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Page 1: © 2008 Snap-on Incorporated; All Rights Reserved.

© 2008 Snap-on Incorporated; All Rights Reserved

Page 2: © 2008 Snap-on Incorporated; All Rights Reserved.

2© 2010 Snap-on Incorporated; All Rights Reserved 2

Course Objectives• This module covers:

– Electronic Principles– Electronic Devices– Electronic Measurements– Solid State Devices– Schematic Symbols– Good Info to Know

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Electronic Basics

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Electronic BasicsElectricity starts in the atom.

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Electronic BasicsElectricity is the flow of electrons (-) from one atom to another.

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1. Electricity is flow of what part of the atom?

Review for Understanding

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Electronic Basics - FlowDirect current (DC) flows in one direction.

5 volts DC is often used in computer systems

Charging voltage is often about 14.2 Volts DC

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Electronic Basics - FlowAlternating current (AC) changes direction.

AC voltage needs to be rectified to DCin order to be used by computer systems

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Electronic Basics - FlowFor discussion purposes, electricity is either conventional flow or electron flow.

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Electronic Basics - MaterialsConductors are materials that have less than 4 electrons loosely held in their outer orbit.

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Electronic Basics - MaterialsInsulators are materials that have more than 4 electrons tightly held in their outer orbit.

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Electronic Basics - MaterialsSemi-Conductors are materials that have exactly 4 electrons in their outer orbit.

Semiconductor materials are thebuilding blocks of electronic components

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Electronic Basics - MaterialsSemi-Conductors are materials that have exactly 4 electrons in their outer orbit.

Carbon (C), Silicon (Si), and Germanium (Ge), are the materials used to manufacture resistors, diodes and transistors.

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1. How are conductors & insulators different?

2. Explain AC & DC.

3. Name 2 materials used to manufacture semiconductor devices.

Review for Understanding

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Electronic Basics – MeasurementsAmperage is the unit for measuring the rate of electrical current flow.

Important to know because of transistor current gain factor.

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Electronic Basics – MeasurementsVoltage is the electrical pressure or force that causes electrons to flow.

Important to know because of diode forward bias voltage drop

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Electronic Basics – Measurements Resistance to flow is measured in Ohms and abbreviated with the Greek letter Omega. Ω

Important to know because resistance causes heat.

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Electronic BasicsSemiconductors are materials with exactly 4 electrons in their “valence rings”. They can change function and become either conductors or insulators.

Add an electron = 5 Subtract an electron = 3

Semiconductor materials are used to build “solid state” devices.

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Electronic BasicsSemiconductors are used to build “solid state” devices.

Solid state devices control electrical flow without any moving parts!

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Electronic BasicsSemi-conductors carry current w/o losing electrons through the concept of hole flow. Holes in a P-type material, being positively charged, attract electrons causing movement.

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1. What is the unit of measure for electromotive force?

2. What is the unit of measure for current flow

3. What is the unit of measure for resistance to flow?

4. What is the general meaning of the term “solid state”?

Review for Understanding

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2222

Electronic Basics - ComponentsThe diode is the simplest semiconductor device. It is a one-way valve for electron flow.

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Electronic Basics - ComponentsDiodes turn on (conduct) when the polarity of the current flow is correct.Diodes turn off (block flow) or (OL) when the polarity is incorrect.

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Electronic Basics - Components Diodes are popular in charging systems where they are assembled into a “bridge” andare used to “rectify” AC to DC.

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Electronic Basics - ComponentsA single diode can do half-wave rectification of AC to DC.

Multiple diodes assembled In a bridge can do full-waveAC to DC rectification

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Electronic Basics - ComponentsThe diode contains a P - N junction. (P = positive & N = negative) A diode conducting electricity is said to be forward biased and will typically have a voltage drop of .4 to .7 volts when tested with a DMM

Semiconductor testing should alwaysbe done using a digital multi-meter.

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Electronic Basics - ComponentsA diode that is blocking or not allowing flow is said to be reverse biased. A reverse biased diode reads OL when checked with the diode test mode of a DMM.

OL.4 to .7Voltage

Drop

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2828

Electronic Basics - ComponentsA diode reading zero in both directions is shorted & conducts all the time.An open diode reads OL both ways & never conducts at all.

0.0 0.0 0L 0L

OpenShorted

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2929

Electronic Basics - ComponentsLight Emitting Diodes have a higher forward bias voltage drop then regular diodes.

LED’s illuminate when forward biased.They do not illuminate when blocking.

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Electronic Basics - ComponentsZener diodes allow reverse polarity flow with out damage after their “threshold voltage” or “zener voltage” is reached. They are used often in charging system voltage regulator circuitry.

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Electronic Basics - ComponentsClamping diodes are regular diodes connected in parallel across coils of wire to preventcomponent damage from induced voltage spikes returning to the PCM and other electronic components as the coil circuits are opened.

