© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 2 The Human Body in Health and Disease
Dec 21, 2015
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Anatomic Reference Systems
• Describe the location and functions of body parts using:
– Body planes
– Body directions
– Body cavities
– Structural units
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ANTERIOR VS POSTERIOR
• Anterior refers to the front of the body
• Posterior refers to the back of the body
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BODY PLANES
•LINE THROUGH THE BODY AT VARIOUS PARTS TO SEPARATE THE BODY INTO SECTIONS
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CAUDAL
•BODY PARTS LOCATED NEAR THE SACRAL REGION OF THE SPINAL COLUMN OR TAIL
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MIDSAGITTAL OR MEDIAN PLANE
•DIVIDES THE BODY INTO RIGHT AND LEFT SIDES
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VENTRAL OR ANTERIOR
• BODY PARTS IN FRONT OF THE BODY
• ANTERIOR IS THE TERM FOR DIRECTION
• VENTRAL IS THE TERM FOR MOVEMENT
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DORSAL OR POSTERIOR
• BODY PARTS IN BACK OF THE BODY
• POSTERIOR IS THE TERM OF DIRECTION
• DORSAL IS THE TERM OF MOVEMENT
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PROXIMAL
• BODY PARTS CLOSE TO THE POINT O R REFERENCE
• EXAMPLE MAIN TRUNK OF THE BODY IS A POINT OF REFERENCE TO THE ARMS AND LEGS
• EXAMPLE : THE NOSE IS PROXIMAL TO THE SHOULDER
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DISTAL
• BODY PARTS AWAY FROM THE POINT OF REFERENCE
• EXAMPLE: TOES ARE DISTAL TO THE THIGH
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Cytology
• The study of the formation, structure, and function of cells, including:
– Chromosomes
– DNA
– Genetics
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Histology
• The study of tissues, which are composed of cells that join together to perform specific functions, including:
– Nervous Tissue
– Epithelial Tissues
– Connective Tissues
– Muscle Tissue
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Glands
• Specialized cells that secrete material used elsewhere in the body, including:
– Exocrine Glands
– Endocrine Glands
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Organ and Body Systems
• Body parts are organized into systems according to function.
• Examples:– Skeletal System
– Muscular System
– Cardiovascular System
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Pathology
• The study of structural and functional changes caused by disease.