მიხეილ ლაბაძე, ენისა და კილოს გამიჯვნის პრობლემა, I

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mixeil labaZe

enisa da kilos gamijvnis problema, I.

enaTmecniereba enas zogadad ganmartavs, rogorc istoriulad Camo-yalibebul da mowesrigebul niSanTa sistemas anda fonologiur-fonetikur, mor-fologiur, sintaqsur da leqsikur-semantikur TaviseburebaTa erTobliobas (boduen de kurtene 1901:76-77; sosiuri 1933:38; meie, 1938:52; gardineri, 1964:16; humboldti 1984:308; gamyreliZe, 2008: 23-24), rac arsebiTad, erTi da igivea.

amavdroulad, rogorc marTebulad miuTiTeben prof. Teimuraz gvancelaZe (2006: 52-53) da prof. tariel futkaraZe (2008:58), istoriulad Camoyalibebul

da mowesrigebul niSanTa sistemas anda fonologiur-fonetikur, morfologiur, sintaqsur da leqsikur-semantikur TaviseburebaTa erTobliobas warmoadgens kiloc da kilokavic, calke aRebuli. `sul sxva saqmea, rom sxvadasxva donis enob-rivi variantebi erTmaneTisagan SeiZleba gansxvavdebodnen konkretul enobriv sistemaTa TaviseburebebiT: vTqvaT, erTi dialeqti sxvebisagan SeiZleba sxvaobdes mxolod fonologiur-fonetikuri maxasiaTeblebiT, mxolod morfologiis mxriv, mxolod sintaqsurad, mxolod leqsikur-semantikurad, anda, zogierTi yvela enob-rivi sistemis mxriv” (T. gvancelaZe); miuxedavad amisa, `sakuTriv enaTmecnieruli

ganmartebis mixedviT, ena da kilo ver imijneba” (t. futkaraZe). sainteresoa, rom kilo ama Tu im enis kuTxur nairsaxeobad pirvelad ganma-

rta germanelma poetma filip fon cezenma (1619-1689; ix. harbrexti, 1912:12); amgvari ganmarteba specialur literaturaSic araiSviaTia: `enis gankerZoebuli forma, warmoqmnili garkveul teritoriaze” (maruzo 1943:12); `niSanTa sistema, gamoyofili romelime cocxali an mkvdari saerTo enisgan da Cveulebriv, arsebuli gansazRvrul geografiul sazRvrebSi, oRond naklebad gansxvavebuli

sxva, saerTo warmoSobis sistemaTagan” (alvari, 1961: 54); `ama Tu im enis metyvelebrivi nairsaxeoba, gavrcelebuli garkveul teritoriaze, an eTnikur, socialur, profesiul, asakobriv jgufSi” (jorbenaZe, 1989: 8) `teritoriuli an socialuri nairsaxeoba ama Tu im enisa” (oJegovi, Svedova, 1992:234)da a.S.

Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebaSi sul ufro da ufro mkvidrdeba Tvalsazrisi, rom kilos xsenebuli ganmarteba universalurad veRar CaiTvleba _ saqme isaa, rom msoflios bevr qveyanaSi, saerTo-erovnuli enis paralelurad arsebobs mravali sametyvelo erTeuli, romelic upiratesad istoriul-politikuri mizezebis gamo miiCneva kilod, miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZlebelia, saerTo-erovnul enaze Zveli samwignobro tradiciebic ki gaaCndes _ magaliTad, italiaSi kiloebad miCneuli metyvelebebic (romauli, siciliuri, veneciuri, neapoluri, lukanuri...) da saliteraturo enac (romelic toskanuri jgufis florenciul

kilos efuZneba) istoriulad Tanabari donis enobrivi erTeulebia:1 TiToeuli

1 Sdr.: `saerToqarTveluris bazaze Seqmnil arqaul samwignobro enasTan mimarTebiT,

dRes arsebuli yvela zepiri qarTveluri metyveleba meoreuli movlenaa (es kargad

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maTgani xalxuri laTinuris (Sermō Vulgaris) diferenciaciis Sedegad warmoiSva da ganviTareba daiwyo, rogorc ama Tu im kuTxis samwignobro normam, TumcaRa aRo-rZinebis epoqis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebis _ dante aligieris (1265-1321), franCesko petrarkasa (1304-1374) da jovani bokaCos (1313-1375) Semoqmedebis popularobam mxolod florenciuli samwignobro norma aqcia saerTo-erovnul

enad. sxva kiloTa safuZvelze SemuSavebuli samwignobro normebi XIX saukunis II naxevridan, TandaTanobiT dakninda da zog kuTxeSi saerTodac gaqra.

