© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. W-TH2/6-7/13; W2/1/12 Ethnic Tension & Ethnic Cleansing (7.3 & 7.4 – pp. 217-237)

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W-TH2/6-7/13; W2/1/12

Ethnic Tension & Ethnic Cleansing

(7.3 & 7.4 – pp. 217-237)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

I. Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality

A. Ethnic competition in the Horn of Africa1. Ethiopia and Eritrea

• traditional ethnic differences• off-and-on war beginning in 1960’s• official separation since 1993• Each country has two major ethnic groups

– Ethiopia: Amhara (Christian) & Oromo (Muslim)– Eritrea: Tigrinya & Tigre (different religions)

• less religious tension in Eritrea• refugees

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I. Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality

A. Horn of Africa (cont.)

2. Sudan• multiple civil wars since 1980’s• split by regions, ethnicity & religion

– North: Arab Muslims– South: Black Christian & Animist– West: Black Muslim (Darfur Region)– East: multiple ethnicities & religions (closer to Eritrea)

• South Sudan now independent (2011)• refugees

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Ethnic Diversity in Eastern Africa

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I. Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality

A. Horn of Africa (cont.)

3. Somalia• fewer religious differences• mostly clan & subclan tension• gov’t collapsed in 1991• little gov’t control since• brief U.S. involvement (“Black Hawk Down”)• other countries involved (esp. Ethiopia & Eritrea) • famine & warfare• refugees

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I. Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality

B. Ethnic competition in Lebanon– religious and ethnic differences– Christian (~40%) & Muslim (~60%) country

• Christians divided among Maronites & Orthodox• Muslims split among Sunni, Shi’ite & Druze

– only independent since 1943– off-an-on civil war from 1975 to 1990– divided ethnic nation since – outside involvement: U.S., Israeli, Syria & Iran

• Syria remains influential, despite official withdrawal

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Ethnicities in Lebanon

II. Dividing Ethnicities Among More Than One State

A. Dividing ethnicities in South Asia1. India and Pakistan

• British rule over both c. 1750-1947• split into two countries• religious split

– India (mostly Hindu)– Pakistan - East & West (mostly Muslim)– also includes Sikhs (primarily in Punjab region of India)

• massive refugee problem - about 17M refugees– many attacked & massacred

• Kashmir– disputed territory b/w India & Pakistan– majority are Muslim

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Ethnic Division in South Asia

Figure 7-24

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II. Dividing Ethnicities Among More Than One State (cont.)

• A. Dividing ethnicities in South Asia – 2. Sinhalese and Tamils in Sri Lanka– Sri Lanka (aka New Orleans)– about 20M – two ethnicities

• Sinhalese ~82% - Buddhist - south• Tamil ~14% - Hindu - north

– ethnic fighting begins after independence– civil war ends in 2009 w/ Tamil defeat

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III. Ethnic Cleansing

Overview• Ethnic cleansing = process in which a more

powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful group from their territory – The purpose is not to subjugate, but to remove– Today, most ethnic cleansing happens in

Europe and Africa

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III. Ethnic Cleansing in Europe– Largest forced migration = 1939–1945

• Jews, gypsies, and others forcibly removed by Nazis to concentration camps (Auschwitz, Dachau, etc.)

– Nazi Holocaust - 6M Jews, 5M others

– The former Yugoslavia (1991-1998)• [more below]

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III. Ethnic Cleansing in Europe

A. Creation of multiethnic Yugoslavia (South Slavs)

• created after WWI• part of Wilson’s self-determination• effort to solve “Balkan problem”

– “powder keg of Europe”

• Tito’s centripetal influence• many centrifugal forces - examples?

– Tito’s “7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1”

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The Balkans in 1914

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III. Ethnic Cleansing in Europe

• B. The Destruction of Yugoslavia• centrifugal forces awaken post-Tito (1980’s)• Slovenia, Croatia & Bosnia break away c. 1991• Macedonia & Montenegro later

– 1. Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia• Serbs & Croats attack ethnic Bosnian Muslims• Bosnia split along religious lines

– Serbs (E. Orth.), Croats (Cath.), Bosnians (Muslim)– officially divided into multiethnic state - 1996 (Dayton Accords)

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Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia

• A.

• B.

• C.

Destruction and rebuilding of Stari Most (“Old Bridge”).

A. Originally built in 1566

B. Destroyed in 1993

C. Rebuilt in 2004

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III. Ethnic Cleansing in Europe (cont.)

• B. The Destruction of Yugoslavia– 2. Ethnic cleansing in Kosovo

• ethnic mix - Serb & Albanian– 90% Albanian prior to breakup– many refugees move to Albania– NATO help (“Behind Enemy Lines”)

• declared independence in 2008– tension b/w Russia (w/ Serbia) & West

– 3. Balkanization– Balkanized = small geographic area incapable of

organization due to many ethnicities & antagonisms– Balkanization = process by which states break down through

ethnic conflicts– direct impact on WWI and post-Cold War Europe21

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Ethnicities in Kosovo

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IV. Ethnic Cleansing in Central Africa

• Most boundaries in Africa do not correspond to ethnic groups– impact of European imperialism in 19th C.

• later leads to racial tension (ex. Uganda, Zimbabwe) during independence movement of 1960s & 1970s

– conflict between ethnicities destabilizes Central Africa

• ethnic cleansing and genocide in Rwanda– Hutu and Tutsi tension (“Hotel Rwanda”)

• refugees spill into neighboring countries• Democratic Republic of Congo falls into civil war

– many ethnic tensions, similar to Rwanda

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The End.

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