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大 学 实 用 英 语 写 作

胡宛如 编著

清华大学出版社

（京）新登字158号

内 容 提 要

本书是为有一定英语基础的理工科学生编写的写作教材，内容包括英文句子的正确写法；基本写作

技巧；连句谋篇手段及实用应用文写作。

本书的特色是提供大量范文指导学生进行比较和仿写实践，归纳了一些常用句型。各章节后均配有

带提示的课堂练习和课后练习，并附有参考答案。

图书在版编目（CIP）数据

大学实用英语写作/胡宛如编著.—北京：清华大学出版社，1996

ISBN 7-302-02065-5

Ⅰ.大⋯ Ⅱ.胡⋯ Ⅲ.英文-写作-高等学校-教材 Ⅳ.H315

中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字（95）第23859号

出版者： 清华大学出版社（北京清华大学校内,邮编 100084）

印刷者： 北京市海淀区清华园印刷厂

发行者： 新华书店总店北京科技发行所

开 本： 787×1092 1/16 印张：12.5 字数：294 千字

版 次： 1996年3月第1版 1996年3月第1次印刷

书 号： ISBN 7-302-02065-5/H·150

印 数： 0001—8000

定 价： 12.00 元

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前 言

本书主要为有一定英语基础的理工科学生编写；其宗旨是指导学生通过阅读范文和仿

写实践学习英语写作。本书大体分为四个部分：英文句子的正确写法（第一章）；基本写

作技巧（第二章）；连句谋篇手段（第三章、第四章）；应用文写作（第五章）。 为什么倡导学生从阅读和仿写入手学习英语写作呢？

我们的理工科学生有时会抱怨，读过不少讲解写作技巧的书仍然不会用英语写作。造

成这种状况的原因很多，其中很重要的两条是他们欠缺强化阅读训练和在此基础上的仿写

训练。因此，他们的“使用词汇”数量少，英语的语感太弱，提起笔来自然就难以写下

去，而硬性写出来的却往往是一个个由英语单词堆砌成的汉语式的句子。他们能读懂较深

奥的专业文献，能辨认大量生僻的单词，却不会用简单的英语写地道的英语句子。为了帮

助他们在较短的时间内弥补这一缺憾，我们应该鼓励他们把阅读、仿写和创作结合起来。

教学实践证明这是学习写作的一个行之有效的方法。 无论中外，凡写作有成者无不从模仿起步。理工科学生学习英语写作当更离不开这根

手杖。他们为了仿写而阅读难度适中的范文时所使用的方法和所得到的感受必然与仅仅为

获取信息而阅读时的不同。为了模仿，他们的注意力必将集中在范文的遣词、造句、谋篇

及语言环境等活生生的语言现象上，而不仅仅停留在读懂的水平上。在这种阅读基础上再

进行“现趸现卖”式的仿写，就会事半功倍。经过一年左右的训练，他们会扩大“活的”

词汇量，在仿写实践中掌握写英语句子的“洋味儿”和写英语文章的要领。这个过程可以

按本书要求在老师指导下进行，也可按要求循序渐进地自学。 如何使用本书？ 一、熟读范文，背诵精彩句子 本书每一章节都配有中等偏下难度的范文，读者只要逐篇细读，品味写作方法并欣赏

语言，就会经常在阅读中产生“踏破铁鞋无觅处，得来全不费工夫”的惊喜而情不自禁地

背下许多语汇，进而产生自我表达的冲动。这时他们在读与写之间自会筑起一座桥梁———

仿写。这个过程反复进行几十次，就必能收到集腋成裘的成效。 二、分析范文，模仿写作方法 为指导读者体察并实践写作技巧，本书每一章节后都配有带提示的课堂练习和课后练

习，读者可按学习过的范文进行仿写。在仔细揣摩范文的写作技巧，背诵其中的佳句后，

在提示的帮助下趁热打铁做仿写练习，必将能意会到一些别人难以在讲解中言传的诀窍，

而不致有读写作理论文章后的那种隔靴搔痒般的不满足感。 三、强记关键句型，试写应用文 很多理工科学生日渐感到需要写一些常用应用文，如邀请信、申请书、备忘录及其他

商务、公务往来信函。本书第五章“应用文 (Practical Writing)”为读者提供了一套范文、常用句型及仿写练习（附参考答案）。为尽快掌握简单应用文的写法，读者仍要背诵相关

