The World at War 1914 - 1919 World War I
Dec 18, 2015
The World at War1914 - 1919
World War I
The Four MAIN Causes of WWI
Write these notes on your MAIN chart
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Militarism: the glorification of war and the military
By 1870 all nations except Great Britain had established conscription – the draft so they had an army ready to go
Major powers had built stockpiles of weapons that enabled them to go to war quickly
Each nation’s actions threatened other nations
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Alliances: defense agreements among nations
1882: Italy joined Austria-Hungary and Germany in the Triple Alliance
1907: Triple Entente: loose alliance between France, Great Britain and Russiao Entente: friendly understanding between
nations that lacks binding commitments of a full-fledged alliance
Europe was divided into two camps that dragged many more countries into the war
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Imperialism – One country’s domination of the political, economic and social life of
another country
Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia and Italy wanted to gain new markets and expand global empireso Competition between Britain and
Germany and Britain and France were most intense
Competition encouraged hostility -> countries double crossed each other to reach their own goals 5
Nationalism – Strong pride in one’s country
Nationalist movement emerged in Balkans – present day Greece, Bulgaria, Albania, Yugoslaviao Nationalities here included Greeks, Romanians,
Albanians, Turks, and Slavs Slavs (Serbs, Croats, Macedonians, Bulgarians,
Slovenes) in Austria-Hungary wanted to unite/break free from A-Ho Serbian Slavs supported this goal
1908: Austria-Hungary annexed (added on) Bosnia-Herzegovinao Serbia wanted this region for itself
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Nationalist movement also existed in Ottoman Empire (empire of Turks)o Empire had begun to fall apart –
Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Romania, and Bulgaria became independent
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Population (in millions)
Population0
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Great BritainFranceRussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryTurkey
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Annual Value of Foreign Trade in British Pounds (in millions)
Value of Trade0
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BriatinFranceRussiaGermanAustria-HungaryTurkey
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Soldiers Available on Mobilization (in millions)
Soldiers Available0
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BritainFranceRussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryTurkey
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The Start of WWI2
June 28, 1914: Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, visits Sarajevo, capital of Bosniao Gavrilo Princip: 19 year old Serbian
nationalist and member of “terrorist organization” the Black Hand, kills Ferdinand and wife
o Austria-Hungary blames Serbia
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July 5: Germany pledges full support to any actions Austria-Hungary might take against Serbia
July23: Austria-Hungary gives Serbia an ultimatum: a set of final conditions that must be accepted to avoid severe consequences1. A-H officials would keep down protestors in
Serbia
2. A-H would lead investigation into Ferdinand’s murder
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July 25: Serbia accepts first demand, but rejects second
July 28, 1914: A-H declares war on Serbia
July 30: Russia mobilizes troops against A-H and Germanyo Mobilization: gathering and transport of
military troops and fighting equipment
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July 31: Germany issues two ultimatums:o Russia: Cancel mobilization or risk war• Does not reply
o France: 18 hours to decide whether it would stay neutral if Germany went to war against Russia• Will support Russia
August 1: Germany declares war on Russia August 3: Germany declares war on France15
August 3: Germany invades Belgiumo Defies a 1839 treaty that recognized
Belgium’s neutralityo Britain sends ultimatum to Germany to
remove troopso Germany refuses
August 4:Britain declares war on Germany
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Life on the Homefront
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I. Mobilization
A. Conservation1.Govt. decided what should be
produced2.Imposed rationing and price/wage
controls3.Daylight savings time introduced
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B. Germany’s War Raw Materials Board
1. Rationed/distributed raw materials
2. Food rationed according to physical need
a.Men/women doing physical work = more food
b.Last 2 years: only children and pregnant women
got milk
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C. Everyday Life
1.Women worked in factories, mines and
steel mills
2.Children organized into garbage brigades
3.People ate less than 1000 calories a day
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II. Social Impact
A. General Life
1. Jobs available for everyone
2. Greater social equality
B. Women1. Changed attitudes towards women
2. Worked as police officers, nurses and doctors on the front
3. Showed more independence: bobbed hair, shortened skirts and smoked in public
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Assignment
Create a neat and colorful poster that encourages citizens of an Allied country to eitherJoin the war as a soldierBuy a liberty bond or Conserve food/energy
US Entry into the War
4
Americans were initially divided over who to side with
Several events forced the US into the war
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1. U-Boat Activity 1915: German U-Boat sunk the Lusitania: a
British passenger linero Killed 1,198, including 128 Americanso Naval code said enemy ships had to give
warning before attacking a nonmilitary targeto Germans said subs would be easy targets if
they surfaced
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August 1915: 2 Americans were killed when Germans sunk the Arabic
March 1916: German’s sank unarmed merchant ship Sussexo Wilson threatened to sever diplomatic tieso Sussex pledge: Germany pledged not to sink
merchant or passenger ships w/out warning
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January 1917: Germany announced unrestricted submarine warfareo Germany believed it would win war before US
could entero President Wilson broke off diplomatic relations
March: Germans sank 5 unarmed US merchant ships
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2. Zimmerman Telegram
March 1917: Arthur Zimmerman, German foreign minister, sent telegram to Mexicoo If Mexico joined war w/Germany, Mexico would
receive New Mexico, Texas and Arizona
American newspapers published the telegram
April 2, 1917: Woodrow Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war
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The End of the War
November 11, 1918: Germans signed an armistice: agreement to end the fighting
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I. Effects of the War
A. Governments were bankruptB. Revolution threatened Eastern EuropeC. Deaths:
1.8.5 million soldiers dead2.21 million wounded
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War Casualties
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II. Paris Peace Conference - 1918
A. Participants1.Representatives from 27 nations2.Central powers and Russians weren’t invited3.US, France, Britain and Italy made most of
the decisions
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B. Treaty of Versailles – actions taken against Germany1. Military
a.Reduced armyb.Banned the draftc.Outlawed manufacture of major weapons
2. Territorya.Size reducedb.Rhineland (border on western bank) occupied by
Alliesc.Lost all overseas colonies
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3. War guilta.Had to accept full responsibility for the
warb.Had to pay $33 billion in reparations:
payments for property damages and costs of fighting, over 30 years
4.Creation of the League of Nations to keep peace
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A. Other peace treaties signed w/Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria1. Break up of Austria-Hungary2. New nations created: Finland, Estonia, Latvia,
Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia and YugoslaviaB. Reaction
1. Many were minorities in new nations2. Some did not get desired independence3. Losers angry about loss of territory and prestige
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