3) : 5 30 , 0, 2.5 15 . 10, 0.5 . , . : [N4CN2CN4]PbPbO5H2O . - . . t . . 194-196. . . . . . ( ) - : N N . -. . Hg 20% - . . N NO2 : N 2 t . 268, 215. , . . . : 4 : 0.006 ( 0.02). : 2.59 /. 44

: . : 5- . . 5- : 340 35 - 1.4/ 3 3 , 70 ( 30-60) 418 2 . . - ( ), . 5- : 1) 55 () 87 500 5. 1.5 51.5 5 , 2 ( ) 53 70% , 1000 . , - 13-15. -. 15, 16 70% 100 . 15 , 69 70% 30 30 . , . Cu(N4CNO2)2HN4CNO24H2O 74%. - . , . 2) ( ): 30.8 ( 25 0.36) 160 60-70 10.3 (0.1) 5- 160 1.5% , 50. 5-7 0.6 . 80 2 . ( 200). , , 600 . 80%. 5- : 84 130 1 50. - 1.19/3. 4-5 , . 97%. ( ). - - . 65 , : , 10 , 7.75 , 11.0 100 . , , . . , 24 . , , 15 . . , 50 . . 14.5. . , ( 2 ). - , . . 5- : 34 (0.25 ) 217 15%- (0.561 , 36 70% + 185 ). , 17.2 35 (0.25 ), 45

. , , , 2025. . , . 10-15 . 20 , 29 . , 4 . . 5- 30% pH=4, . 5 - . , 5- 5- ( ), . 10. ( ), . 70%. 2--5-. (10:3) . t . 86. . . 1.64 / 3. 4.6 ( 2.33/ 3 - 0.65. 1.88 /3 11.2 ). 2--5-: 18 5- , 400 , 160 20 3.5. 2 6 . 400 . 100 2% . 2- 25 , , . 200 60 . 0. . 4.8. : 1. .. ., , 1975. c. 377-405. 2. Encyclopedia of explosives and related items./ Basil T. Fedoroff & Oliver E. Sheffield. Vol 6,9 Piccatiny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey, USA 1974, 1980. G169-G172, T133-T139. 3. T. Urbanski Chemistry and Technology of Explosives Vol 3 Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1967- P. 206. 4. .. 2 1962 134, 21. 5. . / . ... 2- . . 2000 . 535. 6. M.B. Talawar, J.S. Chhabra, A.P. Agrawal, S.N. Asthana, K.U.B. Rao, Haridwar Singh. Synthesis, characterization, thermolysis and performance evaluation of mercuric-5-nitrotetrazole (MNT) Journal of Hazardous Materials A113 (2004) 2733. 7. US5424449, US5594146, WO9518796, US4093623, US2066954. 3.6 . - . . 5- (III) 70 20, (DDT).

46

--(5--2--N2) III , BNCP - : - , N N . Co(NH3)4 N ClO4 . 2.05 / 3. 3 NO2 0.3-0.6 / . N 2 : 269, ~200. 1 70 ( ). . . , . . . 2.5 H50 = 17 ( 9 ) , 12, 24 4 . 0.54 (BAM), 5.86. : , BNCP .. . , . - 0.05. 10-11. , CP (. ). : 3.32 /. 7117 / . 1.79 /3. 8100 / . 1.97 / 3. : , 1986. , , ( ), . . . : 80-90 III 5- 2-4 . . BNCP: 1 III ( 20 13.3/) 10 10% - . - 34 4.4% - ( , BNCP ). 4 15. 2 . 1% . 0.92. III II: 65 100-150 100 500 250 . . 2-3 ( ). - 300 , - . . - , . -(5--N2) III , CP - : - . 1.96 /3. . 47

N Co(NH3)5 N N

N CN (ClO4)2

: t . 288, 320. 171 100. 2.5 H50 = 20.9 ( 24) 19 ( -12). : ~7.5. 2.08 1.4 /3 4.5. : 6371 1.72/3, 7180 / . 1.75 /3. 3.5/. : - 1979, - () , BNCP.-(5--N2) III , NCP - : N N . 2.03 /3. Co(NH3)5 N (ClO4)2 : NO2 N 6 200. T . (5) 257. : 6.25 1.60 -1.63 / 3 4.5. - 0.15. : 6650 / . 1.61 /3. : - . : BNCP, III Co[(NH3)5H2O](ClO4)2 5- II. N N - : , HgN NHNH2 (ClO4)2 . , . 3 N 3.45 / . H : T . (5) 186. - . : - 0.015. : 6 / . 3.4 /3. : . : 5 ( 5,5- ) 5-70% . (GTG) [Cd(NH2NHCONHNH2)3](ClO4)2 - : . : t . 350. -44-1 - 25 ( 35). 48

: 4 1.6 /3 2.7. : 4400 / 1.95 / 3. 3.9/. 730/. : . . (NH4)2[Fe(NT)4(H2O)2] (NT - ) - : . 2.18 /3. : 2.8 (-5.8, 0.01, -0.04) 25 ( - 14, 9.6, - 14). 12 type 12 2.5. : 7140 / 1.71 /3. : . : 2 . , NHN, Ni(N2H4)3(NO3)2. - : . . . . , , . 2.129 /3. : t . 167. , . . 18 : Ni(N2H4)3(NO3)2 . , . 0.003-0.007 0.0009 0.006 0.012 0.02 , %. 25 -, 588 , 80. 100 70 70 25 12 , ., 400 , 100% . 24 36 6.0 40 26 , ., 400 , 100% . 10.5 11.5 3.5 17.5 21

: 25-60.. 150 ( 30, 15). : 7000 / 1.7 / 3. 1014/. 529/. : . : 50 8% - 50 . 65. 30. 50 8% - 7 -. 10 65, , . 11-11.5. : 1. M.B. Talawar, A.P. Agrawal, S.N. Asthana. Energetic co-ordination compounds: synthesis, characterization and thermolysis studies on bis-(5-nitro-2H-tetrazolato-N2)tetraammine cobalt(III)49

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

perchlorate (BNCP) and its new transition metal (Ni/Cu/Zn) perchlorate analogues. Journal of hazardous materials. A120 (2005) 2535. . . , . . . . . XLV (2001). 1. 72. .., .. . . . . XLI (1997). 4. 3. .., .. , .. . . . XLI (1997). 4. 81. M.B. Talawar, A.P. Agrawal, J.S. Chhabra, S.N. Asthana. Studies on lead-free initiators: synthesis, characterization and performance evaluation of transition metal complexes of carbohydrazide. Journal of Hazardous Materials A113 (2004) 5765. Z. Shunguan, W. Youchen, Z. Wenyl, M. Jingyan. Evaluation of a new primary explosive: Nickel hydrazine nitrate (NHN) complex. Propelants Explosives Pyrotechnics 22 317-320 (1997). .., . . , . . . --(5-N5)(III) . . , 2002. 21, 8, . 54-57. T.J. Hafenrichter, W.W. Tarbell . Exploding Bridgewire Initiation Characteristics of Several High Explosives . Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Pyrotechnics Seminar. July 11-16, 2004. : RU2261851, RU2104466, RU2225840, US2006/0030715 3.7 , (NH2)C(=NH)NHNO