的语汇，记住基本模式，并用这些语言材料按要求逐一试笔。

编者 1995年12月

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目 录 第一章 学习写正确的英文句子 (Writing Good English Sentences) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯1 1.1 避免典型的错误 (Avoiding Popular Mistakes)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯1 1.2 句子的连贯性和一致性 (Unity and Coherence of a Sentence)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯4 第一章练习参考答案⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯7 第二章 常见写作方法训练 (Writing Skills) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯12 2.1 定义 (Definition) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯12 2.2 例证 (Exemplification) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯18 2.3 分类 (Classification) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯24 2.4 描述 (Description) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯30 2.5 因果关系 (Cause-Effect Relationship}⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯39 2.6 比较与对照 (Comparison and Contrast) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯46 第二章练习参考答案⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯55 第三章 组织段落 (Paragraph Writing) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯65 3.1 段落的主题句 (Topic Sentence) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯65 3.2 段落中句子的衔接 (Linking Sentences) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯72 3.3 段落内的一致性和连贯性 (Unity and Coherence of a Paragraph) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯76 第三章练习参考答案⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯80 第四章 组织文章 (Composition Organizing) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯82 4.1 编写提纲 (Making an Outline) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯82 4.2 编写开篇段 (Writing Opening Paragraph) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯87 4.3 编写结尾段 (Writing Ending Paragraph) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯93 4.4 展开文章主体 (Developing Body of Composition) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯99 第四章练习参考答案⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯109 第五章 应用文 (Practical Writing) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯115 5.1 基本要求 (Fundamentals) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯115 5.2 正式信件的格式 (Format of a Formal Letter) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯121 5.3 邀请信 (Letter of Invitation) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯123 5.4 申请信 (Letter of Application) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯133 5.5 推荐信和介绍信 (Letter of Recommendation and Letter of Introduction)⋯⋯⋯144 5.6 感谢信 (“Thank you”Letter)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯149 5.7 求助信 (Letter for Asking a Favour)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯151 5.8 贺信 (Letter of Congratulation) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯157 5.9 道歉信 (Letter of Apology) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯159 5.10 辞职信 (Letter of Resignation) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯163

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5.11 其它往来信函 (Other Kinds of Letters)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯164 5.12 备忘录 (MEMO) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯169 5.13 电报、电传 (Telegram, Telex) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯173 第五章练习参考答案⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯182

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第一章 学习写正确的英文句子 (Writing Good English Sentences)

1.1 避免典型的错误 (Avoiding Popular Mistakes)

1.1.1 不要忽略英语句型在学写英文时的作用

初学英语写作，必须首先培养写英语的习惯，即用英语固有句型、惯用法或词组表达自己思想的习惯。切不可急功近利，忽视积累句型和词组，养成用熟识的英语单词和

习惯的汉语语法堆砌汉式英语的坏毛病。学写英语要从多读入手，坚持句型和词组的积

累工作。这种集腋成裘之功效必将在日后写作的提高中显示出来，这对理工科学生尤为

重要，因为他们很少大量阅读英语文章，又缺乏英语专业学生的语言训练，因而更易受

汉语的影响。

CLASSROOM WORK 1-1-1 阅读下面的句子及句后括号内说明，指出各句的错误。 1) 他真建议做那件事吗？ Did he suggest to do that? (suggest sth. /suggest doing sth. /suggest that...) 2) 他梦想有一天能见到他。 He dreamed to see him one day. (dream of/ dream about/ dream that...) 3) 他们有一肚子怨气。 They had a lot to complain. (complain of / complain about/ complain that...) 4) 在场的人都批评他太粗心。 All present criticized that he was careless. (criticize sb./ criticize sth./criticize sb. for sth. / criticize sb. for doing sth.)

1.1.2 不要违反英语词组的搭配习惯

汉语词组搭配比较灵活，而英语词组搭配比较固定，尽量多地掌握一些这样的搭配，以避免写汉语式英语。 比较下面几组词组翻译： 大: 大风 strong wind / 大雨 heavy rain /大风暴 a great storm /大损失 much damage/大

爆炸 terrific explosion /大人 adult/大人物 an important man /大局 whole(general) situation/ 大考 final exam/大路 highroad/

高: 高楼 tall building/高山 high mountain/高见 good idea/高风格 fine style/高档 top grade/ 高难 exceedingly difficult/高声 loud voice/

假: 假象 false appearance /假广告 deceitful ads/ 假牙 artificial teeth/ 假检讨 insincere self-criticism/假文件 forged documents/

长: 长河 a long river/长城 the Great Wall/长处 strong points/长久之计 a permanent

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solution/长眠 eternal sleep/长年 all the year round/长篇小说 full-length novel/ 长叹 a deep sigh /长足 by leaps and bounds/

