© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com OSI Reference Model
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
OSI Reference ModelOSI Reference Model
2-2CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Agenda
• The Layered Model
• Layers 1 & 2: Physical & Data Link Layers
• Layer 3: Network Layer
• Layers 4–7: Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application Layers
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
The Layered ModelThe Layered Model
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
2-4CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Layered Communication
Source: Tanenbaum, 1996
I like rabbits
L: DutchIk hou vankonijnen
Fax #:---L: DutchIk hou vankonijnen
Message
Information for the Remote Translator
Informationfor the RemoteSecretary
Location A
2-5CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Layered Communication
I like rabbits
L: DutchIk hou vankonijnen
L: DutchIk hou vankonijnen
Fax #:---L: DutchIk hou vankonijnen
Fax #:---L: DutchIk hou vankonijnen
J’aimeles lapins
Information for the Remote Translator
Informationfor the RemoteSecretary
Location A Location B
Message
2-6CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Layered Communication
I like rabbits
L: DutchIk hou vankonijnen
L: DutchIk hou vankonijnen
Fax #:---L: DutchIk hou vankonijnen
Fax #:---L: DutchIk hou vankonijnen
J’aimeles lapins
Information for the remote translator
Informationfor the remotesecretary
Location A Location B
1
2
3Layers
Message
2-7CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Why a Layered Network Model?
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
• Reduces complexity (one big problem to seven smaller ones)
• Standardizes interfaces
• Facilitates modular engineering
• Assures interoperable technology
• Accelerates evolution
• Simplifies teaching and learning
2-8CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Devices Function at Layers
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
NIC Card
Hub
2-9CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Host Layers
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
Host layers: Host layers: Provide accurate data delivery between computers}
2-10CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Media Layers
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
Host layers:Host layers: Provide accurate data delivery between computers
Media layers:Media layers: Controlphysical delivery of messages over the network}
}
2-11CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Layer Functions
Provides network services to application processes (such as electronic mail, file transfer, and terminal emulation)
7 Application
2-12CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Layer Functions
Network services to applicationsNetwork services to applications
• Ensures data is readable by receiving system
• Format of data• Data structures• Negotiates data transfer
syntax for application layer
7 Application
6 Presentation Data representation
2-13CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Layer Functions
Inter-host communication• Establishes, manages, and
terminates sessions between applications
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
Network services to applicationsNetwork services to applications
Data representationData representation
2-14CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Layer Functions
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
Transport4
Inter-host communicationInter-host communication
Network services to applicationsNetwork services to applications
Data representationData representation
End-to-end connection reliability• Concerned with data transport
issues between hosts• Data transport reliability• Establishes, maintains, and
terminates virtual circuits• Fault detection and recovery• Information flow control
2-15CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Layer Functions
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
Transport4
Network3
Inter-host communicationInter-host communication
Network services to applicationsNetwork services to applications
Data representationData representation
End-to-end connection reliabilityEnd-to-end connection reliability
Addresses and best path• Provides connectivity and path
selection between two end systems
• Domain of routing
2-16CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Layer Functions
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
Transport4
Network3
Data Link2
Inter-host communicationInter-host communication
Network services to applicationsNetwork services to applications
Data representationData representation
End-to-end connection reliabilityEnd-to-end connection reliability
Addresses and best pathAddresses and best path
Access to media• Provides reliable transfer of data
across media• Physical addressing, network
topology, error notification, flow control
2-17CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Layer Functions
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
Transport4
Network3
Data Link2
Physical1
Inter-host communicationInter-host communication
Network services to applicationsNetwork services to applications
Data representationData representation
End-to-end connection reliabilityEnd-to-end connection reliability
Addresses and best pathAddresses and best path
Access to mediaAccess to media
Binary transmission• Wires, connectors, voltages,
data rates
2-18CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
Host A
Peer-to-Peer Communications
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
PhysicalBits
Frames
Packets
Segments
Host B
2-19CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Data Encapsulation
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Physical
Data Link
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Physical
Data Link
Host A Host B
Data} {
2-20CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Data Encapsulation
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Physical
Data Link
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Physical
Data Link
Data} {DataNetwork
Header
Host A Host B
2-21CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Data Encapsulation
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Physical
Data Link
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Physical
Data Link
Data} {DataNetwork
Header
Frame
HeaderFrame
TrailerDataNetwork
Header
Host A Host B
2-22CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Data Encapsulation
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Physical
Data Link
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Physical
Data Link
Data} {DataNetwork
Header
Frame
HeaderFrame
TrailerDataNetwork
Header
0101101010110001
Host A Host B
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Layers 1 & 2: Physical & Data Link
Layers
Layers 1 & 2: Physical & Data Link
Layers
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
2-24CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Physical and Logical Addressing
0000.0c12.3456
2-25CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
MAC Address
24 bits
ROMRAM
24 bits
0000.0c12. 3456Serial NumberVendor Code
• MAC address is burned into ROM on a network interface card
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Layer 3: Network Layer
Layer 3: Network Layer
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
2-27CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Network Layer: Path Determination
Which Path?Which Path?
