© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 3 Cells. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Cells The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all living.

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Chapter 3

Cells


Cells

• The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all living things

• Cell or plasma membrane

• Nucleus


Nucleus

• Most important organelle within the cell

• Function– Control the activities of the cell and facilitate cell division

• DNA and chromatin

• Chromosomes


Functions of Organelles

• Nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope– Regulates transport of substances into and out of the cell

• Nucleoplasm– A clear, semi-liquid medium that fills the spaces around the

chromatin and the nucleoli



• Nucleolus– Reservoir for RNA

• Ribosomes– Serves at site for protein synthesis



• Cytoplasm– Provides an organized watery environment, in which life

functions take place by the activities of the organelles contained in the cytoplasm

• Centrosome– Contains two centrioles that are functional during animal cell

division



• Endoplasmic reticulum– Provides passage through which transport of substances occurs

in cytoplasm

• Mitochondria– Serves as sites of cellular respiration and energy production;

stores ATP



• Golgi apparatus– Manufactures carbohydrates and packages secretions for

discharge from the cell

• Lysosomes– Serve as center for cellular digestion



• Perioxisomes– Enzymes oxidize cell substances

• Cytoskeleton– Forms internal framework



• Pinocytic vesicles– Method by which large molecules can enter the cell

• Cilia and flagella– Create movement


Cellular Metabolism

• Chemical reactions occur within the cells

• Energy supplied by ATP

• ATP created from CHO, proteins, and fats we eat


Cell Division

• Meiosis– Involves reproduction

• Mitosis– Involves growth and maintenance of cells


Meiosis

• Process of cell division of the sex cell or gamete

• Ovum and spermatozoa reduce chromosomes from 46 to 23

• Fertilization

• Zygote is formed from two sex cells to obtain full set of 46 chromosomes


Mitosis

• Cell division– Division of the nucleus

– Division of the cytoplasm


Mitosis Stages

• Phase I– Interphase (resting stage)

• Phase II– Prophase

• Phase III– Metaphase


Mitosis Stages

• Phase IV– Anaphase

• Phase V– Telophase

• Cycle back to interphase


Cell Death

• Necrosis

• Apoptosis


Stem Cells

• Embryonic stem cells

• Adult stem cells

• Umbilical cord blood stem cells


Protein Synthesis

• Cells produce proteins

• DNA

• RNA


Movement of MaterialsAcross Cell Membranes

• Passive transport– Do not require an energy source

• Active transport– Require an energy source


Passive Transport

• Diffusion

• Osmosis

• Filtration


Active Transport

• Phagocytosis

• Pinocytosis


Specialization

• Nerve cells– Specialize in response

• Red blood cells– Specialize in oxygen transport

• May lose some functions, such as reproduction

• Interdependence among cells


Animation – Anatomyof a Typical Cell

Click Here to play Typical Cell animation


Aging

• Aging is a phase of normal development

• Older person may have 30% fewer cells

• Cells may change in ability to perform specialized tasks


Aging

• Physiologic changes are universal and progressive

• Aging is not a disease


Disorders of Cell Structure

• Atrophy

• Hypertrophy

• Hyperplasia


Disorders of Cell Structure

• Metaplasia

• Dysplasia

• Neoplasia


Tumor

• When cell division does not occur in the usual pattern

• Also called neoplasms

• Benign tumors

• Malignant tumors

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 3 Cells. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Cells The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all living.

Documents

cengage learning cells

cengage learning nucleus

cengage learning chapter

cytoplasm slide

interphase slide

movement slide

animal cell division

metaphase slide