1.1.3 不要做机械的汉英翻译

汉语词义丰富，同一个汉字在不同的语言环境中所对应的英语词汇不尽相同，这就给写作带来很多困难。 比较下列几组动词的译法。 想： 我想你是对的。 I believe you’re right. 我想游泳。 I want to have a swim. 他很想家。 He missed his family. 容我想想。 Let me think a moment. 准备：我准备让你们多做些练习。 I intend to give you more exercises. 你准备走了吗？ Are you ready to leave? 你准备今天干什么？ What are you going to do today? 我正准备去那儿。 I’m about to go there. 你准备在会上讲点什么吗? Do you want to say something at the meeting? 创造：创造世界 create the world 创造奇迹 perform wonders 创造新方法 invent (develop) a new method 创造伟业 do miracles 做： 做功课 do one’s homework 做计划 make a plan 做手术 perform an operation 做报告 give (make) a report 使： 使我想起 remind me of ... 使我看到 ...enable me to see... 使敌人投降 force the enemy to surrender 使马往前走 make the horse go 介绍：介绍新书 recommend a new book 介绍一位客人 introduce a guest 介绍经验 pass on experience 介绍情况 provide information

1.1.4 不要重复含义相同的修饰语

汉语中常用重复以示强调，若这样写英语句子，既不合英语习惯，也使读者读起来感到沉重。学习写英语句子要逐渐接受英语不喜重复的特点。

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CLASSROOM WORK 1-1-2 去掉下列句子或短语中多余的词或词组。 1) 他戴了假面具。 He wore a false mask. 2) 他主动提出帮我忙。 He voluntarily offered me his help. 3) 急忙赶回家 hurry to go home 4) 一起合作 cooperate together 5) 还在继续 still continue 6) 周围环境 surrounding environment 7) 看起来好像 seem to look like 8) 装满许多书 be full of many books 9) 学习知识 learn knowledge 10) 用心背下来 memorize by heart 11) 再重复 repeat again 12) 掌握得很好 master very well 13) 更偏爱 prefer more 14) 无论他走到任何地方 no matter wherever he goes 15) 他马上要出发。 He is to start at once. 16) 到处乱放东西 leave things about everywhere 17) ⋯⋯原因是由于 ... the reason for ... is due to ...

1.1.5 不要从汉语原文的角度审查自己的英文写作

汉语与英语的语法和词法等差异很大，写出英文句子后应尽量摆脱头脑中的汉语意念，从英语角度审查句子。

CLASSROOM WORK 1-1-3 读下列句子，指出不符合英语语法之处。 1) How do you think of my new house? 你认为我的新房怎么样？ 2) I bought a pair of new shoes again. 我又买了双新鞋。 3) Do you think who will come? 你以为谁要来？ 4) Thank your help. 谢谢你的帮助。 5) We won Class One. 我们赢了一班。 6) In our hearts were full of joy. 在我们心中充满喜悦。 7) The price of the book is too expensive. 这本书价钱太贵。 8) He was regardless of difficulties and finished the report. 他不顾困难完成了报告。 9) The baby is easy to catch cold. 这个孩子易患感冒。 10) You’re dangerous to go alone. 你自己去很危险。 11) This year will produce new machine. 今年将生产新机器。

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12) He works hard for mastering English. 为了掌握英语他努力学习。 13) Thanks for your kindness, but I can’t accept. 谢谢你的一番好意，但我不能接受。 14) Do you want? 你要吗?

1.2 句子的连贯性和一致性 (Unity and Coherence of a Sentence)

1.2.1 保持句子的连贯性

写完一句话后要反省自己的思路是否连贯，是否整句环绕一个中心。不要写“多元句子”而破坏了句子的连贯性。切忌随意用 and, but, so等连词信手将几个主谓结构凑成无中心的句子，或简单地将几个相互密切关连的主谓结构分解为不相干的单句。另外，

也不要破坏句子的平行结构而使句子不连贯。

CLASSROOM WORK 1-2-1 阅读下列句子，并将其改写，使之符合连贯的原则。 1) Our teacher came from the South and he has worked in the city for several years. 2) I was reading in the library and met a strange woman there. 3) I had not realized how useful the course was but it taught me a lot about human behavior. 4) He came to see me but I was out, and so he went back, but he called me later and we

made an appointment to meet in the park the next day. 5) There is a reading room in the building, which contains many books about computers that

I know little about. 6) He has two sons and I met him in the drug store when they came there with their father. 7) I was writing my essay, when there was a wonderful TV show. But as I finished it, the

program was over. 8) He sat back in his armchair with a kind smile on his face, but he didn’t want to help me

when I was in trouble. 9) We used to talk a lot by telephone, but I left that city and didn’t see him again. 10) Li was born in a peasant’s family. His father worked hard and when two years old, his

father died. 11) He left the office when all the papers of his students were corrected. 12) We saw where our weak points lay and how to overcome difficulties. 13) It was the Europeans destroyed the Indian civilization. 14) I work more hours than you but doing less. 15) Commonly-used words should be studied but difficult words looked into the dictionary. 16) He came up, offering his help.