- : - . , - . (0.154/100 20, 1.31/100 73). (0.14% 100, ). , . . H2SO4. 1.51 /3. , . : t . 161 . t . 170. ( . ), , , . : 6000 /. 99/. 60% . : 1934 50 20. : - 50%. - . . : 21 , 11 , 18 250 . 2 20-25. 0 . 250 65. - 0 . 40. 8.0-9.2 (45-52% ) : 1. Encyclopedia of explosives and related items./ Basil T. Fedoroff & Oliver E. Sheffield. Vol 6 Piccatiny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey, USA 1974. G164-165. 2. T. Urbanski Chemistry and Technology of Explosives Vol 3 Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1967- P. 210 3. .. 2 1962. 46. 4. US21461883.8 . , . , , 2,4.

50

, 4,6--2--1-, , , DINOL, DDNP, 4,6--2. - : - ( - O N -). (6.0 100 25), . 0.08% 25, O N N 2 0.84 100 25, 2.43 100 50. . -, . . . , . . NO2 , . 2.15/ ( , 4 , . 1.45 / 3). . 1.71 / 3. 0.3-0.9 /3. . . ( ) . : t . 157 t . 177. , - . - . -. 0.5 (5 ) 22.5, 15, 17.5, 20. . . 18. . : 0.163 0.075 ( 0.21 0.165, 0.16 0.03 ). . 9136/ 3. : +236.4 /. +220.8/. 3.44 /, 4400 / 0.9 /3, 6600 / 1.5 /3, 6900 / 1.6 /3. 876 /, 326 . 95-97% ( ). : . (Griess) 1858 , 1933 . , , , ( ), . : 2--4,6-*. : 30 . 7.5 , 7.5 . . . . - (90 + 1.5 9 -) ( Na). : 180 , . - . -. 7.5 . - - (5.4 240 ). 10 . - . -: 9 150 150 35% . 45-50 600 1.5 . 1910 3 6 . 65. 10% - . 1 8 , 320 , 2 , 2 6 5.5% 51

, 20. . 84%. - , . , 35-40. * - . . , t . 169 - 171, t . 205 - 210, - ( , NaOH c ) . H2SO4. . 2,4- - : , . 1.65 /3. : 230, . N N ClO4 . . . 1 (50% NO2 ) 18. : . , , ( ) 0.03, 0.014, 0.007 0.006. : NO2 - . : 2,4- - -. : 1. .. ., , 1975. c. 363 2. Encyclopedia of explosives and related items./ Basil T. Fedoroff & Oliver E. Sheffield. Vol 2,5 Piccatiny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey, USA 1962, 1972. B59, D1160-D1163. 3. T. Urbanski Chemistry and Technology of Explosives Vol 3 Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1967- P. 201 4. .. 2 1962 318. 5. . / . ... 2- . . 2000 . 212 6. RU2080320 3.9 , , , TATP, 3,3,6,6,9,9--1,2,4,5,7,8-. - : ( ) H3C CH3 ( ), . . C , O O . , O O . 96% 94 H3C C C CH3 . 20 2.0. O O 25 7.85 ( 17.9). . H3C CH3 H2SO4 , . . , , . , , . , . . ( ) . . (9.15% 17), (18% 17), (5.5% 17), (42.47% 17), - HNO3, ( ). , . , 40 52

. 1.272 / 3. 1.22 /3 ( 2000 /2) 0.95 /. : t . 97 ( t . 132-133); . 2-3 . t . 90 , . 150. t . 200, . . ( 0.5 ): 35 ( 40 , 10.5 , 10). BAM 0.3-0.75 ( 0.1-0.2). . (50%): 15 ( 51, 12). . 15% , . : , . . . ( ) 0.18 0.09 . : (34.1 30.1 . 0.4 , 48). : ( . 0.8 200/ 2) 50.5%, 46.2%. : 29%, 33%, 42.5%. 0,98 / 3 - 3750 / 15, 5290/ 1,2 / 3 6.3. 250. 2.803 /. 21% , 53% 26% 4800/ 1.19 /3. : . (K Wolfenstein) 1895 () (A. Baeyer) . 1899 (). (Milas N.A.) . 1959. - (.. ). -, . - , . : (.. ) - . H2SO4 . 10-50% H2O2 , , . . , , . - : 1.5. , , . . . : 50 . 10 . 25 . . . . . 100 21 , 33 75 . : 25 30% , 20 96% 50 , 20 20 , 15. . . 10. : 1 1.2 10-50% , . . 53

. . ( 30-50% ). , . . . (-C(CH3)2-O-O-)4 t . 93-94. (20) 30% (20 ) - (2 ) 24 . 41.2%. , . . , . . : 1. .. ., , 1975. c. 411 2. Encyclopedia of explosives and related items./ Basil T. Fedoroff & Oliver E. Sheffield. Vol 1 Piccatiny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey, USA 1960. A41-A45. 3. T. Urbanski Chemistry and Technology of Explosives Vol 3 Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1967- P. 225 4. .. 2 1962 467,468,632. 5. . / . ... 2- . . 2000 . 350 6. Robert Matyas Chemical decomposition of triacetone triperoxide and hexamethylenetriperoxidediamine Proc. of 6 th seminar New trends in research of energetic materials Pardubice. 2003. 7. Robert Matyas INFLUENCE OF OIL ON SENSITIVITY AND THERMAL STABILITY OF TRIACETONE TRIPEROXIDE AND HEXAMETHYLENETRIPEROXIDE DIAMINE Proc. of 8th seminar New trends in research of energetic materials Pardubice. 2005. 8. Heng Jiang, Gang Chu, Hong Gong and Qingdong Qiao. Tin Chloride Catalysed Oxidation of Acetone with Hydrogen Peroxide to Tetrameric Acetone Peroxide. J. Chem. Research (S), 1999, 288-289 9. Robert Matyas, Jiri Pachman, How-Ghee Ang. Study of TATP: Spontaneous transformation of TATP to DADP. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 33, No. 2. p. 89-91 (2008) 10. Robert Matyas etc. Detonation Performance of TATP/AN-Based Explosives. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 33, No. 4. p. 296 (2008). 11. Robert Matyas, Jiri Pachman. Study of TATP: Influence of Reaction Conditions on Product Composition. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 35, No. 1. p. 31-37 (2010). , , 3,4,8,9,12,13--1,6[4,4,4]. - : CH2 O O CH2 . 20 - 0.01% ( 75 48 2.25%), - 0.33%, - 0.01%, 0.64%. (0.5% 24 60), N CH2 O O CH2 N . H2C O O CH2 . H2SO4. . . . 4 . . 60 . 100 24. , , . . 1.57 / 3. 0.66 /3. : t . 149 ( 3 .) 3-4 2 ( ), . 54

