– 1 – EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization Integration of Modelling Tools for Parallel Optical Interconnects in a Standard EDA Design.

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 1 –

Integration of Modelling ToolsIntegration of Modelling Toolsfor Parallel Optical for Parallel Optical

InterconnectsInterconnectsin a Standard EDA Design in a Standard EDA Design

EnvironmentEnvironmentMichiel De Wilde, Olivier Rits, Wim Meeus,Hannes Lambrecht, Jan Van Campenhout

Ghent University, BelgiumIMEC

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 2 –

OverviewOverview

• Chip-to-chip Parallel Optical Interconnects (POI)– Concept: CMOS with hybridized optics

• Integration in EDA tools– EDA support for POI elements (IC and system level)

(compared to electrical interconnect)

• Coherent circuit-level simulation– Analog models

– Digital simulation

– Timing verification: random behaviour in POI

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 3 –

Concept: CMOS with hybridized Concept: CMOS with hybridized opticsoptics

VCSELsCMOS substrate (top side visible)

Photodiodes

Package

Connector

Solder balls

Fiber bundle

PCB

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 4 –

Clock re-synccircuitry

Driver & receivercircuitry

TX

POI elementsPOI elementsVCSELtechnology

Photodetectortechnology

Optics-CMOShybridization

Waveguide routing technology

Connectorization

Optical waveguides(POF/integrated)

IC packaging

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 5 –

Interconnect data flowInterconnect data flow

paralleloptical

interconnect

electricalinterconnect

in

T X

LVDS

T LINE

100 diffRX

out

RT

c lock

100

FinT X VC PD RX

out

RT

clock

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 6 –

FinT X VC PD RX

out

RT

in

T X

LVDS

T LINE

100 diff out

RTRX

100

EDA support for EDA support for interconnectionsinterconnections

For interconnect, design tools normally provide:• Design (instantiation) of system-specific parts• pre-production Validation• post-production Testing

IC levelD,V & T

IC levelD,V & T

PCB levelD, V (& T)

interface

Vinterface

V

+pads +pads

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 7 –

IC-level EDA support for IC-level EDA support for interconnectinterconnect

• Electrical interconnect:– pads + I/O circuits– (reduced) layout view– analog & digital simulation

views

• Parallel optical interconnect:– VCSEL driver/photodiode

receiver + flip-chip pads– design kit: similar approach

RX TX

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 8 –

Driver/receiver simulation Driver/receiver simulation modelmodel

• Normal analog electrical circuits• IP protection: compiled/no real circuit given• Alternative: parameterised flowchart• Validation: comparison with compiled circuit

Receiver flowchart

Transimpedance preamplifier

Postamplifier

Decision circuit

Equalizer

Limiting amplifier

Photocurrentinput

Digital output

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 9 –

Post-assembly testing of optical Post-assembly testing of optical linkslinks

• JTAG Boundary Scan cells in RX/TX circuits• DC-free signal alternating on test clock: AC-JTAG

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 10 –

Photonics in circuit-level Photonics in circuit-level simulatorssimulators

• Verilog-AMS and VHDL-AMS support “optical power”

• Options at the interface between models:

modelled

device A

modelled

device B

light power light powermodelle

ddevice A

modelled

device B

current-like approach potential-like approach

• Natural choice: current-like approach, but– Kirchhoff’s first law is enforced

– Photons from opposite directions would counteract each other?

• Potential-like: explicit optical propagation inside models

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 11 –

VCSEL modellingVCSEL modelling• Highly nonlinear differential equation system

(image: M.X. Jungo)

carrier density

photon numberin the kth mode

• Spatial integration is too slow(and not possible with circuit-level simulators)

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 12 –

Verilog-AMS VCSEL modelVerilog-AMS VCSEL model• Abstractions by Mena, Morikuni, Jungo:

– fix the shape of mode profiles– result: spatial integration becomes static

inout<1:2>

gnd!

fixed mode profiles

optical powerper mode

&

• Electrical model: diode + parasitics• Convergence and numerical issues

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 13 –

Photodiode modellingPhotodiode modelling• Linear: electrical current vs. optical power

L (mW)

I (mA)

dark currentre

sponsiv

ity

IL

• Electrical parasitics overwhelm intrinsic responseResult: only total incident light power is required