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1.2.2 遵循句子的一致性

写英语句子必须避免以下的类似错误，句子才能前后一致而不会引起误解。以下几组错句违背了四个重要原则因而辞不达意。

CLASSROOM WORK 1-2-2 找出下列句子的错误之处并改正之。 A. 非谓语动词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致： 1) After translated into a foreign language, the word order of the sentence is different. 2) When doing the experiment, the test tube was broken. 3) Considering the consumption level of the Chinese, the salary is rather high. 4) He felt sad for many years passed without making much progress. 5) On opening the door, a stranger stood in front of me. B. 主语和谓语不一致： 1) To learn English is step by step. 2) His boss made him lose his job and became a beggar. 3) My heart sank and could hardly stand. 4) His job is a teacher. 5) They sent him to the hospital and had an operation at once. C. 代词或物主代词使用或省略不当： 1) When failing to stand my test I won’t call it education. 2) In the past only necessities could be bought preferring cheaper things. 3) It was observed by strong body and mind by making a simple experiment. 4) He offered to cover myself with his overcoat but I declined. 5) My mother insisted going to college but I failed to get the admission. 6) When he told me what had happened we all felt surprised. D. 连词、副词或其他连接句子的结构用得不恰当： 1) My sister was taller but not as strong as me. 2) Young people usually seldom like the old game. 3) Naive and happy as they are, the girls know neither tears nor sorrow. 4) Solar stoves not only are expensive but inefficient. 5) There is not any resemblance between the mother and the son both in appearance or in

character. 6) Born in a remote area, he grew up to be a scholar. 7) My home is closer to Beijing than Zhengzhou.

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HOMEWORK 1. Error Finding 1) This is a piece of exciting and encouraging news. 2) The reason why he won’t come is because he has not finished his paper. 3) She has seen further into this man than anybody else. 4) His achievements are comparable to the top students. 5) The shop steward condemned the supervisor more than the operator. 6) The English woman is richer than anybody in the world. 7) One of the greatest, if not the greatest difficulty is the injection. 8) Japanese is an example of the syllabic writing system, which one sign equals one

syllable. 9) When talking and laughing in the classroom their teacher stopped them. 10) His view is either out of date or our idea is ahead of our times. 11) He tried to lock up the file in the drawn twice. 12) Only I agreed with him in that the first part of the plan was OK but he tried to persuade

me to accept the whole thing. 13) Thank you for the loss that you saved me. 14) I really don’t know what I ought to do it. 15) The teacher found a mistake in my composition again. 16) The failure taught me a good lesson and we should have avoided the mistake if we had

been more careful. 17) We will exam maths tomorrow. 18) There are a variety of drinks everywhere in summer. 19) You are clever that you have solved the problem. 20) I made clear that there would be a quiz on Saturday. 2. Blank Filling 1) ______ there are strong points of similarities between one genus and another, the related

genera are grouped together. 2) This system of classification has ______us to differentiate species of fish. 3) He knows his lessons ______ is always ready to answer questions. 4) He knows his lessons ______ is shy to answer the teacher’s questions. 5) Summer has the most rain; ______ , it is the wettest season. 6) The table lists the major captions with the page numbers ______these captions appear. 7) He spent his money carelessly and ______ he had a financial embarrassment. 8) The article caused a renewed interest in UFOs ______ scientists. 9) His opponent didn’t show up for the debate ______ he was able to dominate the forum.

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10) People who work together don’t socialize on weekends ______ the Japanese do in their country.

3. Finding Proper Locations for the Words Given 1) write/headings for each of groups of information/the data sheet itself/ (as well as, for) 2) the birds fly to the south/because of shortage of food/ cold/ ( and, both) 3) he/is/good at/ chemistry/ English/ (not only, but also) 4) the two provinces/are/alike/that/they have a small population/ (in) 5) an operation on the brain/he can not count from one to ten/ (as a result of, even) 6) the lecture/ will begin/ (this evening, at seven) 7) changes/ have taken place/ (in the past few years, in the area) 8) before/ now /having read the essay/ I have to read it/ (not) 9) we can see/ he is a well-informed man/ (that, from his speech) 10) in any discussion/ we should start/ from definitions/ from actual facts/ (not, but) 4. Translation 1) 新方法使科学家很容易就完成实验。 2) 你怎么会觉得我的建议不切实际呢? 3) 我们可以用两种方法中任一种来做。 4) 使用“限制”这个词，我指的是那些多少会影响实验结果的东西。 5) 拒绝别人的请求自然是件不愉快的事。

第一章练习参考答案

CLASSROOM WORK 1-1-1 1) Did he really suggest doing that? 2) He dreamed of seeing him one day. (He dreamed that he could see him one day.) 3) They had a lot to complain about. 4) All present criticized him for his carelessness. CLASSROOM WORK 1-1-2 1) He wore a mask. 2) He offered me his help. 3) hurry home 4) cooperate 5) continue 6) environment 7) look like 8) be full of books 9) learn 10) learn by heart 11) repeat 12) master 13) prefer 14) no matter where he goes