BAM 0.6-1.5 ( 0.1-0.2). . (50%): 12 ( 51). . 15% , . . . 16. . . : . . , , - 0.1 , 0.05 (.. 0.26 - 0.21 ). : -384.3/, -413.7/. 3.29 /, 340 . ( , 0.5) 42.5, 16.5, 44.2. 1097 /. 5.5 0,88 /3 - 4510 /, 1,1 /3 5100/. : (Baeyer and Villiger) 1900 , . (1912,1917) - , - . . : 20 - 50% , 20 ( ). ( 100%) 30% . , . - . , , . 1) : 56 () 160 30% 84 . , 30. . ( ). 17 , , . 66-71%. 2) : 24 30% ( 14 50%) 10 . 14 50% . 4 , 10 5 10 5 . . 12-24 . , . (CH2)6N4 + 3H2O2 + 2HNO3 => N(CH2OOCH2) 3N + 2NH4NO3 3) - , . 50 500 3% . 55, 5.3 37% - . 24 , . , , () OC(NHCH2OOCH2NH)2CO. , , . , . . 55

, , , 50-70% . : 1. .. ., , 1975. c. 406. 2. Encyclopedia of explosives and related items./ Basil T. Fedoroff & Oliver E. Sheffield. Vol 5,7 Piccatiny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey, USA 1972, 1975. D1375, H83-H84. 3. T. Urbanski Chemistry and Technology of Explosives Vol 3 Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1967- P. 225. 4. .. 2 1962 470. 5. Robert Matyas Chemical decomposition of triacetone triperoxide and th hexamethylenetriperoxidediamine Proc. of 6 seminar New trends in research of energetic materials Pardubice. 2003. 6. GB339024. 3.10 ( ). , Ag2C2AgNO3 - : , . . : t . 210. Ag2C2 . : . 0.02 , Ag2C2 . 0.05. : 1.89 /. C 2710 / 2.92 /3, 4450 / 5.36 3 / . 136 . : - . : Ag2C2AgNO3: - 50 200 30 (. 1.4 /3) 80-90 . 30% . Ag2C2. . , . . t . 120140. 1.23 /. - . : 5 80 20 20% , . I, CuC=-CCu CuC=-CH ( ) , . . CuC=-CCuH2O. . . , , , . . . . 120. .. (. ). . . . I . : 1) ( 20 .) II . , . ( ). - , . , ( ) . (Cu(NH3)2OH + C2H2 = CuC=-CCu + 2H2O). . 2) CuC=-CCu I*. 56

*- I II (, ..). II 150-200. I , .. II. : 1. .. ., , 1975. c. 422. 2. Encyclopedia of explosives and related items./ Basil T. Fedoroff & Oliver E. Sheffield. Vol 1 Piccatiny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey, USA 1960. A74-A76, A79-A82. 3. T. Urbanski Chemistry and Technology of Explosives Vol 3 Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1967- P. 227-229. 4. .. 2 1962 74, 76. 5. . / . ... 2- . . 2000 . 38. 3.11 4,6--7--7-, KDNBF C6H3N4O7K - : - - , NO2 (0.245 100 30). 30 90% 0.27%. . 2.21 K N /3. : O t 207-210. 190. N 100: 1 6 O N 2 O 20 ( - 20, - 12). H OH . : KDNBF , 0.1 0.3 . : 44.8 (93% ) 27.3-59%, 40%, 94-105%. 604 /. 3.04 /. : 1898 (Drost). 2 . . ( KNO3) (. . ) , . : 1) *: 25 7 300-400 . 1 80-90 . 90-100 3 . , - - . - - ( ). KDNBF , . 2) -: 1 - 3.5 - (15 100 ), . . 95%, 97% (1 6 ). 1.2 90% 2.8 97% . 0-5, 40. . . 57

7--4,6--4,7-. C6H4N5O7K - : - . . . . . 1.92 /3. . : t . 165 . ( ). t 152. (11 . 2.5 . 50%), , . . . .. : . : . : 2 . 4,6- - 0.614 100 50. 20 , - 40. 59 0.3M . 30, , 20 . 96%. *- - 2,4,6-, - : . ., . Cl (0.018 100 15, 0.346 100 100), (212 100 17, 546.4 O N NO2 2 100 50). . 1.76 /3. . - . : t . 85. : NO2 7200/ 1.74 /3. 300. : 1 . ( ). . : 1) : 1600 30% , . 710 , 60, 30 160 50. 125 4 . , 1 . 1 20. 500 . , . : - 200 , 600 . . 2) : 1. , 10 2,4 60 20% , 80 40 20% 30 . . 150, 12 . , 60% . 60. 2. 100 750 100% 125 93% . 130 12 . 85%. 3. ( ) . 58

2,4- (t . 53.4): 1. 45% , 50% 5% (40-50). 30% . 50 (1.5 . 1 ). 100-110 . , . . 2. 1. . (. 1.52) 100% - (1:1) 5. 5-10 , 50 , 2.5 . . 115 . .. - : NH2 - , . , , NO2 (212 100 17), , , O2N - . . : t . 188-189 . t . 350. : 4.14 /. 1.762 /3. NO2 7300 / . 1.72 / 3. 296 . 724 /. : , - . : , ( . KNO3 H2SO4). : 1. Encyclopedia of explosives and related items./ Basil T. Fedoroff & Oliver E. Sheffield. Vol 2 Piccatiny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey, USA 1962. B68. 2. .. . . . 1969 . 96-97. 3. R.J. Spear and W.P. Norris. Structure and Properties of the potassium hydroxide-dinitrobenzofuroxan adduct (KDNBF) and related explosive salts. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 19, 232-239 (1994). 4. : US4529801, GB16692, GB190844

4.0 , . . . - . () , -, . (, , ), (, ), . . , - ( ), ..

59

4.1 . , -NO2, . , , . () () , . 4.1.1 1,3-, m-, . - : (0.052 NO2 100 20, 0.317 100 100), 96% (2.37 100 15, 11.49 100 50), , , , . , . . , , NO2 . . 20 -, .. . , . 1.567 / 3. 1.48-1.5 /3. , . 82% , 7% , 9% - t . 80.5 47.5% , 52.5% - t . 65.5. : (), : t . 91, t . 302. . 1.5 , 1.44 / 3 3. : 13% . -21.1/. -38.7/. 3.43 /, 6100 / (). 670 /. 10 ( 12-13), 3.4 ( 4.2) . 2.1 ( 3.6). 32 ( 43). 260 . 90% : 1834 1841 (Deville). 1 . , . 2 . . . ( -1 ~30%) . , - . . , , ( ). : - . 0-5 3-5%, ~125 14%. . 1) : 15 20 . ( ). , 10 . C6H6 . 5 . ( 70%). () (10 . 35 ). 15 . 4- . , . ( 70%). 1,3- . , , -.