AC Clutches, relays, & vacuum switchingsolenoids all need clamping diodes.

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1. What is the main purpose of a diode?

2. Explain diode forward bias.

3. Explain diode reverse bias.

4. How does a zener diode differ from a regular diode?

5. How is a diode connected to act as a voltage spike clamp?

6. What is the best type of meter to use for diode testing?

Review for Understanding

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Electronic Basics - ComponentsThe transistor is a solid-state switching device.

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Electronic Basics - ComponentsThe transistor has legs labeled E, B, and C.

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Electronic Basics - Components A transistor can be considered as two P-N junctions placed back to back. One of these, namely the base emitter junction is forward biased, while the other, the base collector junction is reverse biased.

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Electronic Basics - ComponentsWhen a current is made to flow in the base emitter junction, a larger current flows in the collector circuit even though the base collector junction is reverse biased.

Simply put:

If E to B is completed with a small current flow, Then E to C passes a greater amount of current

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Electronic Basics - ComponentsThe transistor is a fast-acting, solid state switch, sometimes called a solid state relay.

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Electronic Basics - ComponentsA negative voltage (ground) must be applied to the base of a PNP transistor to turn it on.

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Electronic Basics - ComponentsA positive voltage (hot) must be applied to the base of a NPN transistor to turn it on.

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Electronic Basics - ComponentsTransistors carry current without losing electrons through the concept of hole flow.

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Electronic Basics - ComponentsIn a relay, if 85 to 86 is energized, then the contacts between 30 & 87 close.

In a transistor, if E to B is completed, then E to C closes.

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Electronic Basics - ComponentsIn a relay, small current through 85 & 86 can switch a larger current through 30 & 87.

In a transistor, small base current can switch a larger collector current.

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Electronic Basics - Components

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1. What is the main purpose of a transistor?

2. Using If : Then, explain transistor operation.

3. When does a PNP transistor switch on & conduct?

4. When does a NPN transistor switch on & conduct?

5. Why might a transistor be called a solid state relay?

Review for Understanding

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4545

Electronic Basics - ComponentsCapacitors can store an electrical charge for a short period of time

They are used as back-up power supplies in automotive air bag systems

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Electronic Basics - ComponentsA resistor offers an opposition to electromotive force in a circuit.

Carbon CompositionResistors

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Electronic Basics - ComponentsResistor values can be determined by using a color code chart.

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Electronic Basics - ComponentsA thermistor is used to provide compensating voltage in components or act as atemperature sensor as in an IAT or an ECT. They may be NTC or PTC in design.

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1. What is the basic purpose of a resistor?

2. What is the basic purpose of a capacitor?

3. Thermistors can be used as what engine control sensors?

Review for Understanding

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Electronic Basics – Good to Know An Integrated Circuit (IC or chip) is a large # of diodes, transistors, resistors, capacitors, mounted to a semiconductor material used to make logic decisions & commands.

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Electronic Basics – Good to KnowA microprocessor is a small version of a computer. PCM or any ECU/CPU

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Electronic Basics – Good to Know Analog voltage signals are infinitely variable.

Digital voltage signals are in one of either 3 states: on-off, yes-no, or high-low

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Electronic Basics – Good to KnowSince computers can only read digital, binary voltage signals, analog signals must go though an analog/digital (A/D) converterin order to be used or “understood” by the computer.

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Electronic Basics – Good to KnowFrequency is a term that describes how often a signal performs a complete cycle.

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Electronic Basics – Good to KnowA cycle is a description of the changes that a signal goes through without repeating.

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Electronic Basics – Good to KnowFrequency is measured in Hertz. Hertz is a measurement of Cycles per Second.

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1. Describe a digital wave.

2. Describe an analog wave.

3. Which axis is voltage on a waveform diagram?

4. Which axis is time on a waveform diagram?

Review for Understanding

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5858

Electronic Basics - Schematics

Ground Battery Fuse Circuit Breaker

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5959

Electronic Basics - Schematics

Wire Wires Crossing Wire Connector Wire Splice

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Electronic Basics - Schematics

Resistor Variable Resistor Thermistor Stepped Resistor

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Electronic Basics - Schematics

Diode Zener Diode Light Emitting Diode Rectifier Bridge

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Electronic Basics - Schematics

M G

Motor Generator Relay Capacitor

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Electronic Basics - Schematics

Twisted Pair of Wires Switch Momentary Switch Contacts

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Electronic Basics - Schematics

Coil of Wire Transformer Solenoid Coil Wye- Wound Stator

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Electronic Basics - Schematics

PNP Transistor NPN Transistor Bulb Horn

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1. What are schematic symbols?

2. Why are schematic symbols used?

3. Can you name the symbols on the following slide without help?

Review for Understanding

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Electronic Basics - Schematics

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Electronic Basics - Schematics

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Electronic Basics - Schematics

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Electronic Basics - Schematics

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End of BASIC

ELECTRONIC Training