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15) He is to start. 16) Leave things about. 17) ...the reason for... is... CLASSROOM WORK 1-1-3 1) What do you think of my new house ? 2) I bought another new pair of shoes. 3) Who do you think will come ? 4) Thank you for your help. 5) We won over Class One. 6) Our hearts were full of joy. 7) The book is too expensive. (The price of the book is too high.) 8) Regardless of difficulties, he finished the report. 9) The baby catches cold easily. (The baby is liable to colds. / The baby is liable to catch

cold./ The baby is subject to colds.) 10) It is dangerous for you to go alone. 11) New machine will be produced this year. 12) He works hard (in order) to master English. 13) Thank you for your kindness, but I can’t accept it. 14) Do you want it? CLASSROOM WORK 1-2-1 1) Our teacher, who came from the South, has worked in the city for several years. 2) I met a strange woman in the library when I was reading there. 3) I came to realize how useful the course was because I had learned a lot about human

behavior from it. 4) He had just missed seeing me on his visit to my house, but we talked later on the phone

and appointed a meeting in the park the next day. 5) I can borrow many computer books from the reading room in the building if I want to,

but I can hardly read those books. 6) I met him in the drug store with his two sons for accompany. 7) I had tried in vain to finish writing my essay before the wonderful TV show was over. 8) Kind as he appeared to be, he didn’t want to help when I was in trouble. 9) We used to talk a lot by telephone, but we have never seen each other again since I left

that city. 10) When Li was only two years old, his father, an industrious farmer, died. 11) Having corrected all the papers of his students, he left the office. 12) We saw where our weak points lay and how we could overcome our difficulties. 13) It was the Europeans that destroyed the Indian civilization.

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14) I work more hours but do less than you. 15) We should remember how to use a commonly-used word, but we don’t have to do so if

we come across an uncommon word. We only need to find its meaning in a dictionary. 16) He came up to offer his help. CLASSROOM WORK 1-2-2 A. 1) When a sentence is translated into a foreign language, its word order is different. 2) When doing the experiment, he broke the test tube. 3) The consumption level of the Chinese being taken into consideration, the salary is rather

high. 4) He felt sad because he had not made much progress in the past few years. 5) On opening the door, I found a stranger standing in front of me. B. 1) To learn English, one must go step by step. 2) His boss made him lose his job and reduced him to beggary.(... and he became a beggar.) 3) My heart sank and I could hardly stand. 4) His job is that of a teacher. ( He is a teacher.) 5) He was sent to the hospital and had an operation at once. C. 1) When it fails to stand my test I won’t call it education. 2) In the past we could only afford life necessities that was why we preferred buying

cheaper things. 3) It was observed by strong body and mind in a simple experiment. 4) He offered me his overcoat but I declined. 5) My mother insisted my going to college but I failed to get the admission. 6) When he told me what had happened I felt surprised. D. 1) My sister was taller than but not as strong as me. 2) Most young people don’t like the old game. 3) Naive and happy, the girls know neither tears nor sorrow. 4) Solar stoves are not only expensive but inefficient. 5) There is not any resemblance between the mother and the son either in appearance or

character. 6) He was born in a remote area and grew up to be a scholar.

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7) My home is closer to Beijing than to Zhengzhou. HOMEWORK 1. 1) This is an exciting and encouraging piece of news. 2) The reason why he won’t come is he has not finished his paper. 3) She has seen further into this man than into anybody else. (She has seen further into this

man than anybody else has.) 4) His achievements are comparable to those of the top students. 5) The shop steward condemned the supervisor more than the operator did. 6) The English woman is richer than anybody else in the world. 7) One of the greatest difficulties, if not the greatest, is the injection. 8) Japanese is an example of the syllable writing system, in which one sign equals one

syllable. 9) When talking and laughing in the classroom they were stopped by their teacher. 10) Either his view is out of date or our idea is ahead of our times. 11) He tried twice to lock up the file in the drawer. 12) I only agreed to the first part of the plan but he tried to persuade me to accept the whole

thing. 13) Thank you for what you did to reduce my loss. 14) I really don’t know what I ought to do. (... how I ought to do it.) 15) The teacher found another mistake in my composition. 16) The failure taught me a good lesson. We could have avoided the failure if we had been

more careful. 17) We will have an exam in maths tomorrow. 18) A variety of drinks are sold in many stores in summer. 19) You have solved the problem because you are clever. 20) I made it clear that there would be a quiz on Saturday. 2. 1) When 2) enabled 3) and 4) but 5) so 6) where 7) therefore 8) among 9) so 10) as 3. 1) Write headings for each of groups of information as well as for the data sheet itself. 2) The birds fly to the south both because of shortage of food and because of cold. 3) He is not only good at chemistry but also at English. 4) The two provinces are alike in that they have a small population.