ase rom, amJamindeli italiuri kiloebi samwignobro italiuris kuTxur

metyvelebriv nairsaxeobebs (anu ganStoebebs) ar warmoadgenen, magram maT

statuss metyvelTa TviTaRqma gansazRvravs _ yvela kuTxis italiels Tavi

miaCnia erTi eris Svilad, erTiani kulturis memkvidre-Semoqmedad da Tvlis,

rom erTi dedaena da samSoblo aqvs. aqedan gamomdinare, italielTa yoveli kuTxuri Temis saSinao sametyvelo erTeuli upirobod kiloa.2

zustad aseTive viTarebaa germaniaSi, poloneTSi, ungreTSi, xorvatiaSi, saberZneTSi, CineTSi, iaponiaSi, monRoleTSi... nawilobriv _ safrangeTSiac da sxvaganac: `kiloebad" iTvleba imgvari sametyvelo erTeulebic, romlebic

istoriulad ar warmoadgens saerTo-erovnuli enis ganStoebebs, TumcaRa

imavdroulad, arc umciresobaTa enebia. amasTan, enaTmecnierebs maTi statusi sadavod TiTqmis arasodes miuCneviaT (msjelobisaTvis ix.: maTaieri, 1980:3; bauzingeri, 1984:5; jarico 1989:2; stedie, 2001:5; de mauro, 2008:7; romanelo

2010:2). meore mxriv _ iseTi sametyvelo erTeulebi, rogorebicaa, magaliTad:

afrikaansi, malturi, samwignobro norvegiuli (bukmoli), indoneziuri, haituri... warmoadgens Sesabamisad holandiuris, arabulis, daniuris, malaiuris, frangulis... gankerZoebul formebs, warmoqmnils garkveul teritoriaze, garkveul eTnosocialur jgufebSi (ix.: boi, 1995:2; borgi, acopardi, 1997:4-5; beriti, stranskogeni 1998:3; snedoni 2003:70; de grafi, 2005:534); magram maT arc

erTi enaTmecnieri ar miiCnevs kiloebad _ yoveli maTgani damoukidebel enad

ganixileba iqidan gamomdinare, rom afrikanerebi, maltelebi, norvegielebi, indonezielebi, haitelebi amJamad damoukidebeli erebia.

enisa da kilos universaluri ganmartebis praqtikuli ararseboba

gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom sametyvelo erTeulebi yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, sxvadasxva kriteriumiT imijneba. Tavis mxriv, yoveli kriteriumi garkveul

Cans xmovanTkompleqsTa transformaciebiTac)” (futkaraZe, 2008:63, sqolio; msjelobi-saTvis ix. iqve, gv. 90-92; aseve _ futkaraZe 2014:122-126). 2 Sesabamisad, italieli enaTmecnierebi `kilos” sxvagvarad ganmartaven _ ix., magaliTad, mikele loporkaro (2009:3): `termini `kilo" gamoiyeneba iseTi arastandartuli

enobrivi variantis aRsaniSnavad, romelzec garkveuli kuTxuri Temi metyvelebs da romelic oficialuri urTierTobebis dros (skolebSi, administraciaSi...) ar ixmareba” _ rogorc xedavT, aq naxsenebi araa piroba, rom kilo aucileblad erovnuli enis istoriul-geografiul ganStoebas unda warmoadgendes, Tumca ixsenieba kuTxuri

Temi, romelic erTiani eris nawils Seadgens.

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konteqstur monacemebs efuZneba da gansazogadeblad ar gamodgeba. amaze marTebulad miuTiTa cnobilma ruminelma enaTmecnierma, eujen koSerium (1983:37): `rogor ganvsazRvravT ama Tu im kilour sistemas? iSviaTad es [wminda]

enaTmecnieruli kriteriumebiT xdeba: ase magaliTad, portugaliurad (da ara espanurad) miviCnevT [iseT] sametyvelo erTeulebs, romlebSic laTinuris Tavkiduri f ucvlelad SenarCundeba yovelTvis (Feito, Falar, Fogo...Sdr. [esp.]: Hecho, Hablar, Fuego); laTinuris ct kompleqsi ki warmodgenilia, rogorc it da ara rogorc ch (Oito, Direito... Sdr. [esp.]: Ocho, Derecho); laTinuris pl, cl kompleqsebi mogvcems S-s _ daiwereba ch _ da ara [palatalizebul] l~-s _ daiwereba ll (Chave,

