© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.11. 2 Technology in Action Technology in Focus: The History of the PC The History of the PC.

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© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 2

Technology in ActionTechnology in Action

Technology in Focus:Technology in Focus:

The History of the PCThe History of the PC

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Altair 8800Altair 8800

• The first microcomputerThe first microcomputer

• Sold as a kitSold as a kit

• Switches for inputSwitches for input

• Lights for outputLights for output

• Gates and Allen create a Gates and Allen create a compiler for Basiccompiler for Basic

• 4,000 orders for the 4,000 orders for the machinemachine

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Apple I and Apple IIApple I and Apple II

• Apple I built by Steve Apple I built by Steve Wozniak in 1976Wozniak in 1976

• Apple II developed by Apple II developed by Steve Jobs in 1977Steve Jobs in 1977

• Uses Motorola Uses Motorola processorprocessor

• First fully contained First fully contained microcomputermicrocomputer

• Highly successfulHighly successful

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Early CompetitorsEarly Competitors

• Commodore Commodore PET 2001PET 2001

• Radio Shack’s Radio Shack’s TRS-80TRS-80

• The OsborneThe Osborne

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IBM PCIBM PC• IBM enters small IBM enters small

computer market in 1981computer market in 1981• Uses open architectureUses open architecture• Purchases operating Purchases operating

system from Microsoftsystem from Microsoft

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Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC)Instruction Code (BASIC)

• Revolutionized software Revolutionized software industryindustry

• Easily learned by beginnersEasily learned by beginners• Key PC language Key PC language • Used by Gates and Allen to Used by Gates and Allen to

write the program for Altairwrite the program for Altair• Led to the creation of Led to the creation of

MicrosoftMicrosoft

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Advent of Operating SystemsAdvent of Operating Systems

• Steve Wozniak invents floppy drive Steve Wozniak invents floppy drive

• Disk Operating System (DOS): Disk Operating System (DOS): Operating system that controlled the Operating system that controlled the first Applesfirst Apples

• Control Program for Microcomputers Control Program for Microcomputers (CP/M): First operating system for (CP/M): First operating system for Intel-based PCsIntel-based PCs

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Advent of Operating SystemsAdvent of Operating Systems

• MS-DOSMS-DOS

– Operating system for IBM PCsOperating system for IBM PCs– Based on an operating system called Based on an operating system called

Quick and Dirty Operating System Quick and Dirty Operating System (QDOS)(QDOS)

– Created by Bill Gates and Paul AllenCreated by Bill Gates and Paul Allen– All PCs using the Intel chip used All PCs using the Intel chip used

MS-DOSMS-DOS

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Software Application ExplosionSoftware Application Explosion

• Electronic Electronic SpreadsheetsSpreadsheets– VisiCalcVisiCalc– Lotus 1-2-3 Lotus 1-2-3 – Microsoft ExcelMicrosoft Excel

• Word ProcessingWord Processing– WordStarWordStar– Word for MS-DOSWord for MS-DOS– WordPerfectWordPerfect

Bricklin and Frankston

VisiCalc screenshot

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Graphical User InterfaceGraphical User Interface

• Xerox Xerox – Palo Alto Palo Alto

Research CenterResearch Center– Alto: 1972Alto: 1972

• AppleApple– Lisa: 1983Lisa: 1983– Macintosh: 1984Macintosh: 1984

Xerox Alto

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The Internet BoomThe Internet Boom

• Mosaic: 1993Mosaic: 1993

• Netscape: 1994Netscape: 1994

• Internet Explorer: 1995Internet Explorer: 1995

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Early Computer HistoryEarly Computer History• Pascalene 1624Pascalene 1624

– The first accurate mechanical calculatorThe first accurate mechanical calculator– Created by Blaise PascalCreated by Blaise Pascal– Used to add, subtract, multiply, and divideUsed to add, subtract, multiply, and divide

• Jacquard Loom 1820Jacquard Loom 1820– Created by Joseph JacquardCreated by Joseph Jacquard– A machine that automated the weaving of complex A machine that automated the weaving of complex

patternspatterns– Used holes punched in cards to automate the processUsed holes punched in cards to automate the process

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Early Computer HistoryEarly Computer History