60

2) - : 20 . 60% , 32% 8% 5-7% . 40-50 20-30 . 60 . , . (. 1.2 /3) 98% (1:1) 40 28% , 68% , 4% . , - 10-20% . , 80. 95, . 1. : 1. T. Urbanski Chemistry and Technology of Explosives Vol 1 Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1964- P. 233-248 2. Encyclopedia of explosives and related items./ Basil T. Fedoroff & Oliver E. Sheffield. Vol 2 Piccatiny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey, USA 1962. B47. 3. Rudolf Meyer Explosives, Fifth Edition. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH. (Electronic) 2002 p212 4. .. 2 1962 404. 5. . / . ... 2- . . 2000 . 218 6. .. . . . 1969 . 86 4.1.2 1,3,5-, - : O2N NO2 (0.03% 15, 0.5% 100), (59.1 100 17. 160.7 100 50), , , , (6.18 100 17, 25.7 100 50), . , . . Na2SO3 - , . - NO2 t . . . 1.688 / 3. 1.65 /3. . : t . . 122, t . 315, : 2% 6. 280 ( ). t . 550 (5 ). . 71 2 ( = 98, -64). h=25 10 24% ( 4-8%, 25%, -80%) 100 2.5 50% ( 160, 87). 1.65 / 3 2, 3. : 4.45 / ( . 4.62 /, 850/ 0.74/ 3, 1100/ 1.66/3), 9 /, . -32.1/. -48.8/. 7350 / . 1.66 / 3 ( 20 ). 711 /. 330 . 105-117% . 111% , 4.1 ( 3.6). 110% . 79.4% ( ). : (Hepp) 1882 . 1 . . 2 . - . (. . ), ( ). , .

61

: - ( + ) 40 . . * (, , , ..) . : C6H2(NO2)3Cl + Cu + H2O C6H3(NO2)3 + CuCl + CuO. ( ) . , . : 1. C6H2(NO2)3C2H4OH . 2. 220-240 90-100 ( ). 2 . () , 95%, . 75%. 1) : 3600 . 360 . (540). 40 , . , 45-55. 1 2 . 2 45-55. , 4 . . 320-340. 2 35. - 15% - , - . . 5 , . . 70 . . , , . . . . 145-155 (43-46%). 2) - : 100 100 95% , 32 2 . 68%. 3) : 3 30 1 . - . . 4) : 100% 60% (3:5) 110-120 6 . 65-70%. : 1. T. Urbanski Chemistry and Technology of Explosives Vol 1 Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1964- P. 248-256. 2. Encyclopedia of explosives and related items./ Basil T. Fedoroff & Oliver E. Sheffield. Vol 2,9 Piccatiny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey, USA 1962,1980. B48-B50, T375-T379. 3. Rudolf Meyer Explosives, Fifth Edition. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH. (Electronic) 2002 p351. 4. .. 2 1962 351. 5. . / . ... 2- . . 2000 . 548. .. . 6. . . 1969 . 87.4.1.3 . - : - ( ) , , , . 62

. , , . . - C6(OH)3(NO2)3 (). (). , . 2.01 / 3. : NO2 t . 246 - 265 ( ), 200 . . 11 2 O2N NO2 ( = 98, -64, 26). 12 ( 12, -24, 160). : . 6.99 O2N NO2 /. 9450 / . 1.9 / 3. . 40.6 . NO2 105.5% ( ). : . -. , . , CL-20 , , . : , 2- ; (. ) NHOH, . HNO3 C6(NHOH)3(NO2)3 HNO3 CrO3 . . . . 1) 3,5- ( 3,5-): 106.1 3,5- 400 23-24% . 480 . 37 . 25. 4 , . 9 . 3,5- , . 80.5 (87.9%). (3,5- ) 18.3 3,5- 550 99.5% , 35. 50 90% 100 100% 30. 70 2.5 , * 6.5. 25, 1 . , . 400 . -15. 5 . 13.46 (42.3%) . 1 50 20% ( 100% ). 5, 5 98% , 30. 24 25-30 ( 5-6). , 100% , . 10 25, 0 . . - - 0.63 (58%) . 240-265. 0.14 . 195-245 2) 2,4,6 4--2,6- HNO3/H2SO4. , . 25 50 p-, 1 . - . 25-30 63

40. 30 200 . 4--2,6- 60-70%. 4--2,6- 3 - - . 4--2,6- - 20.7 (96%). 1 4--2,6- 40 96% 3 90% . 40. 70 1 , . , . 62.4% . * - , .. , . : 1. T. Urbanski Chemistry and Technology of Explosives Vol 1 Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1964.P. 259. 2. .. 2 1962 313. 3. . / . ... 2- . . 2000 . 126. 4. : US4248798, US4262148. 4.1.4 2,4,6- , , , . - : , . CH3 1.2. - - 76-77.5, O N NO2 2 . , 80.2. (0.015 100 25, 0.15 100 100). ( 20 109 /100 , 50 346 /100 ), , , , , HNO3, - 95% (1.23 100 20, 19.5 NO2 100 75), . H2SO4. , . 1.5/ 3, 0.5/3. . 1.663 / 3, 1.467 /3 82 ( 1.54 1.6 / 3). , . t . 50 - 60, . , . . : 50 . t . 80.9. t . 160, t . 250. t . 290, 215. , , , . . . . . : 0.36 0.09 . , 8, . . 19 . . /3 1.62 1.0 . . 16 9 3 0.3 0.05 0.1

h=25 10 4 - 8% ( () -24-32%, - 50-60%, - 70-80%, - 80%, - 100%). 12 tool 2.5 (50%) 148 29.5 ( - 4.5, 11.5, 10). 64

: -17.8 /, -70.6/. 4.19 / (860/ 1.0/3, 1030/ 1.6/3 ). 6950-7000 / 1.64 /3. ( 1.60 /3 19, 6800 /. 3000). 16 50 1.0/ 3 ( -18, 25), 3.6 ( -4.8, 4.6, -4.2, 4.1, 2.1, -3.0, 50/50 -2.5, 62% -3.9), 48 ( 59, 23). 730 /. 76% (. 1.569 /3, ). 285 ( 490). 5-10% . , t . : 1863 (Wilbrand), 1891 . 1902 , 1 , , , . 1918. 1909 , 1936. 1 . , . , , , . (. ), , , , , .., , , . , . , , ( . ). 2 .. , 94% , 4% 2% . - ( . ) , . , - . , , 10% . 90- . . , , , . . : C6H5CH3 , - - . , , Na2SO3 (1:3) . ( ). . - - 70 45% - 800 1000 . (.. ), , . , . , , , . 60 65