Chover...Sdr. [esp.]: Llave, Llover); xolo cxvirismierTanxmovniani kompleqsebi, Sesabamisad, mogvcems cxvirismier xmovan fonemebs (Irmão, Manhã...Sdr. [esp.]: Hermano, Mañana)... TumcaRa zogjer amgvari kriteriumebi gadamwyveti aRar aris

xolme _ magaliTad, q. triestidan Sav zRvamde gavrcelebuli samxreTslavuri [enebis] kiloebi [wminda] enaTmecnieruli kriteriumebiT mkveTrad ver imijneba: SesaZloa, slovenuris da bulgarulis kiloebi daupirispirdnen erTmaneTs, rogorc daSorebulni, Tumca urTierTmosazRvre [enaTa] kiloebs Soris zRvari faqtobrivad, arc ki arsebobs _ isini TandaTanobiT gadadian erTmaneTSi. aseT

SemTxvevebSi, enaTmecniers mouwevs araenaTmecnierul (politikur, anda

kulturul) monacemTa gaTvaliswinebac (xazgasma yvelgan Cemia _ m.l.)”. amdenad, XX saukunis II naxevridan, evropaSi sabolood damtkicda, rom

enaTmecnierul (lingvistur) da araenaTmecnierul (eqstralingvistur) kri-

teriumTa dapirispireba marTebuli araa, radgan ama Tu im sametyvelo

erTeulis funqcionirebac da ganviTarebac pirdapir damokidebulia araenaT-

mecnierul faqtorebze: yoveli maTgani socialuri fenomenia da arc ki ar-sebobs sazogadoebis (sociumis) gareSe. amitomac, maTi statusi metyvelTa TviT-aRqmisa da sxva eTnoistoriuli monacemebis gauTvaliswineblad ver ganisazRv-reba: `kilo ganisazRvreba ara marto dRevandel dialeqtologiur masalaze

dayrdnobiT, aramed im araenaTmecnieruli faqtorebis (magaliTad, uwindeli

an amJamindeli politikuri sazRvrebi, erovnul-Temobrivi dayofa,

kulturuli anda geografiuli garemo...) gaTvaliswinebiTac, romlebmac

imTaviTve gadamwyveti roli Seasrules masze metyveli jgufis

CamoyalibebaSi" (deina, 1968:39); `enisa da kilos gamijvnis dros warmoqmnil

problemaTa gadasaWrelad arsebobs bunebrivi gza: magaliTad, italielisaTvis ueWvelia, rom veneciuri da neapoluri kiloebia, xolo italiuri ki _ enaa... enaTmecnierebs am Sexedulebis gaziarebis garda, sxva gza aRar darCeniaT" (ren-ci,1982:170-171; xazgasma Cemia _ m.l.); `enobrivi TavisTavadoba gamomdinareobs saTanado istoriuli, socialuri, politikuri da, ase gasinjeT, ekonomikuri monacemebidan. wminda enobrivi monacemebiT, enisa da kilos gamijvna TiTqmis SeuZlebelic kia” (bolanio, 1982:38; xazgasma Cemia _ m.l.);

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Sesabamisad, enisa da kilos gamijvnis problemas swored is iwvevs, rom

gammijnavi kriteriumebis mravalgvaroba xSirad erTi da igive sametyvelo

erTeulTan mimarTebiTac ki, gansxvavebul daskvnaTa gamotanis saSualebas

iZleva: magaliTad, bulgarel enaTmecnierebs makedoniuri erT-erT dasavlur-bulgarul kilod miaCniaT, xolo TviT makedonielebs (Zveli iugoslaviis yofili respublikis _ makedoniis mkvidrT) _ damoukidebel samxreTslavur enad. amavdroulad, orive mxare iTvaliswinebs rogorc enaTmecnierul, ise araenaTmecnierul monacemebs; kerZod:

bulgarelebi Tvlian, rom makedoniuri, sistemur-struqturul monacemTa Tanaxmad, bulgaruli enis dasavluri kiloebis jgufs miekuTvneba, TumcaRa masSi dasturdeba mezobel serbul-xorvatul enasTan saerTo iseTi movlenebi (imTaviTve damaxasiaTebeli an interferenciuli), romlebic uSualod

bulgareTis teritoriaze gavrcelebul kiloTaTvis ucxoa. makedoniuri samwignobro bulgaruls arc ise didad Sordeba: sxvaobas qmnis fonetikuri da leqsikuri, iSviaTad _ morfologiuri Taviseburebani, magram zogadad, is ufro

axlos dgas samwignobro bulgarulTan, vidre magaliTad, balkanjiebis (bul-gareli mTielebis) kiloebi, romlebic Sua bulgareTSia gavrcelebuli. (ti-lkovi, 1993:14; stoianovi, 2008:3-5).