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5) As a result of an operation on the brain he can not even count from one to ten. 6) The lecture will begin at seven this evening. 7) In the past few years changes have taken place in the area. 8) Not having read the essay before, I have to read it now. 9) From his speech we can see that he is a well-informed man. 10) In any discussion we should not start from definitions but from actual facts. 4. 1) The new method enabled the scientists to accomplish the experiment with no difficulty. 2) Why do you think that my suggestion is not practical? 3) We may use either of the methods. 4) By “limitation” I refer to what will affect the results of the experiment to a certain extent. 5) Rejecting others’ request is naturally something unpleasant.

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第二章 常见写作方法训练 (Writing Skills)

2.1 定义 (Definition)

2.1.1 简单的定义

在写作中，由于各种需要，作者常给某物、某事或某人下定义。文章涉及到读者不了解的东西时，总要先解释其为何物，这就是简单的定义。请看下面两段，注意定义的

作用。 1) What if our society uses new-found technologies of “genetic engineering” to interfere

with the biological nature of human beings? Might that be disastrous? What about cloning, for instance? Cloning is a term originally used in connection with nonsexual reproduction of plants and very simple animals. Now it is coming into use in connection with higher animals.

2) The ground reminded many of the geologists of a type common in the Southwest called caliche—a clay that is solidified into a crust by the evaporation of water.

在这两段文字中，定义的使用很重要。在第一段，作者先明确指出他讨论的是“无性繁殖高等动物”这个问题，然后才能将讨论引入他的主题。在第二段，作者对大部分

读者不了解的 caliche（生硝）给出简单定义，以帮助读者理解。 由此可见，定义是写作中重要的内容之一。它简明扼要地阐述被定义事物的本质和特征，以使其与其他事物区别开来，这种功能决定了写定义的原则是以严格准确为本的。 1. 简单定义的基本结构

简单的定义从形式上可以用动词 be, mean, refer to, stand for, be regarded as等指明所定义事物的归属及类别；然后用各种定语描述其特征，或所包括的范围等等，比如使用

介词短语、不定式、分词短语、定语从句等。常见的简单定义的模式见下表。 被定义词 即是(指，意为⋯⋯) 其归属类别 描述或说明部分

be something which be defined as somebody in which, from which... be regardedas a place that refer to who stand for whose mean where doing something done by... for doing something of, beyond, within,...

写者为表示审慎起见，常常在动词前加用情态动词，如：may, can, might, could⋯⋯

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请看以下几个简单定义的例句： 1) Electricity is an electric current which is made up of moving electrons. 2) An economist is an expert who studies how industry and trade produce and use wealth. 3) A university is an educational institution that specializes in advanced knowledge in a

wide variety of disciplines. 4) A cartoon is a sketch or drawing showing persons, things or events in an amusing way. 5) Light is a flow of bundles of energy referred to as photons. 6) Zoology may be defined as the science of the structure, forms and distribution of animals. 7) Biology is regarded as the science of the physical life of animals and plants. 8) A tree is a perennial plant with a single self-supporting trunk of wood with no branches

for some distance above the ground. 9) Tennis stands for a game in which opposing players, one or two on each side, use rackets

to hit a ball back and forth over a court. 10) To cry means to shed tears from strong feelings. 2. 几种常见的定义

(1) 描绘性定义：形容某物是什么样子而达到将其区别于他物的目的。 1) Knitting is a method of making fabric by looping yarns around one and another using one

or more knitting needless. 2) A book is a number of printed or written pages which are bound together along one edge

and can be opened at the other edge, or at any point. 3) A language is a signaling system which operates with symbolic vocal sounds, and which

is used by a group of people for the purposes of communication. 4) Scissors are a tool for cutting that have two sharp blades with handles, so fastened that

their edges slide against each other. (2) 功能性定义：说明某物的用途以及怎样使用。 1) Science searches for relations which are thought to exist independently of the searching

individual. 2) A life preserver is a wide belt, jacket or circular tube made of cloth filled with air or cork,

to keep a person afloat in the water. 3) A flower refers to the part of a plant that produces seeds. 4) A microscope is an instrument that magnifies extremely small objects so they can be seen

easily. 5) Sociology is the study of the development, organization, functions and classification of

human societies. (3) 逻辑性定义：解释分析某事物属于何类及其与同类其他事物有何区别。

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1) A hospital is an institution that provides medical services for a community. The doctors, nurses, and other personnel of a hospital work to restore health to sick and injured people. They also prevent disease and maintain health throughout the community.

2) Chemistry is a branch of physical science which studies natural and artificial substances to determine their composition and structure and the changes that occur when they combine and form other substances.

