© 2004 Wadsworth – Thomson Learning Chapter 25 Chapter 25 Infections of the Infections of the Nervous System Nervous System
Dec 14, 2015
© 2004 Wadsworth – Thomson Learning
Chapter 25Chapter 25Infections of the Nervous Infections of the Nervous
SystemSystem
© 2004 Wadsworth – Thomson Learning
Meningitis• Organisms
– Neisseria meningitidis• meningococcal
– Haemophilus influenzae– Streptococcus pneumoniae
• pneumococcal
– E. coli
• Pathogenesis– inflammation of the meninges membrane
• brain and spinal cord
– sudden fever, severe headache, neck rigidity– treatment--immediate antibiotics
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Meningitis• Aseptic meningitis
– viral origin
• Cryptococcal meningitis– Cryptococcus neoformans
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Tetanus• Organism
– Clostridium tetani– Spore former– Anaerobic growth
• deep wounds• decaying tissue
• Pathogenesis– tetanospasmin
• neurotoxin• ink dot enough for 30 deaths
– contraction of muscles• spastic paralysis• lockjaw• respiratory distress
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Tetanus• Treatment
– before clinical symptoms• antitoxin• blocks toxin
– after clinical symptoms• no treatment
• Prevention:– vaccine every 5-10 years– toxoid
• develop antibodies against toxin, not organism
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Botulism
• Organism– Clostridium botulinum
• spores many places• growth inhibited by low pH
• Pathogenesis– blocks release of acetylcholine– interferes with nerve impulse– paralysis of respiratory muscles– mortality 35%
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Botulism• Different types of toxin
– produced by different strains of C. botulinum– Type A
• most potent• west of Mississippi River
• Age associated– infant botulism
• differences in normal biota
– adult botulism• food poisoning• heat-labile toxin
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Rabies• bullet-shaped morphology• epidemiology
– reservoir: all mammals– humans: end of infectious cycle
• control– reduce exposure of virus in animals
• wild mammals--uncontrollable reservoir• bats--dormant for long periods• domestic--vaccine
• diagnosis: serology/brain tissue (negri body)• treatment: vaccine and immune globulin (RIG)
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Poliomyelitis• Pathogenesis
– alimentary phase--primary multiplication– lymphatic phase--tonsils, lymph nodes– viremic phase--spread in blood– neurological phase--CNS, extraneural tissue
• requires persistent viremia• low levels of antibodies prevent spread• >l% of infections lead to severe paralytic infection
– two vaccines• oral (OPV)--attenuated--Sabin• injected (IPV)--inactivated--Salk
– eradication schedule--2000
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Encephalitis• Arboviruses
• Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)– severe
• Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE)• California Encephalitis (CE)• St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE)• Japanese B encephalitis
– endemic areas of Asia
• mosquito borne
• Other viruses• West Nile Virus
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Spongiform encephalopathy• Prions
– infectious proteins– Diseases:
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)• Kuru• Scrapie (sheep)• Bovine spongiform encephalitis (mad cow)