© 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall Lecture Outlines PowerPoint Chapter 2 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens
Jan 16, 2016
© 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall
Lecture Outlines PowerPoint
Chapter 2
Earth Science 11e
Tarbuck/Lutgens
Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks
Chapter 2
Definition of a mineral • Natural• Inorganic• Solid• Possess an orderly internal structure of
atoms • Have a definite chemical composition
Mineraloid - lacks an orderly internal structure
Elements • Basic building blocks of minerals • Over 100 are known
Atoms• Smallest particles of matter • Have all the characteristics of an element
Figure 2.4
Nucleus – central part of an atom that contains • Protons – positive electrical charges • Neutrons – neutral electrical charges
Energy levels, or shells • Surround nucleus • Contain electrons – negative electrical
charges
Figure 2.5
Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus
Bonding of atoms • Forms a compound with two or more
elements • Ions are atoms that gain or lose electrons
Isotopes • Have varying number of neutrons
Isotopes • Have different mass numbers – the sum of
the neutrons plus protons • Many isotopes are radioactive and emit
energy and particles
Physical properties of minerals • Crystal form• Luster• Color• Streak• Hardness• Cleavage
Figure 2.10
Figure 2.12
Mohs scale of hardness
Physical properties of minerals • Fracture• Specific gravity• Other properties
Taste Smell Elasticity Malleability
Figure 2.15
Physical properties of minerals • Other properties
Feel Magnetism Double Refraction Reaction to hydrochloric acid
A few dozen minerals are called the rock-forming minerals • The eight elements that compose most
rock-forming minerals are oxygen (O), silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg)
• Most abundant atoms in Earth's crust are oxygen (46.6% by weight) and silicon (27.7% by weight)
Figure 2.16
Mineral groups • Rock-forming silicates
Most common mineral group Contain the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
(molecule)• Four oxygen atoms surrounding a much
smaller silicon atom
• Combines with other atoms to form the various silicate structures
Figure 2.17
Mineral groups • Rock-forming silicates
Groups based upon tetrahedral arrangement • Olivine – independent tetrahedra • Pyroxene group – tetrahedra are arranged in
chains• Amphibole group – tetrahedra are arranged
in double chains
Mineral groups • Rock-forming silicates
Groups based upon tetrahedral arrangement • Micas – tetrahedra are arranged in sheets
• Two types of mica are biotite (dark) and muscovite (light)
• Feldspars - Three-dimensional network of tetrahedra
Mineral groups • Rock-forming silicates
Groups based upon tetrahedral arrangement • Feldspars
• Two types of feldspar are Orthoclase and Plagioclase
• Quartz – three-dimensional network of tetrahedra
Mineral groups • Rock-forming silicates
Feldspars are the most plentiful mineral group Crystallize from molten material
• Nonsilicate minerals Major groups
• Oxides• Sulfides
Mineral groups • Nonsilicate minerals
Major groups• Sulfates• Carbonates• “Native” elements
Mineral groups • Nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates• A major rock-forming group• Found in the rocks limestone and marble
Halite and gypsum are found in sedimentary rocks
Many have economic value
Mineral resources • Reserves are already identified deposits• Ores are useful metallic minerals that can
be mined at a profit • Economic factors may change and
influence a resource