3) Supersonic wave are sound waves beyond the limit of human audibility. 4) A law is a statement of what always occurs under certain conditions. (4) 诠释性定义：在实际运用中，往往需要几种功能在同一个定义中交叉使用，才能比

较全面地写出一个定义。特别在写学术性文章涉及某学科名称时，可能需要从诠释

词源入手下定义，才能更准确地加以解释。比如下面几段定义，由于讲明了词义来

源而使读者更深刻地了解该事物。 1) The word “art” comes from the Latin “ars”, which means “skill”. 2) The word fossil comes from the Latin word fossilis, which means dug up. In days gone

by anything discovered in soil or rock was termed a fossil. The old books grouped together rocks, minerals and true fossils as the same things. Gradually, over the years the word came to mean only animal and plant remains that were dug up. Later still the word was restricted only to those plants and animals which lived before historic times.

CLASSROOM WORK 2-1-1

Read the examples given in the text and practice writing definitions of the following. Before writing follow the two steps: first, make sure you do know what the thing you’re to define exactly means; second, carefully choose a proper way to define it. After you have finished read your writing to revise it. Some useful words or phrases are provided for your reference. 1) A cradle (mount, rocker, suspend) 2) A boomerang (飞去来器) (a curved piece of wood, return to, thrower) 3) A volcano (an opening, the earth’s crust, the interior of the earth , tunnel, lava, a period

of activity) 4) Journalism (新闻业) (profession, inform, events) 5) Ocean current (movement) 6) Oceanography (science of sea) 7) Ink (colored water) 8) A pen (instrument, with ink) 9) Polymer (chain-like, molecule, chemical linking of) 10) Stress (body’s reaction, can’t control)

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HOMEWORK 2-1-1

Write definitions of the following. 1) A law (a rule, a country, for) 2) An alloy (a metal, mix, fuse) 3) The International Olympic Committee (governing body) 4) Anatomy (concerned with, physical, structure) 5) A torpedo (-shaped, weapon, under water) 6) An egg (lay, female, bring forth living young) 7) Degree (academic, title, rank, collegiate school)

2.1.2 扩展定义

需要加以说明的定义，也叫扩展定义(extended definition)。世上的事物错综复杂，很多是一两句话说不清的，所以定义时经常需要说明解释。这种定义更具体更全面，是

学术性写作中常用的方法。 1. 基于客观事实的扩展定义

比如：介绍一门学科可以分门别类解释该科目包括的分支及其研究内容，该学科的应用价值等。下面这段扩展定义具体而简洁地说明了什么是数学。 Mathematics is one of the most useful divisions of human knowledge. The term is difficult to define because it includes so many topics of study. Several of the main kinds of mathematics are: arithmetic, algebra, geometry, analytic geometry and trigonometry, calculus and analysis probability and statistics, and set theory and logic. The work of mathematicians may be divided into pure mathematics and applied mathematics. Pure mathematics seeks to advance mathematical knowledge for its own sake rather than for any immediate practical use. Applied mathematics seeks to develop mathematical techniques for use in science and other fields. 又如：介绍一项新技术，重点则放在如何使用以及为何使用的描述上。这段解释 “telephoto”的扩展定义是个很好的例子。 Telephoto is a way of sending pictures by wire or radio. A scanning light at the sending station passes back and forth over a picture. The light reflected from the picture is converted into an electric current by a photoelectric cell. At the receiving station, the electric current is converted into a light beam. The light beam then hits a film or photographic paper in proportion to the strength of the current. The picture is reproduced because the film or paper is sensitive to light. 又如：有些源远流长的事物还可以补充其出处来帮助读者更深刻地理解，一些不断

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发展的事物又需要介绍其新发展，这些都是在写扩展定义时使用的不同技巧。下面这段

扩展定义说明什么是“library”。 The word “library” comes from a Latin word which means a chest of books. Today it means much more than that. A library forms a vital part of the world’s system of communication and education. Through books, films, recordings and other media a library makes all kinds of knowledge available. We use library resources in our work and study. We turn to libraries for knowledge. Today’s libraries differ greatly from those of the past. They provide not only books, but films, lectures, book discussion and many other activities. High technology contribute greatly in modern libraries. Readers use computer catalogs to find books and they locate the specific information they need very quickly. 2. 基于主观看法的扩展定义

涉及到主观看法的定义，基本写法主要围绕个人的经验和观点阐述。下面短文的作者用扩展定义的技巧说明了自己头脑中“education”的含义。 What I mean by education is learning the rules of this mighty game. In other words, education is the instruction of the intellect in the laws of nature, under which name I include not merely things and their forces, but men and their ways; and the fashioning of the affections and the will into an earnest and loving desire to move in harmony with those laws. For me, education means neither more or less than this. Anything which professes to call itself education must be tried by this standard, and, if it fails to stand the test, I will not call it education whatever may be the force of authority or numbers upon the other side. 3. 抽象概念的扩展定义

某些抽象概念定义的写法则是从具体入手解释更经济更有效，比如下面这则定义 “induction”的短文就注意了具体提供实例的问题。 Induction is the kind of reasoning by which we examine a number of particulars or specific instances and, on the basis of them, arrive at a conclusion. Every cat we encounter has claws; we conclude all cats have claws. Every rose we smell is fragrant; we conclude all roses are fragrant. An acquaintance has, on various occasions, paid back money he has borrowed; we conclude that he is frequently out of money but pays his debts. Every Saturday morning for six weeks the newspaper boy is late delivering the paper; we conclude that he sleeps in on Saturday mornings, and we no longer look for the paper before nine o’clock. In each case we have reasoned inductively from a number of instances; we have moved from an observation of some things to a generalization about all things in the same category.