. , . (, ) . , - , . 1) 3 : 20 . 65% , 10% , 25% 57% ( ). . 40-45, 30. 30 50, . . 95-97%. , 75% , 10% , 15% . 15-20% . , 30 , 75. 45. .. , . 95, 30, 5- . , . 93-95% . , 83% , 17% . 100% . 80 , . 110 . , 80 100 . . . - 90-92 10 . . 87-90% . , , .. , , . , . : - 5% ( , , .), . : : 3-5 95% 5% . . ( . ) . , - . 63% : 1 3 63% , 65-70 . 23-30. , 2 63% . Na2SO3: ( ) 1:2 , 78-79 10% - (0.1 ) 5-7. 15 78-79. , 3- 79-80, 80-85 85-90. . 85% . 2) 70% : 3820 70% 2 8404 98% . 1910 66

. 10-15, 920 4 . 2 . 70 2 . 80 2 , 5 . , 2 . 1.6 70% . 2 , , 2 . 3) : 920 , 2700 99% 3000 , , , . 80 ( 85). 3 . 3000 2 . , 20% . , , , 2 . . 2). . : 1. T. Urbanski Chemistry and Technology of Explosives Vol 1 Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1964- P. 265-393. 2. Encyclopedia of explosives and related items./ Basil T. Fedoroff & Oliver E. Sheffield. Vol 9 Piccatiny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey, USA 1980. T235-T298. 3. Rudolf Meyer Explosives, Fifth Edition. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH. (Electronic) 2002 p339. 4. Dobratz B.M. LLNL Explosives Handbook Properties of Chemical Explosives and Explosive Simulants LLNL University of California, Livermore, California (UCRL 52997, 1985). 5. Jared B. Ledgard. The Preparatory manual of explosives. Washington. Second Edition p180-185. 6. .. 2 1962 506. 7. . / . ... 2- . . 2000 . 552. 8. .. . . . 1969 . 75. 9. , , . . , -, 2001. 4.1.5 2,4,6- , , , TNX - : CH3 , , , , (0.5 100 , 20.5 100 O N NO2 2 ), , HNO3 .. , - , . CH3 . 1.604 /3. : ( ). NO2 , . , . 0.62, 0.38. 100 150-170 . t . . 182, t . 330. : -82.1/, -101.7/. 4.06 /, . 3.66 /., 6600 / . 1.51 / 3, 10-12 ( 12.5) 40.3 ( - 48, 59). 270 . 700/. : 1860 (Bussenlus, Eisenstuck), 1867. 1 2 . , /, , . 67

, . 5% , 1.54-1.56 /3 74, 2 . . , . : - C6H4(CH3)2 ( ). 1 . . 1 . .. , . . - . 1) : 79% , 18% 3% . 45% ( ). 35 -. 1 105. - . t . 163-165 2 . 75%. 2) 2 : 20 . - 65% , 20% 15% 10-15%. 25 1.5 , 40. 95 1 . 50 , (T . . 32). 85%. , , 60 1 (85% , 15% . 80-90% ). , 70. 110, , 120 1.5 . . , , 10, , , 2-3 (85) . : 1 , 1 3 . . 20-30 . . . , . 80%. : 1. T. Urbanski Chemistry and Technology of Explosives Vol 1 Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1964- P. 404-413 2. Encyclopedia of explosives and related items./ Basil T. Fedoroff & Oliver E. Sheffield. Vol 5 Piccatiny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey, USA 1972. D1324-D1325. 3. Rudolf Meyer Explosives, Fifth Edition. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH. (Electronic) 2002 p359 4. .. 2 1962 567. 5. . / . ... 2- . . 2000 . 550 4.1.6 2,4,6-, , , - : ( 15 0.02 /100 , 50 0.137 /100 ), 96% (2.31 100 15, 17.8 100 50), (5.24 100 15, 27.65 100 50), , , , .. . . . ( ). ., 68

OCH3 O2N NO2

NO2

. . , . 1.708 /3. 1.4 /3. : t . . 68, . t . . 165 . t . . 285. - 192, ( 160, 87). : -131/, -150.6 /, 3.66/. 7640 / 1.6 / 3, 740, . 675 /. 295-315 . 106-108% . ( ). 3.6, - 3.6, 4.1, -4.2. 43 ( -43). : 1849 (Cahours) . 1 2 , , , .., ( ) , , , . . 50% , 35% NH4NO3, 15% , . 2 . . . : 30% - NaOH 60 2- 4 , . 1-2. , . . 37% HNO3 1.52 /3 63% H2SO4 1.84 /3 -5-0, 65-70 20. , . , -p- . 1) 2,4- 2 : 800 . 196 600 . , 40-45. 7 . 50 "" 30 . 35 ( 3 ). . . . 550 95% . : - , . 3200 : HNO3 - 17%, H2SO4 - 77%, H2O - 6%. . 550 . 5055, . 60-68, 30 . 35, 4 . , . "" ( 1,50 /3) . . 615620 , .. 93% . : . . , . , . : 1. T. Urbanski Chemistry and Technology of Explosives Vol 1 Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1964- P. 545-547 69

2. Encyclopedia of explosives and related items./ Basil T. Fedoroff & Oliver E. Sheffield. Vol 1 Piccatiny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey, USA 1960. A450-A453. 3. Rudolf Meyer Explosives, Fifth Edition. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH. (Electronic) 2002 p349 4. .. 2 1962 509. 5. . / . ... 2- . . 2000 . 537 4.1.7 2,4,6-, , , , , - : - , OH ( 20 1.1 /100 , 100 6.75 / 100 ), ( 25 43 /100 , O2N NO2 20% 87.8 /100 ), , . - ( 97.4% 7.53 /100 18, 24.02 /100 80), 80% ( 25 13.8 /100), . .. . , . NO2 . . . . , . . , - , .. . - 1.813 /3, 1.61-1.67 /3. 124 - 1.58 / 3. , . , - . . , .., . , , , 100. . 1.7 2.8 / 3, . ( - . 2.4) . . , . . : . t . 122.5. 160. t . . 300. . 0.24. 80 , 100 ( 2 .) h=25 10 25% ( 4-8%). 12tool 2.5(50%) 73. : 4.40 / (830/ 0.9/ 3, 1010/ 1.7/3). -51.7 /, -259.3/. 7350 / 7480 / . 1.6 /3 1.77 /3 . 730 /. 16-17 ( ), 4.1 ( 3.6, 4.2, 4.6) 103-110% . 315 . 106-112% . : 1771 (Woulff) . 1847 . . 1873 -. 1886 1888 ( 1874). 1894, - - . . , , (). , , - 70