istoriulad, Tanamedrove makedonielebis winaprebs mudam bulgaruli TviTaRqma hqondaT da dedaenadac samwignobro bulgaruls miiCnevdnen. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom makedonia bulgaruli enisa da kulturis akvania, ramdenadac

bulgarul-slavuri mwignobrobis fuZemdeblebi _ wm. kirile da wm. meTode swored iqidan iyvnen; garda amisa, Tanamedrove samwignobro bulgaruli enis formirebis procesSic (dasrulda XIX saukunis II naxevarSi) imTaviTve metad

aqtiurad monawileobdnen makedonieli moRvaweebi: kiril peiCinoviCi, ioakim karCovski, konstantin miladinovi, gregori parliCevi da sxvebi, romelTa bulgaruli TviTaRqma eWvs ar iwvevs (stoianovi, 2008:37).

damoukidebeli bulgareTis samTavros (Seiqmna 1878 wels) SemadgenlobaSi makedonia ar Sesula _ is osmaleTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi darCa 1912 wlamde, miuxedavad imisa, rom makedonielebi ibrZodnen jer bulgareTis damoukideblobisTvis, mere _ bulgareTTan SesaerTeblad. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom osmaleTis uRelqveS yofnis mTel periodSi, makedonielTaTvis swavla-ganaTlebis ena samwignobro bulgaruli iyo.

makedoniuri kilos safuZvelze samwignobro normis SemuSavebis pirveli mcdeloba 1903 wliT TariRdeba _ maSin makedonielma publicistma krste

misirkovma (1874-1926) sofiaSi gamosca wigni `makedoniur saqmeTa Sesaxeb” (`За

македонцките работи”), romelic makedoniuri kilos prilep-bitolis kilokavze iyo dawerili. wignSi gamoTqmuli gaxldaT azri, rom imJamindeli osmaleTis imperiis bitolisa da salonikis vilaieTebSi wm. ilias xsenebis dRis

antiosmaluri ajanyebis (1903 wlis agvisto-seqtemberi) damarcxeba bulgareTis neitralurma poziciam ganapiroba. aseTi ram rom aRar ganmeorebuliyo, mi-

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sirkovis gansjiT, makedonielebs TavianTi saqmeebisTvis TviTonve unda miexedaT, ramdenadac isini damoukidebel ers warmoadgendnen, damoukidebeli eniT, romelic Tanabrad gansxvavdeboda rogorc bulgaruli, ise serbuli enisgan. rogorc marTebulad uTiTebs bulgareli mkvlevari veselin traikovi (2000:47), am ukanaskneli mosazrebis damamtkicebeli myari argumenti krste misirkovs ar

mouyvania. misirkovis mosazrebebi maSin makedonielTa did umravlesobas ar

gauziarebia, magram 1912 wlidan, rodesac I balkanur omSi (1912-1913 ww.) damarcxebuli osmaleTisagan CamorTmeuli makedoniis didi nawili (e.w. vardaris makedonia) serbias miekuTvna (bulgareTs SeuerTda mxolod mcire nawili _

pirinis makedonia), oficialurma belgradma iq saerTod akrZala samwignobro

bulgaruli ena, makedonielebi gamoacxada serbebad da amavdroulad, iribad xeli Seuwyo krste misirkovis momxreTa (e.w. `makedonistTa”) gaZlierebasac, bulgarelTa sapirwoned.

bulgareTma vardaris makedoniis SemoerTeba II msoflio omis periodSi, xanmokle droiTRa (1941-1944 ww.) SeZlo, amitom belgradis waqezebuli `makedonizmi” sabolood ver aRmofxvra. 1945 wels, vardaris makedoniis teritoriaze Seiqmna makedoniis socialisturi respublika, romelic

komunisturi iugoslaviis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida. misi oficialuri ena gaxda misirkovis Seqmnili samwignobro norma, romlis anbanic da damwerlobis principebic serbuli analogebis mixedviT damuSavda da xelovnurad dascilda bulgaruls (beCevi, 2009:101).

iugoslaviis komunistma mesveurebma makedoniuri samwignobro norma bulgaruli enis sayovelTao akrZalvis fonze, ZaldatanebiT daamkvidres da fsev-domecnieruli Teoriebze dayrdnobiT, ZaldatanebiTve Seucvales xalxs TviTaR-qmac. XX saukunis 50-ian wlebamde, makedoniel sazogado moRvaweTa udidesi nawili gadaWriT gmobda `makedonistur” ideologias, ris gamoc bevrma maTganma (iCko boiCevma, gerasim todorovma, kristio pastuxovma...) represiebic ki ganicada (lazarova, 2007).

yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, bulgarel enaTmecnierTa SexedulebiT, dRes arsebobs bulgaruli enis makedoniuri samwignobro norma (`Македонска писмена

норма на българския език”), romelsac safuZvlad makedoniuri kilos erT-erTi kilokavi udevs; xolo dRevandel makedonielTa (makedoniis respublikis mkvidrTa) arabulgaruli TviTaRqma serb nacionalistTa da komunistTa aswlovani mmarTvelobis logikuri Sedegia. Sdr.: bulgareTis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali pirinis makedoniis (axla _ blagoevgradis okrugi) mkvidri 200 aTasze meti makedonieli Tavs imTaviTve bulgarelad Tvlis.

makedonielebi Tvlian, rom marTalia, makedoniuri metyveleba bulgarulTan ufro axloa, vidre serbulTan (resp. serbul-xorvatulTan), magram is damoukidebeli enaa da ara bulgarulis kilo. mas axasiaTebs imgvari fonetikuri, morfologiuri Tu sintaqsur-leqsikuri Taviseburebani, rac

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aranormatiuli an sulac ucxoa erTi mxriv, bulgarulisaTvis da meore mxriv _

serbulisaTvis. amavdroulad, makedoniuris zog ganapira kilos, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, saziaro formebi SeiZleba hqondes bulgarulTan anda serbulTan (kepeski, 1946:7-8; fulon-hristova, 1998:I-IV).

amasTan, makedonielebi da bulgarelebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavisuflad

ugeben erTimeores, mainc sxvadasxva warmomavlobisani arian _ makedonielTa winaprebi iyvnen slavuri tomebi, romlebic makedoniaSi dasaxldnen Cv. w. V

saukunidan, xolo bulgarelTa winaprebi ki iyvnen balkaneTSi volgispireTidan Camosaxlebuli is Turquli tomebi, romelTa umetesobam damxvdur slavTa ena SeiTvisa da maTTan erTad, VII saukuneSi Seqmna damoukidebeli saxelmwifo _

bulgareTis pirveli samefo. makedoniel slavTa miwebi am saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi moeqca IX saukunis bolodan, magram makedonielebma mainc SeinarCunes TavianTi gansxvavebuli TviTaRqma. ukve X saukunis II naxevarSi ki moaxerxes SeeqmnaT sakuTari samefo _ slavinia, romelic cnobilia aseve, rogorc

dasavleT bulgareTis samefo (misirkovi, 1903:72; fultoni, 2000:19-20). amdenad, makedonielebi da bulgarelebi enobrivad iseTive axlomonaTesave

erebia, rogorc magaliTad, portugalielebi da espanelebi. erTmaneTs isini os-malTa uRelqveS yofnis periodSi (XV-XIX ss.) kidev ufro dauaxlovdnen, Tumca makedonielTa didi nawili yovelTvis inarCunebda gansakuTrebul makedoniur

TviTaRqmas. XIX saukunis II naxevridan, rodesac bulgareTma osmalTagan Tavi daixsna, xolo makedoniam _ vera, maTi ganviTarebis gzebi sabolood gaiyo

(ristovski, 1983:23). amitomac, makedonielTa gansjiT, amJamad saubari imaze, rom makedoniuri bulgarulis kiloa, xolo makedonielebi ki bulgarelebi arian, uazrobaa. amave dros, bulgareTis oficialur pozicias makedoniaSi tendenciuradac Tvlian: `bulgareTs ar surs aRiaros, rom mis teritoriaze saxlobs 200 aTasze meti eTnikuri makedonieli, romelTac mSobliur enaze ganaTlebis miRebis saSualebac ki ar aqvs... amitom, oficialuri sofia Txzavs zRaprebs simarTlis misaCqmalad” (lozanovski, 2009:2).

sainteresoa, am oridan romeli Sexeduleba SeiZleba iyos marTebuli? bulgarel mkvlevarTa Sexeduleba ukeTesadaa argumentirebuli _ rogorc

enaTmecnieruli, ise istoriuli aspeqtiT. maT mier moyvanili TiTqmis yvela faqti dokumenturad imTaviTve dasturdeba bulgarul Tu ucxour wyaroebSi, romelTa utyuarobac eWvs ar iwvevs; maSin, roca Tanamedrove makedoniis respublikis enaTmecnierTa Sexeduleba emyareba krste misirkovis zemoT ukve ganxilul, umarTebulo Tvalsazriss. Sesabamisad, TavianTi enis dokumentur is-torias isini faqtobrivad 1903 wlidan iwyeben _ ufro adreul periodSi makedoniuri samwignobro funqciiT saerTod ar gamoiyeneboda. amasTanave, misi-rkovis erTi wignis garda, 1903-dan 1946 wlamde periodSic makedoniurad

