© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. W2/8/12 Conflict Between States (Ch. 8.2 – pp. 247-256)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

W2/8/12

Conflict Between States

(Ch. 8.2 – pp. 247-256)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

I. Shapes of StatesA. Five basic shapes

• 1. Compact = close to equal distance from center– efficient – good communication

• 2. Elongated = long & narrow shape– potential isolation – poor communication– Ex: Malawi, Chile, Italy, Gambia

• 3. Prorupted = compact state w/ protruding extension– access or disruption; often related to water source (Congo)

or holdover from imperialism (Namibia; Afghanistan)

• 4. Perforated = completely surrounds another state– South Africa w/ Lesotho; Gambia w/ Senegal

• 5. Fragmented = non-contiguous parts – problematic– Often due to water (Tanzania, Indonesia) or imperialism

(Angola, Panama, India’s Tin Bigha corridor, Russia)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Shapes of States in Southern Africa

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

I. Shapes of StatesB. Landlocked states

– state that lacks direct access to sea• most common in Africa (Botswana, Zimbabwe, etc.)• but present on most continents (Bolivia & Paraguay)• need good relations w/ neighbors – why?• potential problems?

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

II. Types of BoundariesA. Physical

– 1. Desert boundaries• Most common in Africa & Asia – Sahara & Gobi

– 2. Mountain boundaries• Andes, Alps, Himalayas • Early U.S. history – Appalachian (British vs. French)

– 3. Water boundaries• Rivers, lakes, oceans• River borders often change over time (Rio Grande)• Differences worked out w/ mediators

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mountain Boundary

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

II. Types of BoundariesB. Cultural

– 1. Geometric boundaries• line or arc• U.S.-Canadian border – 49th parallel (MN-Pacific)• occasional conflict – Libya-Chad (Aozou strip)

– 2. Human features • language (most of Europe traditionally; esp. after

WWI)• religion (India/Pakistan, Northern Ireland)• ethnicity – often problematic (esp. Balkans, former

USSR)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Geometric Border – 49th Parallel - US-Canadian Border

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

II. Types of BoundariesC. Cyprus’ “Green Line” Boundary

– independent since 1960 divided by ethnicity– Greek (S) & Turkish (N)– wall built to separate regions– includes buffer zone– forced migration ensued– sides closer in recent years

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cyprus’ Two Zones:Turkish - NorthGreek - South

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cultural Boundary

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

II. Types of Boundaries• D. Frontiers vs. Boundaries

– boundary = invisible line marking extent of state’s territory

– frontier = zone where no state has full control– frontiers were usually lightly inhabited– most frontiers have become boundaries recently– ex: Arabian peninsula

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

III. Boundaries Inside StatesA. Unitary States

– most of power in central government– more common in smaller states

• Ex: USSR, China, traditional France (see below)

B. Federal States– shared power b/w central and local gov’ts– more common in larger states

• Ex: USA, Canada, Russia, Belgium

– globally, there is a trend toward federations• Ex: France recently; Poland post-Communism

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

III. Boundaries Inside States (cont.)

C. Electoral Geography• boundaries within the United States are used to create

legislative districts based on cenusus

– gerrymandering = process of redrawing legislative boundaries to help party in power

• named for Elbridge Gerry (MA Gov. & VP)• three types: wasted, excess, and stacked vote

– wasted = spread opposition over districts but in minority– excess = concentrate opposition in high #s in a few districts– stacked = links distant voters, used to help particular groups

• illegal (1985 U.S. Supreme Court decision); – difficult to enforce– still some new gerrymandered districts created (2001 NC)

– why?

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

D1 D2 D3

D4

D5

52% - 5 districts 48% - 0 districts

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

1 – 13A, 2 – 13A, 3 – 13A, 4 – 13A, 5 – 13A

D1 D2 D3

D4

D5

52% - 1 districts 48% - 4 districts

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

D1 D2

D3

D5

D4

52% - 3 districts 48% - 2 districts

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Iowa - No Gerrymandering

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

North Carolina – Racial Gerrymandering

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Florida – Political Gerrymandering