, , . 1 . . ( .. ). 2 . (. . ) - * , , . 10-12% () . 2- . , . , . : 20% , . . 1. : 10 * 20 . . 95, 50, 12 . 98% . , , 8 . 95. , , 0, . . 2. . (1916-1918) : 1 80 5 98% . 80-100 4 . ( 125130 2 ). , . 141 44% (. 1.28/ 3) 91 . 85-90 172 , . 7 : 1- 26-30, 2- 62-70, 3- 88-89, 4- 96-97, 5- 106-107, 6- 111-113, 7- 113115. 15-10 115. . 3. 20% : 94 . 40 400 20% . , 100 . 50, 200. 95% . 50 80 80% (. 1.46/3) 60, 60-80 80 100 80-100. 80% . 1 100, . , ( ). 4 100. , , . . . 4. ( -) , , 90 7% - . 70 30 15 2,4-. 95-100. 40-50, 15 30% . , 3-4 20 . 71

20 2,4- 60 80% 50 30 68% , 30% 2% . , 75% . 100 1 . , . . 80%. 5. 2,4- . , , , 13 , 0.1 180 50-55% . 45-50 30 10 . 2.5 50, . , 2 20 50-55% 2 20 . . 40-50%. 2,4- , 4). 6. : 1 ** 10 . , 20 . 5- -, 10 . . 10 ., . 4- . 1). 7. : 100 . . 1,4 30 20 . . . . 95% ( ). , , , . * - C6H5(OH) . , , , . t . 41, t . 181. . . ** - ( - .. , ). : 1. T. Urbanski Chemistry and Technology of Explosives Vol 1 Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1964- P. 472-522 2. Encyclopedia of explosives and related items./ Basil T. Fedoroff & Oliver E. Sheffield. Vol 8 Piccatiny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey, USA 1978. P285-P295. 3. Rudolf Meyer Explosives, Fifth Edition. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH. (Electronic) 2002 p256 4. Dobratz B.M. LLNL Explosives Handbook Properties of Chemical Explosives and Explosive Simulants LLNL University of California, Livermore, California (UCRL 52997, 1985) 5. .. 2 1962 360,363. 6. . / . ... 2- . . 2000 . 554 7. .. . . . 1969 . 100-111. 8. . . . IV, 1, 1, 1949, . 284 4.1.8 (explosive D, Dunnite) - : . 2 ( ) . , , , . 150 . ( 20 1.1 /100 , 100 74.8 /100 ), , . . 5% ,

ONH4 O2N NO2

NO272

, . 1.717 / 3. : 220 . . t . 265 - 270, t . 320. (12tool 2.5) 50= 136, 148. . . 0.4 0.85 ( 0.26). . 20 t * . 290 >100 360 80 310 7 300 7 260 5 330 4 * - , 2 . c 50% .

: 3.36 /, -94 /. -375.4/. - 7150 / 1.63 / 3. 680 /. 330 ( 280 ). 9899% . : 37.5-39.5 ( 48, 59), . : 1841. (Marchand). . . . ( ) 19 20. () (. . , ), . 1- 2- . . . . . : . : 1. T. Urbanski Chemistry and Technology of Explosives Vol 1 Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1964- P. 472-522 2. Encyclopedia of explosives and related items./ Basil T. Fedoroff & Oliver E. Sheffield. Vol 8 Piccatiny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey, USA 1978. P285-P295. 3. Rudolf Meyer Explosives, Fifth Edition. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH. (Electronic) 2002 p256 4. .. 2 1962 360,363. 5. . / . ... 2- . . 2000 . 554.4.1.9 1,3--2,4,6-, , DATB, . - : , NH2 , , . , (2.2% 25, 8.8% 60, 19% 98), (2.5% 25, O N NO2 2 5.2% 60, 14% 98) . , . 1.837 /3. NH2 : t . 289 t . 286-301 NO2 . 216 (1.815 /3), . t . . 340. 0.03 . 48 120 1. 73

( ). 243 ( 25, - 160). 6 1.78-1.8 /3. : 7520 / . 1.79 /3. 25.9. (, - ) 3.81 / (680/ 0.57/ 3, 930/ 1.5/3). -23.4 /. 16-17 , Plate Dent Test 120% . : 1884 (Noelting & Collin), 2 . . , , ( ) - Sparrow, - . , . , . : , , 1,3- , . 1. ( ): , , 12.8 81.5 . 20 4 ( ). 95 1 . 400 ( 2- ). , . , 5). 2. 1,3-: 4200 95% 735 1,3. 90-100 30. . 5-10 2.5 2800 70% , , 30. , - . 1400 15. - . . 1,3--2,4,6- 87%. 25 7 . 10 1,3--2,4,6- 50 , 10 ( 13). 10, . 96% . : 5 1,3--2,4,6- 50 30 10 50 10 . 15 , 50, , . 86% . 3. () : 10 0.477 , 0.709 (! ) (1.27). - 2 , 200 0.12 . , . 89%. 74

4. -m- m- : 10 -m- m- 80 . - 24 . . t . 285, . 5. m- 300 . 95% 10 -, , 50 . 23-25 96-99% , 50-55. 1.5 55, , . 150-200 , , 25. . * . 75%. , 100 10 . (20-30), 15 ( 75%). , 40-50 , 50. . , . 70%. *-: - : , , . (7.5 100 25, 15 56) , , , . . 1.867 /3. : t . 217. t . 232. . : ( - ) 827/. 430. : 1056 ( 951, 719). : , - . 2. : - . (1:3:36) 70. 100. 20 . 70%. : 1. Encyclopedia of explosives and related items./ Basil T. Fedoroff & Oliver E. Sheffield. Vol 5 Piccatiny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey, USA 1972. D1130-D1131. 2. Dobratz B.M. LLNL Explosives Handbook Properties of Chemical Explosives and Explosive Simulants LLNL University of California, Livermore, California (UCRL 52997, 1985) 3. . / . ... 2- . . 2000 . 213 4. .. . . . 1969 . 120 5. : US5569783, US5633406, US3394183.

75

4.1.10 1,3,5--2,4,6-, , TATB - : , , . , , , . . . . . . 1.93 /3. : NH2 260 - 290. 320 ( O2N NO2 350 t . . 370). . , - . . H2N NH2 0.3 . . 300 2.5 ( DATB 250 , 25). . NO2 6.35 1.7 /3 ( . 1.3). : . 3.47 /, -36.85 /, . -108.7/, -129.4/. 8000 / (7650 / . 1.8 / 3) . 27.7 1.87 / 3. 1.90 /3 31.5, 7860 /. 175 ( . . - . ). 42.9 ( 48). 82.5% (. 1.85 / 3). : 1888 (Jackson & Wing). 50- 20. . , . . , . PBX-9502, 95% 5% Kel-F 7700 / 29 . 1.89 / 3. . 10. PBX-X-0219, 90% 10% Kel-F 800 ( ) 7530 / . 1.92 / 3. . 0.7. ( - 47%, - 41%, - 10%, - 2%). , , . , , . . . : 2,4,6- ( ) , . - : C6H2(NH2)Cl3 ( ) => C6H2(NO)Cl3 => C6(NO2) 3Cl3 => ; 1,1,1 4--1,2,4- 95%. 1,1,1- . . . . 1. : , 126 30% 17 , 60-70. 76

2.