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 14 –

Verilog-AMS photodiode modelVerilog-AMS photodiode model

module pin_photodiode(in,anode,cathode); input in; inout anode, cathode; power in; electrical anode, cathode; parameter real Cdep=0, Cbo=0, Rbas=0, Resp=0, Id=0; parameter real pole=-1/(Cdep*Rbas); parameter real laplace_coeff_0=Cdep+Cbo; parameter real laplace_coeff_1=Cdep*Cbo*Rbas; charge rc; analog begin I(cathode,anode) <+ laplace_zp(Resp*Pwr(in)+Id,{},{pole,0}); Q(rc) <+ laplace_np(V(cathode,anode),{laplace_coeff_0,laplace_coeff_1},{pole,0}); endendmodule

•Terminals•Model parameters•Equations describing internal state and outputs

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 15 –

Parameter extractionParameter extraction

• Photodiode model: easy– simple measurements– datasheet

• VCSEL model: difficult– nonlinearity– multiple modes– temperature sensitivity + self-heating– many model parameters (>60 for only 2 modes)– datasheet not sufficient

– Ideally: standardized model (~BSIM transistor model)

modelmeasurement

VCSEL current (A)

Out

put

pow

er (

W)

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 16 –

Optical pathOptical path

• Two approaches for the optical path:

Routed POF Integrated waveguides

Ribbonisation

Routing on flexible foil

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 17 –

Optical path modelOptical path model• Photodiode input = propagated VCSEL modes

• Categories: interface jumps & waveguides• Interface jumps:

– During simulation, multiply with 0 < < 1– To calculate (statically):

Fresnel diffraction of free-space propagation

in<1>

in<2>

in<3>

in<4>

out<1>

out<2>

out<3>

out<4>

opt icalpath

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 18 –

Optical misalignmentOptical misalignment

Numerical aperture of POF

VC

SE

L-PO

F d

ista

nce

(µ

m)

Misalignment:0µm

Misalignment:10µm

VCSEL-POF coupling efficiencyVCSEL diameter: 8µm, fiber core: 50µm

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 19 –

Propagation in waveguidesPropagation in waveguidesMultimode: apply raytracing

Numerical aperture of POF

Ben

din

g r

ad

ius

(µm

) Core diameter:50µm

Core diameter:98µm

Transmission of a step index POF after a 90° bend(input pattern: far field of VCSEL)

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 20 –

Dispersion in waveguidesDispersion in waveguides

• POF with graded index: ~0.1ps for 1mlight travels faster nearby the cladding

• step index POF/PCB integrated: ~100ps for 1m

Dispersion cannot be neglected anymore

Dispersion is negligible here

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 21 –

Coherent interconnect Coherent interconnect simulationsimulation

(exaggerated VCSEL model parameters)

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 22 –

POI simulation within a digital POI simulation within a digital systemsystem

• Digital views with just signal propagation

• Cell with multiple views: interface correspondence

• Extract delays from analog simulation andannotate to digital model using SDF files

• Timing verification: minimal/maximal timings required…

outFinT X VC PD RX

propagate over fundamental mode

in out<1:N>

gnd!in out

vcc!

gnd!

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 23 –

Random effects in POIRandom effects in POI

• Static deviations– Manufacturing process fluctuations– Mechanical tolerances

• Random noise processes– VCSEL relative intensity & phase noise– Receiver circuit: thermal noise

• Coupled noise– Optical crosstalk– Supply noise– Substrate noise

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 24 –

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

• IST Interconnect by Optics project partners

• Fund for Scientific Research – Flanders (Belgium) (F.W.O.)– Research assistantship

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 25 –

SummarySummary

• Chip-to-chip Parallel Optical Interconnects (POI)– Concept: CMOS with hybridized optics

• Integration in EDA tools– EDA support for POI elements (IC and system level)

(compared to electrical interconnect)

• Coherent circuit-level simulation– Analog models

– Digital simulation

– Timing verification: random behaviour in POI

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 26 –

Application: optimization of the Application: optimization of the POIPOI

• Choices for operating currents, analog circuit design,numerical aperture, physical dimensions…

• Improvement at one place can get lost elsewhere

(not to scale)

Increase of numerical aperture of fiberbettercoupling

worsecoupling

lessbendinglosses

Choices parameter extraction simulation performance examine the opposite direction

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 27 –

CMOS substrate noiseCMOS substrate noise

Simultaneous switching noise can disturb receiver circuits

p subst ra te

gndgnd

Digi ta lFET

An alo gFET

Pac kage p+ n+n+ n+ n+

(figure: Cadence)

EDA modelling of POI with direct CMOS-optics hybridization– 28 –

Substrate noise measurement Substrate noise measurement setupsetup