• Layer 3 functions to find the best path through the internetwork
2-28CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Network Layer: Communicate Path
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11
• Addresses represent the path of media connections
• Routing helps contain broadcasts
2-29CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Addressing—Network and Node
Network Node
1
2
123
1
3 1
1.1
2.1
3.1
1.2
1.3
• Network address—Path part used by the router
• Node address—Specific port or device on the network
2-30CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Protocol Addressing Variations
Network Node
1 1
GeneralExample
Network Host
10. 8.2.48
TCP/IPExample (Mask 255.0.0.0)
Network Node
1aceb0b. 0000.0c00.6e25
Novell IPXExample
2-31CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Network Layer Protocol Operations
• Each router provides its services to support upper layer functions
X Y
AA
CC
2-32CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Network Layer Protocol Operations
• Each router provides its services to support upper layer functions
BB
X Y
AA
CC
Presentation
Data LinkPhysical
Data LinkPhysical
Router A Router B Router C
Data LinkPhysical
Data LinkNetworkTransportSessionPresentationApplication
Physical
Host X Host Y
Data LinkNetworkTransportSession
Application
Physical
Network Network Network
2-33CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Multiprotocol Routing
IP 15.17.132.6
IP 15.16.42.8
IP 15.16.50.3
Routing Tables
IP
TokenRing
TokenRing
AppleTalk 200.167
AppleTalk 100.110
Apple
IPX 4b.0800.0121.ab13
IPX 3a.0800.5678.12abNovell
DECnet 5.8
DECnet 10.1
DEC
VAX
VAX
• Routers pass traffic from all routed protocols over the internetworkRouters pass traffic from all routed protocols over the internetwork
2-34CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Routed Versus Routing Protocol
• Routed protocol used between routers to direct user traffic
1.02.03.0
1.12.13.1
DestinationNetwork
NetworkProtocol
Protocol Name
Examples: IP, IPX, AppleTalk, DECnet Exit Port
to Use
2-35CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Routed Versus Routing Protocol
• Routed protocolused betweenrouters to directuser traffic
Examples: IP, IPX, AppleTalk, DECnet
• Routing protocolused only betweenrouters to maintainrouting tables
Examples: RIP, IGRP, OSPF
2-36CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Static Versus Dynamic Routes
Uses a protocol route that a networkadministrator enters into the router
Static Route
Uses a route that a network protocoladjusts automatically for topology ortraffic changes
Dynamic Route
2-37CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Static Route Example
Point-to-point orcircuit-switched
connection
“Stub” network
Only a single networkconnection with no need
for routing updates
AA
BB
• Fixed route to address reflects administrator’s knowledge
2-38CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Adapting to Topology Change
AA BB
CCDD
• Can an alternate route substitute for a failed route?
2-39CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Adapting to Topology Change
AA BB
CCDD
XX
2-40CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Adapting to Topology Change
AA BB
CCDD
XX
• Can an alternate route substitute for a failed route?