3.

4.

5.

100. 5.5 , 145-155 4 . 40 250 , . 40. pH 6-7 60 16. 6 60 , 1.5 . - 2.3 3, 145-150 . . 60. , . . 100 16. 89%. 0.2%. 3,5-: 35.4 2 50 90% 115 94% , . 3 35 100 8. 15 100, . , . 61.5 (98.6%). 3.12 40 . 5.5 30. 30. , , . 96%. 1,1,1- ( 1,1,1 5.1 1,1- 60 , . 4 . 2. . 11.6 (86%) 1,1,1 1 3.54 1,1,1- 34 ( ). 1.89 16 . 4 . , . 95%. 4--1,2,4- () 1.19 0.228 0.841 15 . - 3 . , . 91%. (1,3,5-) 1 19.8 98% 1.5 71% 2.5 98% , 5-8. 9, 65 . , 20 3 . 72% 1,3,5- (1.6). 1,3,5- : 8 27.6 75 16.2 . 108 21 , 5. . 20 15, 50 65% 50. 45 -. , , 30 3 . 19.53 (70%). 100 , 12.5 5 125 4. 100 , 30% . , . 1,3,5- 77

150 . 2 34%. 99%. 2 1,3,5- 50 ( ) -10 1.5 . 1.5 . 98% . : 1. Encyclopedia of explosives and related items./ Basil T. Fedoroff & Oliver E. Sheffield. Vol 9 Piccatiny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey, USA 1980. T34-T55. 2. Rudolf Meyer Explosives, Fifth Edition. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH. (Electronic) 2002 p344 3. Dobratz B.M. LLNL Explosives Handbook Properties of Chemical Explosives and Explosive Simulants LLNL University of California, Livermore, California (UCRL 52997, 1985) 4. . / . ... 2- . . 2000 . 546 5. Anthony J. Bellamy, Simon J. Ward, Peter Golding. A new synthetic route to 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6trinitrobenzene. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 27, 49-58 (2002) 6. : US4032377, US4997987, US5569783, US5633406, RU2315749 4.1.11 , , DNN - : NO2 2- : - (1,5- t . 217.5) - (1,8- t . 173.5), . . , , . . 1,8- 1,5- (/100 16, 50 0.465, 1.556 7.008 19.163. 16, 50 a b 0.781, 2.802 5.727 23.63), NO2 1,5-DNN . , 3 . . .1.5 / . : NO2 NO2 t . 150 - 169 . , t . 300 310. . . : 1150 / . 1.0 / 3. 3-4 ( 0.9 /3). 3.05 / (-). . 100 . 488/. 1,8-DNN : - . 60 19 . 87.5% 78% () 1 . . 2 . / . 80: 80%, 20% . -50 -42 . , , . : , 48.5% 51.5% , , 20% 80% . 2 . 88% ( ). - 0.5% , . 88-90% (, t . 90, 7020/ 1.6 / 3) 2 . . , , 2-. . - (t . 340 - 345), , , - . 78

: . 1. 1 : 20 . 20 . , 10 . *. ( t 80); (), . , . (90%). 2. 2 : 45% , 40% 15% 40 19 , 20 50. 10-15% (t . 51). 60 . , , . 65% , 15% 20% . 30% . 60, 70 30. , . ( ). * - - . t . 80.3, . 1.52 /3 15 , , , , . : 1. T. Urbanski Chemistry and Technology of Explosives Vol 1 Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1964- P. 422-443 2. Encyclopedia of explosives and related items./ Basil T. Fedoroff & Oliver E. Sheffield. Vol 8 Piccatiny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey, USA 1978. N7-N16. 3. Rudolf Meyer Explosives, Fifth Edition. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH. (Electronic) 2002 p104 4. .. 2 1962 649. 5. . / . ... 2- . . 2000 . 219 6. .. . . . 1969 . 129-1324.1.12 , - : - . O2N . NO2 , .. 1.61 /3. . NO2 , . : . t . 238-240. 280 O2N ( ). t . 320. H50 - 70 ( 98, -64). O2 N 85 ( 160 , -87). NO2 : 16.3/. 7100 / . 1.6 /3. 344-360 . : 1901 (F. Ullmann) . . : . 79

: 10 200 , 70-75 4.4 . 84 2. . 50 , . , . 6 (70%). : 1. T. Urbanski Chemistry and Technology of Explosives Vol 1 Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1964- P. 416 2. Encyclopedia of explosives and related items./ Basil T. Fedoroff & Oliver E. Sheffield. Vol 2 Piccatiny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey, USA 1962. B123 3. Rudolf Meyer Explosives, Fifth Edition. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH. (Electronic) 2002 p171 4. .. 2 1962 674. 5. . / . ... 2- . . 2000 . 128 6. US3402202 4.1.13 , , , . - : - , O2N , , 93% -, - . . NO2 O2N (), . O2N . HN . 1.78 /3. . NO2 . , . O2N : 2% 6 206. t . 245 . t . 250. , 25% . 50 48 ( -160, 26). : +38.7/, +22.5/ . 4.51 / ( 4.22 /). 7150 / . 1.6 / 3. 7400 / . 1.64 /3. 675 / ( . 791/). 325. 111-115% . 4.0 ( 3.5). 117-120% . : 1874. 1910. . 1 . (30-60%) , , 2 . , : , .. , 60:24:16 (Hexamit) 5.86 /. 6840 /. 1.73 / 3. 610 /. 408 ( 116% ). 4.2 (116% ). 130% . , . : ( ), * . 2,6- 2,4,6 57% . 2,4 . 80

( ) . - . -, . . ( , .. ). 1. m-: 40 , 5.8 , 10 60, 20 , 90 , 50, , 10% , 100. 70 4- : 40% , 45% 15% . , 90 ~1.5. 2,2,4,4- . 70 4- : 60% 40% . , 90, , . 2 , . 100. 1.33/ 3 (52.3%). 50 420 . 50-60. 80-90 2. . , . 2. : , , 150 12.4 , 60 7 . , 80, 900 5% . (2,4,6-), . , , , 100 57% 95 25-30 10 . . 10-15 105 . , , . . 3. : 50 0.5 (. 1.84). , , 500 ( 1.5), 5 . 30-40. , . , , . . , 4-6 . , , . 88 t . 238. 1.36-1.4 /3 t . 249. 10 - , , , - , . 81