araferi dauweriaT da gamouciaT. amitom, Cveni azriT, ufro marTebulad unda CavTvaloT bulgarelTa Sexedu-

leba: makedoniuri bulgaruli enis kiloa, romlis safuZvelzec XX saukunis

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40-ian wlebSi SemuSavda damoukidebeli samwignobro norma. Sesabamisad, makedonielebic bulgaruli warmomavlobis eTnikuri jgufia; TumcaRa, maT

umetesobas XX saukunis 40-iani wlebidan damoukidebeli TviTaRqma

Camouyalibda da Tanamedrove politikuri realobidan gamomdinare, calke

erad Tvlis Tavs. Sdr.: brazilielTa metyveleba, romlis safuZvelzec damoukidebeli

samwignobro norma XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi Camoyalibda, dRemde portugaliuri

enis qvesistemad (kiloTa jgufad) ganixileba da ara damoukidebel

`braziliur enad"; aseve _ brazilielebi portugaliuri warmomavlobis

eTnosia, miuxedavad imisa, rom amJamad maTi absoluturi umravlesoba Tavs

calke erad Tvlis. meore mxriv _ rogorc ukve zemoT aRiniSna, zogierTi sametyvelo erTeuli,

romelic praqtikulad, ama Tu im enis qvesistemas (kilos, kilokavs...) warmoadgens, dRes erTmniSvnelovnad, damoukidebel enad ganixileba: magaliTad, afrikaansi

samxreT afrikaSi XVII saukunidan dasaxlebuli holandieli kolonistebisa da maTi monebis STamomavalTa metyvelebaa. gamokvlevebi cxadhyofs, rom mas safuZvlad daedo erT-erTi samxreTniderlanduri kilo, romelmac koisanur da bantu enebTan, angolis da mozambikis portugaliur pijinTan (e.w. `pekenu

purtugeSTan”), malaiurTan da inglisurTan metad mWidro urTierTobis Sedegad, orasiode weliwadSi, SesamCnevad icvala saxe _ 1806 wels, roca samxreTafrikuli kapis kolonia niderlandebma britaneTs dauTmo, kolonistTa metyveleba ukve gaugebari iyo yofili metropoliis mkvidrTaTvis (heselingi, 1897:6-7; mironovi, 1969:4; holmi, 1989:338).

miuxedavad amisa, XIX saukunis bolomde afrikaansi holandiuris (niderlanduris) kilod ganixileboda da ewodeboda Boerse taal `glexuri metyveleba”; Sesabamisad, oficialuri enis statusiT masze metyvelni, tradiciulad, samwignobro holandiurs iyenebdnen. 1875 wels _ samxreT

afrikaSi britanuli mmarTvelobis damyarebidan TiTqmis 70 wlis Semdeg _

`WeSmarit afrikanerTa sazogadoebam” (`Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners”), romelic

holandieli kolonistebis STamomavalTa mniSvnelovani nawilis (e.w. burebis3 anu `foortrekerebis” _ axal miwaTa amTviseblebis) interesebs gamoxatavda, `glexuri metyveleba” damoukidebel enad gamoacxada, uwoda ra mas `Afrikaanse taal” (`afrikuli ena”), xolo masze metyvelT _ `Afrikaners” (`afrikelebi”). amiT

foortrekerebma xazi gausves imas, rom ukve afrikis mkvidrni iyvnen da, maT

3 holandiurad da afrikaansze Boer [bur] niSnavs `glexs”. kapis koloniaSi, agdebiT ase uwodebdnen fermerebs _ gansakuTrebiT imaT, vinc ukeTesi miwis ZiebaSi erTi adgilidan meoreze gadadioda. SemdgomSi, ingliselebi holandiel kolonistTa yvela STamomavals xsenebuli saxelwodebiT ixseniebdnen. dRes `burebi” afrikanerebis araoficialuri eTnonimia, Tumca araiSviaTad, am xalxSi is uaryofiT emociebsac ki iwvevs. misgan gansxvavebiT, erTgvari heroikuli datvirTva aqvs saxelwodebas Voortrekker [FärTreqqHr] `pirvelaRmomCeni”.