• Hollerith Tabulating Machine 1890Hollerith Tabulating Machine 1890– Created by Herman HollerithCreated by Herman Hollerith– Used punch cards to tabulate Used punch cards to tabulate

census datacensus data– Hollerith started the Tabulating Machine Hollerith started the Tabulating Machine

Company, which later became IBMCompany, which later became IBM

• Analytical Engine 1834Analytical Engine 1834– Created by Charles BabbageCreated by Charles Babbage

• The father of computingThe father of computing– The first automatic calculatorThe first automatic calculator– Includes components similar to those found in Includes components similar to those found in

today's computerstoday's computers

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Early Computer HistoryEarly Computer History• Z1 1936Z1 1936

– Created by Konrad ZuseCreated by Konrad Zuse– The Z1 is a mechanical The Z1 is a mechanical

calculatorcalculator– It included a control unit and It included a control unit and

memory functionsmemory functions• Atanasoff-Berry Computer 1939Atanasoff-Berry Computer 1939

– Created by John Atanasoff and Created by John Atanasoff and Clifford BerryClifford Berry

– The first electrically powered The first electrically powered digital computerdigital computer

– Used vacuum tubes to store Used vacuum tubes to store datadata

– The first computer to use the The first computer to use the binary systembinary system

Atansoff-Berry ComputerAtansoff-Berry Computer

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Early Computer History Early Computer History • Harvard Mark I 1944Harvard Mark I 1944

– Created by Howard Aiken and Created by Howard Aiken and Grace HopperGrace Hopper

– A computer used by the U.S. A computer used by the U.S. Navy for ballistics calculationsNavy for ballistics calculations

– Hopper’s contribution to Hopper’s contribution to computing wascomputing was

• Invention of the compilerInvention of the compiler• Coined the term “computer bug”Coined the term “computer bug”

• Turing Machine 1936Turing Machine 1936– Created by Alan TuringCreated by Alan Turing– Hypothetical model defined a Hypothetical model defined a

mechanical procedure or mechanical procedure or algorithmalgorithm

– Concept of an infinite tape that Concept of an infinite tape that could read, write, and erase was could read, write, and erase was precursor to today’s RAMprecursor to today’s RAM

11stst use of “computer bug” use of “computer bug”

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Early Computer HistoryEarly Computer History

• ENIAC 1944ENIAC 1944– Created by John W. Created by John W.

Mauchly and J. Presper Mauchly and J. Presper EckertEckert

– The first successful high-The first successful high-speed electronic digital speed electronic digital computercomputer

• UNIVAC 1951UNIVAC 1951– The first commercially The first commercially

successful electronic digital successful electronic digital computercomputer

– Used magnetic tapeUsed magnetic tape

ENIAC

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Early Computer HistoryEarly Computer History• Transistors: 1945Transistors: 1945

– Invented at Bell LaboratoriesInvented at Bell Laboratories– Replaces vacuum tubesReplaces vacuum tubes

• Integrated circuits: 1958Integrated circuits: 1958– Invented by Jack Kilby of Texas Invented by Jack Kilby of Texas

InstrumentsInstruments– A small chip containing A small chip containing

thousands of transistorsthousands of transistors– Enabled computers to become Enabled computers to become

smaller and lightersmaller and lighter

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Early Computer HistoryEarly Computer History

• Microprocessor chip: 1971Microprocessor chip: 1971– Created by Intel CorporationCreated by Intel Corporation– A small chip containing millions of transistorsA small chip containing millions of transistors– It functions as the central processing unit (CPU)It functions as the central processing unit (CPU)

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Transistors and BeyondTransistors and Beyond

• First-generation computers (1946–1958)First-generation computers (1946–1958)– UNIVACUNIVAC– Use vacuum tubes to store dataUse vacuum tubes to store data

• Second-generation computers (1959–1964)Second-generation computers (1959–1964)– Use transistors to store dataUse transistors to store data

• Third-generation computers (1965–1970)Third-generation computers (1965–1970)– Use integrated circuitsUse integrated circuits

• Fourth-generation computers (1971–today)Fourth-generation computers (1971–today)– Use a microprocessor chipUse a microprocessor chip