*- - , . , , , . t . 54, t . 302. . . . . : 1. T. Urbanski Chemistry and Technology of Explosives Vol 1 Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1964- P. 562-566. 2. Encyclopedia of explosives and related items./ Basil T. Fedoroff & Oliver E. Sheffield. Vol 5 Piccatiny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey, USA 1972. D1434-D1438. 3. Rudolf Meyer Explosives, Fifth Edition. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH. (Electronic) 2002 p172 4. .. 2 1962 689. 5. . / . ... 2- . . 2000 . 128 6. .. . . . 1969 . 124-126 7. US3899536. 4.1.14 , , , - : - O2N , . /100 20 -0.3, -5.0, -17.8, -0.8. 2000 / 2 NO2 1.7 /3. O2N : O2N t . 231-234, t . 302-320 . S 220. ( 2 6 ): NO2 36-39 ( 49-51). . O2N : 4.0 - 4.41 /. 40 50 - 16.3 ( 14.8). 320-350 . 7000 / . 1.61 /3. : 1912. (50:50) I . (. , .). II . . , . : . . : , 10 , 4.4 50 . 5 . , , 5% . 100. : 1. T. Urbanski Chemistry and Technology of Explosives Vol 1 Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1964- P. 553 2. Rudolf Meyer Explosives, Fifth Edition. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH. (Electronic) 2002 p174 3. .. 2 1962 676. 4. . / . ... 2- . . 2000 . 129 5. .. . . . 1969 . 127 82

4.1.15 , -(2,4,6-)-, HNAB, - : O 2N NO2 , , NO2 , . 2 . N , , . N . . . , NO2 . 1.79 1.75 /3 O2N NO2 . . : t . 215-216. . 12tool 2.5 50% 37 ( 28). : . +284.1/. 350 . 7311 / . 1.60 / 3, 7650 / . 1.77 /3. : 1906 (Grandmougin & Lehmann). 2 . . : : 1) , . . 1.3/ 3. 2) , - . : 1. T. Urbanski Chemistry and Technology of Explosives Vol 1 Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1964- P. 574 2. Encyclopedia of explosives and related items./ Basil T. Fedoroff & Oliver E. Sheffield. Vol 1 Piccatiny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey, USA 1960. A646-A650. 3. Rudolf Meyer Explosives, Fifth Edition. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH. (Electronic) 2002 p171 4. Dobratz B.M. LLNL Explosives Handbook Properties of Chemical Explosives and Explosive Simulants LLNL University of California, Livermore, California (UCRL 52997, 1985) 4.1.16 , HNS, . - : O 2N NO2 , NO2 , H C , (1.5% 25, 2.5% C 60, 9.1% 98) . 1.74 H /3, 1.77 /3. NO2 O2N NO2 : t . 318 , t . . 325. . 0.5 3 1 . 260. 6 200. (. - 45, 32 ) 12 tool 2.5 50 = 54. . - 0.5 ( 3.8), . : 4.12 /. +18.7 /, +41.5/ 700 /. 300 . 7000 / . 1.7 /3. (plate dent test) 120% . 76% (. 1.641 / 3). : 1912. 1964 . . , . . 83

, ( ). , . LX-15: 95% HNS, 5% Kel-F 800 (-3). ( 2%), . : : 1. 15. . 4050%. 2. ( 55%). 3. Co[NH3]6Cl3 . 65%. . 4. 2,4,6- . 1. : 500 6.38 (2:1 ). 1.5 4.5 , 4.5% . 10-16. 10. 90 . , , , . 48% . 2. : 0.5 30 , , 10 . 0.75 25 90 , . - 100 1 . . , , . 62%. 3. : 1 0.9 II 30 25. 2.1 . - . 10 , , . 0.8 (80%) . 308-316. 0.68 20 30 70%. : 1. T. Urbanski Chemistry and Technology of Explosives Vol 1 Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1964- P. 415 2. Encyclopedia of explosives and related items./ Basil T. Fedoroff & Oliver E. Sheffield. Vol 5,9 Piccatiny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey, USA 1972, 1980. D1454-1457, S215-S216. 3. Rudolf Meyer Explosives, Fifth Edition. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH. (Electronic) 2002 p177 4. Dobratz B.M. LLNL Explosives Handbook Properties of Chemical Explosives and Explosive Simulants LLNL University of California, Livermore, California (UCRL 52997, 1985) 5. .. 2 1962 727. 6. . / . ... 2- . . 2000 . 130. 7. Andrzej Orzechowski, Dorota Powaa , Andrzej Maranda, and Wojciech Pawowski CRYSTALLIZATION OF HEXANITROSTILBENE Proc. of 8th seminar New trends in research of energetic materials Pardubice. 2005. 8. : US5023386, US4238420, US4085152, GB1570569. 4.1.17 3,3--2,2,4,4,6,6-, , DIPAM - : - . . . . 1.79 /3. : ( 32). t . 340. t . 316. (12 tool 2.5) 50 = 85 ( 50 = 132, -160). 84

: NH2 7400 / . 1.76 / 3. O 2N -28.5/. : NO2 NO2 . . - . NH2 . O2N . O2N : 1. 3-: NO2 270 90% 500 30% . 192 , , . 200 . 47.6 3- 100 20, 30. 100 , 50-60 1. . 600 5% . . 3- 88.2%. 434 . 70-75 33.2 . 2.5. 5 . , 5 . . 100 . , 50 . , . 38.6 (77.3% ). . 2. - 800 124 . . 160 -. 15. 140 . 810. 92 200 10. 5-10 20, . 50% - . . , . - 400 . . 2 100. 200 . 80, 400 . 200 , . 200 . . 111 (79%) ( . 41-42) - . 375 90% 1200 30% 64.2 120 30-45. 12 . . (30-60). 82-84 . . 6 , 10 . 500 50% , 4-6 . 120. 126.2 (86.9). 85

120 1400 , 300. 1400 , , , 120. 96 (80% ). 96 300 600 . , . 10, . 110. 91%. . 305. 775 , , , 600 . , . , 110. - - 48%. : 1. Encyclopedia of explosives and related items./ Basil T. Fedoroff & Oliver E. Sheffield. Vol 5 Piccatiny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey, USA 1972. D1133. 2. Dobratz B.M. LLNL Explosives Handbook Properties of Chemical Explosives and Explosive Simulants LLNL University of California, Livermore, California (UCRL 52997, 1985) 3. : US3320320, US3402202. 4.1.18 2,2'',4,4',4'',6,6',6''---, , , ONT

- : NO2 - . . O2N NO2 . . . 3 . - 1.82 / . : . t . 362 . t . 414. NO2 225 6. NO2 7 10. 63 , O2N NO2 32 160 . 3. : 4.15 /. 6700 / 1.67 /3, 7200 / 1.72 /3. : NO2 1963 (Dacons). 290. . (NONA), (Dodeca). . : 1,5--2,4- . 2,2'',4,4',6,6'-- ( 30%). - : , 200 . 200 90% 200 -. , 50. , 35 . 2 , , , . 275 . 1 , . , 200 65% . , , 950, , 50 65% , . , , 800, . 86

200 . 206.1 (74.4% ). 425 , . 194 1,5--2,4-. 44 150 165 . 25 65 32.6 1,5--2,4- 150 . 5 , 175. 170 10 ( 165170). 10, 120, 300 , , . , . 600 20% 10. , , 400 , 20 . 600