Page 1
16 1
6
16 ( 1) !"#
16.1
1.!"#$%"$&'("? * ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... 2. ,"#-./0$12/3%(452$-$? * ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... 3. *,0$%(!"#'("? * ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4. !"#!//8**'('("? * ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... 16.2
5. &*( A !/ B -<!$(2 =0 '(!"#!/2 *'(>* ,($ * ,-$ (A 03 B) 2 *& '
................................................................................. ......
Page 2
* ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 6. A&2 *'(0 '(/%(* ,$0(=>(' = '!"#B'* ,=>* ,=>' * ,=C*>"*D%(.003"' * ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... 7. 1(,(%(23( $F,G($& *&!2'"$& R *G S !** E !/!* A 0&K$!$(F, $(<?
* ............................................................................................................................................................. ..........................................................................................................................................................................
16.3
8. !(2/3"#!/2 *'(!**'('("? * ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... 9. 5-*&(3"%-$2 *'(0 '(% %(!**1'!(2/3"# !/2 *'(0 '(% %(!**12' '!(2/3"#"$&03"'? * ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... 16.4 "# $ %&"'(
10. 3*'* *&1, 0(! .4 !/ %.% ,0* *&!*'/* F-$*'"2'' 2 *'( !"# ,/("#
Page 3
* ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... 11. *'0/$"!0/'(,$"#!*( 6 . /* .$-&*' 1-0&2 '( '3*'$& *' 03"' =0*4-$? * ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... 12. 0/$"$**&"& !/2 30/$0(%$ 0/$3O ( '( 1"$&'("? * ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... 13. A1 , A2 !/ A3 >!**'" &-/&14$ P !/>' 0(%( (1"# $(< A&!* A1 '2'"$& 8 !! !* A2 '2'"$& 2 !! !* A3 1'2'"$&'"?
* ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 16.5 *& &%+,"#
14.1<3*'23(-&"#14$ 1 !/ 2 2 *'("$& V0 %F*'23(-&"#3"'*'23(-&"# 2''"$&10303*'( =0*4-$?
Page 4
* ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 15. P Q !/ R >0/$"034!/,*'> (1!** $(< A& *G S 2 '(%(0/$" P !/ Q 1/!/('("?
* ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 16. !** 0/$"0/$ (L1 ,L2 ,L3 !/L4) *G (S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 !/S6) *'> (1"# $(< 0/$-$ '(A&
. *G S2 ' * ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... %. *G S3 ' * ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... 2. *G S3 !/ S4 ' * ............................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................
Page 5
17. (1"#$(< a b c !/ d >* *&2 *&' 1 ,2 ,3, 4, 5 >14$"'2 *& ?
. 14$-$!"#B'&4$? * ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... %. 14$2<'-$2 *'('< * ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... 2. 14$2<'-$2 *'(4$ * ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... $%&
16.1
1.A&!"# 1.25 !! -&/ $./0&0( 14"#(0$B'=30&*$%(&/ $./0&- / 5.0 12''-$ ? ( 357 )
, ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................................
Page 6
2.A&*'&/ $./0!** Y '!"#B'&/ $ 3.20 !! 1(01, /8*B'=30&*$%(/ $./0- / 5.0 ?(/8*14"# 1.6 ×10-19 2</) ( 1020 ) , ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 3. !**&0(A1'14"#"$&(0$ 5.0 ×104 2</ */$ /-&(!**1'!"# 20 //!! '(, 1A-&!**"$& .( ? ( 694.44 ) , ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4. / $./0&0(/8* 5.0 ×1028 * *'/<* / $=30&*$ 2.5 *(//* A&/8*!*'/* 2/3$& %$2 8 /3/ 0.30 //**' 1!"#'-$-&/ $ ? ( 6 ) , ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 16.2
5. 1$/( $2 *'(0 '(/%(* *& !/!"#B'* *&G(*'<'!0/'(,$"#*'(O %2 =0 '(2 *'(!/!"#"$& $(< 1(02 2 *&%(* *& ? ( 5 )
Page 7
, ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 6. 1*&(*'* *& 1.0 .0 2 *'('-$ 1(1!"# 1.0 //!! B'* *&$(/' ? ( 103 ) , ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 7. / $./0&0( 1.00 * =30&*$ 0.10 *(//* !/2 *& 0.1 .0 / $,1./0" ? ( !"#$%!"&'()*%+,%%!" 16.1) , ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 8. ",$& (!$((& &!2 10 * !/=3 0&*$ 0.20 *(//* &(=30&*$>('!/ >2(0(%(&!1(02 *&%("((& ? ( -(,) 0.85 -(,!"- 0.21 ) , ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................................
Page 8
9. !B'./00/0( &( x !/ y !/ x $(< A&./05=*& 2 *& 0 '(
$&!/(2''-$ ? ( y
ρ )
, ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................................
10. * *& a !A& $, !$(!/( * *& b !A,*/ & !/( !/*
*& c !A% ,( 0/3(!/( * *&!*'/* 2 *&'-$ ?
,
* *& a
!A 1 2 3 4 2'
∴ * *& a 2'..........................Ω±^^^%
* *& b
!A 1 2 3 4 2'
∴ * *& b 2'..........................Ω±^^^%
* *& c
!A 1 2 3 4 2'
∴ * *& c 2'..........................Ω±^^^%
Page 9
16.3
11. (1"#$(< !$($/(=30!(2/3"#!/2 *&5-%(!** ' !$(2 =0 '(2 *'(0 '(% %(!** C !/!"#B'!** C 32 *&/" &*$! X !/ Y 2' x !/ y */,$ 1(0!(2/3"#!/2 *&5-%(!** C ?