8

saxelmwifoebs _ oraniasa da transvaals (erTic da meorec daarsda XIX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi, dRevandeli samxreT afrikis respublikis Crdilo-aRmosavleT

nawilSi) damoukideblad arsebobis sruli ufleba hqonda. ase rom, XX saukunis dasawyisidan moyolebuli, afrikaansi kilod aRaravis CauTvlia.

bunebrivia, amgvar precendentebTan analogiiT, SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom

amJamad makedoniuri damoukidebeli enaa, ramdenadac TviT makedonielTa

umetesoba ase miiCnevs da Tanac, makedonia damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa, magram

es ase Cans mxolod erTi SexedviT; sinamdvileSi, ganxilul SemTxvevaTa Soris mniSvnelovani sxvaobaa:

1. makedoniuri, xalxis nebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, xelovnurad daupiris-pires samwignobro bulgaruls _ sxva bulgaruli kiloebisagan is didad ar

gamijnula da, ra Tqma unda, arc sistemuri cvlilebebi ganucdia. afrikaansi ki bunebrivi gziT Camoyalibda enad mas Semdeg, rac kolonistTa metyvelebasa da sxva holandiur (niderlandur) kiloebs Soris, faqtobrivad, yovelgvari kavSiri gawyda. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ucxo enebTan interferenciis da kreolizaciis Sedegad, afrikaansma ganicada mcire sistemuri cvlileba _ dakarga gramatikuli sqesisa da zmnis pirianobis kategoriebi (ganzogadda, Sesabamisad, mamr. sqesisa da mx. r. III piris formebi), infinitivi, zogierTi participialuri zmnuri forma (demerti, 2004:20; nisleri, lauvi, ru, 2005:459-474) da a.S.

2. makedonielebs da danarCen bulgarelebs istoriulad, slavurenovani mar-Tlmadidebluri eklesiac aerTianebs, xolo foortrekerebis umetesobam holan-diis reformatoruli eklesia datova jer kidev damoukidebeli respublikebis da-arsebamde _ XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi da, damoukidebeli kongregaciebi Seqmna; Sdr.: holandiis reformatoruli eklesiis mrevli kapis provinciaSi

(samxreTi afrika) amJamadac `kapel holandielebad" iwodeba da, dedaenadac

samwignobro holandiurs Tvlis. Sesabamisad, maTi saSinao metyveleba

holandiuris kilod miiCneva, miuxedavad imisa, rom afrikaansisgan didad arc

gansxvavdeba (lerua 1989:26). marTlac, specialuri literaturidan didi xania, cnobilia, rom `kiloebis

enebad Camoyalibebis aucilebeli pirobaa erTi sazogadoebis nawilebis erTmaneTisgan mowyveta: imisaTvis, rom enis diferenciacia ganxorcieldes, aucilebelia am enaze molaparake sazogadoeba daiSalos da Sewydes urTierToba gamoyofil nawilebs Soris” (SaraZeniZe, 1958:45); aseve _ `konkretuli sametyvelo erTeuli monaTesave struqturis mqone oficialuri, samwignobro

(standartuli) enis dialeqtad CaiTvleba, Tuki am sametyvelo kodis mflobel

sazogadoebas istoriulad monawileoba miRebuli aqvs mocemuli samwignobro

enis SeqmnaSi” (futkaraZe, 2014:138). maSasadame, yovelive zemoTqmuli cxadhyofs, rom sistemur-struqturuli

da istoriul-eTnokulturuli kriteriumebis mixedviT, makedoniuris statusis Taobaze bulgareli enaTmecnierebis Sexeduleba marTebulia, TumcaRa makedoniis respublikaSi mas ar iziareben, radganac iq upiratesad, istoriul-

9

genetikuri kriteriumiT xelmZRvaneloben _ is kargad ergeba `makedonizmis” ideologias, romelic makedonielTa saxelmwifoebriobis ZiriTadi dasayrdenia dRes. sxvaTa Soris, aqve davZenT imasac, rom makedonielTa da bulgarelTa

sxvadasxva warmomavloba istoriulad ar dasturdeba. miuxedavad amisa, makedoniel enaTmecnierTa Sexedulebas, wminda

politikuri mizezis gamo, iziareben serbiasa da saberZneTSi: bulgareTs orive qveyanasTan aqvs istoriuli teritoriuli pretenziebi. sadavo miwebze mcxovrebi mosaxleoba ki swored makedoniurad metyvelebs; Sesabamisad, bulgarel

enaTmecnierTa Sexedulebis gaziareba namdvilad daazaralebs serbebisa da berZnebis interesebs.

sxva ucxoel enaTmecnierebs rac Seexeba: amJamindeli politikuri

realobidan gamomdinare, umetesoba acxadebs, rom makedoniurs ukve damoukidebeli enis yvela funqcia aqvs, Tumca imavdroulad, gverds veravin uvlis bulgarel enaTmecnierTa Sexedulebasac _ ix., magaliTad, viqtor fridmani