YesYes—With dynamic routing enabled
2-41CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
LAN-to-LAN Routing Example
Network 1
Network 3
E0E1 To0
Host 5Host 4 Network 2
TokenRing
802.3 Net 2, Host 5
Routing Table
DestinationNetwork
Outgoing Interface
123
E0To0E1
2-42CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
LAN-to-LAN Routing
Network 1
Network 3
E0E1 To0
Host 5Host 4 Network 2
TokenRing
802.3 Net 2, Host 5
Routing Table
Net 2, Host 5802.5
From LAN to LAN
DestinationNetwork
Outgoing Interface
123
E0To0E1
2-43CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
LAN-to-WAN Routing
Data
1.3 2.4 Data
AA
TokenRing
2.4
Token Ring 1.3 2.4 Data
BB
1.3From LAN
Frame Relay
To WAN
To LAN
2-44CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
LAN-to-WAN Routing
Data
1.3 2.4 Data
AA
TokenRing
2.4
Token Ring 1.3 2.4 Data
BB
1.3From LAN
Frame Relay 1.3 2.4 DataFrame Relay
1.3 2.4 Data
To WAN
To LAN
2-45CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
LAN-to-WAN Routing
Data
1.3 2.4 Data
AA
TokenRing
2.4
Token Ring 1.3 2.4 Data
BB
1.3From LAN
Frame Relay 1.3 2.4 DataFrame Relay
1.3 2.4 Data
To WAN
Ethernet
Data
1.3 2.4 Data
1.3 2.4 Data
To LAN
1.3 2.4 Data
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Layers 4–7: Transport, Session, Presentation, and
Application Layers
Layers 4–7: Transport, Session, Presentation, and
Application Layers
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
2-47CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Transport Layer
• Segments upper-layer applications
• Establishes an end-to-end connection
• Sends segments from one end host to another
• Optionally, ensures data reliability
2-48CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Transport Layer— Segments Upper-Layer Applications
Electronic
File
Transfer
Application
Presentation
Session
Segments
DataApplication
PortTransport Data
Application
Port
Terminal
Session
2-49CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Transport Layer— Establishes Connection
Synchronize
Synchronize
Acknowledge
Negotiate Connection
Receiver
Data Transfer
Connection Established
(Send Segments)
Sender
2-50CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Transport Layer— Sends Segments with Flow Control
Transmit
Buffer FullNot Ready
StopProcessSegments
Buffer OKReadyGo
Resume Transmission
ReceiverSender
2-51CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Transport Layer— Reliability with Windowing
• Window Size = 1
Sender
Send 1 Receive 1
Receiver
Ack 2
Send 2 Receive 2Ack 3
Sender
Send 1Send 2
Receive 1Receive 2
Receiver
• Window Size = 3
Send 3 Receive 3Ack 4
Send 4
2-52CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Transport Layer— An Acknowledgement Technique
Sender Receiver
Send 2Send 1
Send 3Ack 4
Send 5Send 4
Send 6Ack 5
Send 5Ack 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2-53CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Transport to Network Layer
End-to-End SegmentsEnd-to-End Segments
Routed PacketsRouted Packets
2-54CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Session Layer
• Network File System (NFS)• Structured Query Language (SQL)• Remote-Procedure Call (RPC)• X Window System• AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP)• DEC Session Control Protocol (SCP)
Service Request
Service Reply
• Coordinates applications as they interact on different hosts
2-55CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Presentation Layer
ASCIIEBCDICEncrypted
• Text• Data
login:
PICTTIFFJPEGGIF
• Graphics• Visual images
• Sound
• VideoMPEGQuickTime
MIDI
• Provides code formatting and conversion for applications
2-56CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Application Layer
Word Processor
Presentation Graphics
Spreadsheet
Database
Design/Manufacturing
Project Planning
Others
COMPUTERAPPLICATIONS
Electronic Mail
File Transfer
Remote Access
Client-Server Process
Information Location
Network Management
Others
NETWORKAPPLICATIONS INTERNETWORK
APPLICATIONS
Electronic Data Interchange
World Wide Web
E-Mail Gateways
Special-Interest Bulletin Boards
Financial Transaction Services
Internet Navigation Utilities
Conferencing (Voice, Video, Data)
Others• Internetwork applications
can extend beyond the enterprise (i.e., to suppliers, etc.)
2-57CSE: Networking Fundamentals—OSI Model © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
Summary
• OSI reference model describes building blocks of functions for program-to-program communications between similar or dissimilar hosts
• Layers 4–7 (host layers) provide accurate data delivery between computers
• Layers 1–3 (media layers) control physical delivery of data over the network
58Presentation_ID © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com