, 1 EI =
R+r
E = IR + Ir !*' V = IR ∴ V = -rI + E y = ax + b 1(>&*( !(2/3"#%(G// E 23 y f intercept = y
2 *&5-%(G// , r 23 slope = y
x
12. !**&0(!(2/3"# 12.0 . /* !/2 *&5- 2.0 .0 *'* *& 70 .0 1(02 *'(0 '(% %(!** 2'2, F"$&1!**'(2' $$& . /**2 *&<(.$"'* *&*'<'03"' =0*4-$ ? ( 11.67 ) , ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 13. *'!**!/2"/ 1.5 . /* 2 & !4 ,-0&A1'!"# 20 //!! 4%$/8"$& 20 .( A&!**2&/ 15 1(02'"#*'=/(("# 1 0' ( 25,000 %!*#,0)
Page 10
, ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 16.4 "# $ %&"'(
14. * *&* !*'/* 2 *& 1 .0 A&,* *&(*'1"$&2 *& '-$&( ? , ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 15. * *&* !*'/* 2 *& 10 .0 1*&(,*''(" 1(1"$&2 *& 2.5 .0 !/ 25 .0 ? , ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................................
Page 11
16. a b !/ c >* *&2 *&
10 .0 20 .0 !/ 30 .0 */,$1*&(,* *&(1$ (-!B5=*<%&(/'('(" 1(1-0&2 *&
. 2'&4$ , ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... %. 2'4$ , ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 17. 1< 2 *& 2''" 3
() *G S $ ( 2.1 ) , ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... (%) *G S $ ( 2.08 ) , ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................................
Page 12
18. 2 *&%(/ $0/8/&&0(&B'</( 1 G** 1/$/(0/30(-3A<2/3$& (!$( 1(02 0%((!$(2/3 ,0$-0&5=*&%(0/8!/(!$(' 1.98 × 10-7 !/1.7 10-8 .0 * */,$ ( 0.325 1,0 ) , ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 19. 3,!**03(& *'!41!"# 0.25 !! B'* *& 8 .0 A&*'!**!%1!"# 0.16 !! 1(0!(2/3"#!/2 *&5-!** ? ( 1.41 ) , ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 16.5 *& &%+,"#
20. * *&* 2 *& 10 .0 100 .0 !/ 1 ./.0 */,$*'!4!/*'!** 12 . /* 1!"#'-$- (1 A&*'* *&(!% 1!"#- (1'-$ ? , ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................................
Page 13
21. 3,!**&G(*'!4"*'* *&%$ 5.6 .0 !"#- (112''-$ A&!**!*'/&!(2/3"# 1.5 . /* !/2 *&5- 0.1 .0? ( 1 ) , ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 22. (1"#$(< C >!0/'(,$"# A >!* !/ V >. /** 1(0 . 2 *& 0 '( X !/ Y ( 1.33 )
, ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... %. !"#'"$&1!* A ( 9 ) , ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 2. !"#B'* *& 4 .0 ( 3 ) , ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... (. *%(=/(("#/3("* *&%$ 4 .0 ( 36 ) , ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................................
Page 14
1. =/(("#/3("* *&((- (1- / 30 ( 3,240 2) , ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 23. * *&* 2 *& 1 .0 100 .0 !/ 1,000 .0 A&,* *&!*'/* "*'!**!(2/3"# 3 . /* !/2 *&5- 0.5 .0 2 *'(0 '(/%(* *&>'" ? ( 2 ,2.99 ,3.00 , ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 24. !** 423(0(!(2/3"# 9 . /* %F-0&!"# 0.4 !! $2 *'(0 '(0 '(% !**"$& 8.8 . /* 2 *&5-%(!**2''-$ ? ( 0.5 ) , ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 25. 1< 2 *'(0 '( A !/ B 2''-$ 3,* *& 30 .0 *'0 '(14$ A !/ B 2 *'(0 '(14$ A !/ B -2(0/(12''-$? ( 3) 8 3 4.8 )
, ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................................
Page 15
26. (1"#$(< A&!**"'2 *&5- 2 *'(0 '(/%(* *& 3 .0 2''"? ( 1 )
, ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 27. (1"#$(< 1(0*' %(!"# I1 : I2 : I3 ( 1 : 2 : 6)
, ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 28. (1"#$(< 1(0!(2/3"# E %(!** !/!"#B'!** ( )5-&667% 0.5 8,&667% 10 )
, ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................................
Page 16
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................... 29. (1"#$(< $& *G S1 !/ *G S2 . /** V !** C !/* *&%$ 3 .0 !/ 6 .0 3 *G S1 '($ . /**'"$& 12 . /* 3 *G S2 '($ . /**'"$& 16 . /*
. 1(02 *&5-%(!**? ( 3 ) , ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... %. A&("'"$& *G S1 !/ S2 . /**'"$&'"? ( 24 ) , ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 30. 0/$" 6 W 12 V *&(-&!**!(2/3"# 1.5 . /* !/2 *&5- 1 .0 1, '-$=3,-0&0/$" '( ( 12 ) , ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................................
Page 17
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................... 31. 14'/ $-0&2 &&0(*'2 *'( 220 . /* /(-, / 1 ./4F05< 30 (G/G Y ',$3$- / 5 1(0,/("#%(/ $-0&2 & ,0$-0&2 14$2 &1,=%(,' 4.2 ./1</*'./ 2/ ( 980 ) , ............................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................................