(2001:6): `makedoniuris bulgarulisadmi damokidebuleba isevea mutatis

mutandis, rogorc magaliTad _ holandiurisa germanulisadmi, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom araTu seriozuli mkvlevari, aramed ubralo Jurnalistic

holandiurs germanuli enis standartizebul kilod veRar CaTvlis, xolo

makedoniuris bulgarulisadmi damokidebulebis Taobaze ki amJamadac daoben" (xazgasma Cemia _ m.l.); an roland saseqsi da pol kaberli (2006:71): `makedoniuri warmoadgens standartul normas, romelic axlad SemuSavda specialurad [samwignobro] bulgarulisgan gansxvavebul kiloze” (xazgasma aqac

Cemia _ m.l.). gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom enaTmecnierebis es dava praqtikulad veraviTar

gavlenas ver axdens im statusze, rac makedoniurs makedoniis respublikis

konstituciiT, oficialurad aqvs miniWebuli. metic _ Tuki amJamindeli politikuri realoba SenarCunda da mxareebma kompromiss ver miaRwies, aTwleulebis Semdeg, enaTmecnierebs mouwevT makedoniuris upirobod miCneva

enad: xsenebuli statusidan gamomdinare, droTa ganmavlobaSi, samwignobro

bulgaruli da samwignobro makedoniuri (romlebic ukve damoukideblad

viTardebian) ufro SesamCnevad daSordebian erTimeores4 da, makedonielebsac

ufro metad ganumtkicdebaT arabulgaruli TviTaRqma. 4 aqve moviyvanT erT damadasturebel magaliTs imisa, Tu rarig aSorebs axlomonaTesave sametyvelo erTeulebs glotoqronologiuri cvlilebebi: pireneis naxevarkunZulze gavrcelebuli xalxuri laTinuris kiloebis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli samwignobro es-panuri (kastiliuri) da samwignobro portugaliuri XV-XVI saukuneebSi fonetikurad ufro axlos idga erTmaneTTan, vidre dRes. XVI saukunis dasasrulidan moyolebuli, samwignobro espanurSi x (=S) da j (=J) gamoTqmis mxriv, erTmaneTs daemTxva _ mogvca jer

ukananunismieri SiSina yru Cqamieri S, mere ki Suaenismieri yru Cqamieri x& (alvari, 2007:23-24); es damTxveva Semdgom, orTografiaSic Sesabamisad aisaxa. samwignobro

portugaliurSi ase ar momxdara, magram samagierod, iq XVIII saukuneSi, ch (=C) da x (=S)

10

amavdroulad, blagoevgradis okrugSi (bulgareTi) gavrcelebuli makedoniuri kilokavebi upirobod kvlavac bulgarulis qvesistemebad iqneba ganxiluli, radganac jer erTi, samwignobro bulgarulis bunebrivi gavlena ufro mniSvnelovnad daaSorebs maT makedoniis respublikaSi gavrcelebul

sametyvelo erTeulTagan da meorec _ xsenebul kilokavebze metyvelTa

bulgarul TviTaRqmas enaTmecnierebi kvlavac gaiTvaliswineben.

daemTxva erTimeores _ amJamad orive gamoiTqmis, rogorc ukananunismieri, SiSina yru

Cqamieri S (narCundeba sxvadasxvagvari daweriloba), xolo intensiuri vibranti rr

(iwereba, rogorc rr an r [sityvis TavSi]) iqca frangulisebur `RuRuna” r&-d (volfi

1988:126-127); aseve, normad CaiTvala xmovanTa reduqcia umaxvilo marcvlebSi da a.S. gamoTqmis Zveli normebi dRemdec SemorCa kiloebSi, amitomac dRes isini ufro axloa erTmaneTTan, vidre samwignobro enebi.

11

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reziume:

statia Seexeba Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebis erT-erT aqtualur sakiTxs _ enisa da kilos gamijvnas. avtori askvnis: enaTmecnierul (lingvistur) da araenaTmecnierul (eqstralingvistur) kriteriumTa dapirispireba ma-rTebuli araa, radgan ama Tu im sametyvelo erTeulis funqcionirebac da ganviTarebac pirdapir damokidebulia araenaTmecnierul faqtorebze: yoveli maTgani socialuri fenomenia da arc ki arsebobs sazogadoebis (sociumis) gareSe. amitomac, maTi statusi metyvelTa TviTaRqmisa da sxva eTnoistoriuli monacemebis gauTvaliswineblad ver ganisazRvreba