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CLASSROOM WORK 2-1-2 In this part you will read several definition paragraphs. After each of the definitions a name of a thing is given followed by some information about it. Write extensive definitions of the given names modeling after the examples. 1) Vitamin is a chemical compound that the human body needs in small amounts. Vitamins

make up one of the major groups of nutrients and regulate chemical reactions by which the body coverts food into energy and living tissues.

Protein: one of the main classes of foods, essential to animals, obtain from what they eat, be high in protein contents, cheese, eggs, meat, fish, milk, make up a large part of, build, maintain, repair, tissue, bone, muscles

2) Measurement ranks as one of our oldest skills. It is the process of finding out how many measuring units there are in something. These units include inches, meters, pound, grams, and hours.

Calculation: a process, add, subtract, multiply, divide, find a result 3) Minute is a unit used to measure both time and angles. In time, 60 minutes make up one

hour and each minute is divided into 60 seconds. In measuring angles, 60 minutes make up one degree, and a circle is divided into 360 degrees.

Degree: a name given to small units of measure, geometry, maps, measurement of angles, arcs of circles, temperature

4) Contact lens is a plastic eyeglass that is worn directly on the front surface of the eye. Some contact lenses are made of hard, clear plastic, and they float on a thin layer of tears on the surface of the cornea. Other contact lenses are made of soft plastic material that contains water. The soft contact lenses do not float on the cornea but fit over the cornea like a cap. The water in the lens acts like the normal tear layer.

Telescope: an instrument, magnify, see, study, photograph, consist of, a long tube, at one end, at the other end, eyepiece, two lenses, a large and convex lens, objective lens

5) A guaranteed annual wage is money paid by an employer to people for the time in which they are not making products. The payments are part of the manufacturer’s cost and hence part of the consumer’s cost. If the manufacturer has ten employees but work for only eight, he must nevertheless recover in the price he gets for the product the payments he makes to his employees for hours they did not work.

A year-end bonus: award money, employees, their performance, their contributions, employers, profits, part of the cost

6) Conservatism is a political attitude or philosophy that places great emphasis on traditions. Conservatives rely on tradition institutions, values and ideas as a guide. Therefore, they seek progress in line with proven values of the past. But the exact meaning of conservatism varies with time, place and circumstance.

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Propaganda: one-sided communication, influence, people’s thinking, action, differ from, education, argument, discourage discussion

HOMEWORK 2-1-2

1. Read sample definition of “Induction”(归纳法) and write a definition paragraph about

“Deduction”(演绎法) according to your viewpoint. You may use the good sentence patterns and phrases given below:

Deduction is the reasoning by which... 前提 premises/ 说法 proposition / 概况 generalization/ 2. Read sample definition of “Education” and write a definition paragraph about “Modesty”

according to your viewpoint. You are requested to use the good sentence patterns and phrases of the sample:

What I mean by modesty is... In other words,... For me modesty means neither more nor less than this. Anything which professes to call itself...must be tried by this standard, and, if it fails to

pass the test, I will not call it modesty whatever... The following words may be useful for you: merits abilities overestimate diminish, values the additional concept appreciate humbleness

2.2 例证 (Exemplification)

借助举例的手法可使自己的观点具体化、形象化，以期与读者更好地交流。议论抽象概

念时，用例证发展文章、阐述观点几乎是不可缺少的技巧。

2.2.1 举例方法

1. 使用介词短语：for example, for instance, in illustration of, by way of examples等。（注意下面例句中的标点及短语位置。)

1) A metaphor would condense the likeness, for example, into a verb, adjective, noun, or adverb: “He thundered”; “in his thundering voice”.

2) The introduction to this section, for instance, concerns the need for explanations to be clear.

3) We can make it clear by way of examples. 4) He cited instances in illustration of the theory. 2. 使用形容词短语：such as, such ... as...等。有时介词 like在一定的上下文中与 such as

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同义。 1) Basically, an abstract word denotes something intangible, such as idea, quality, or

condition. 2) Its emphasis is on such important things as knowledge utilization, the management of

theory to practice, and the development of managerial skills. 3) It must deal with such questions as: who will have influence? How will decisions be

made? How will task responsibilities be determined? 4) Animals that climb trees, like cats, have claws. 5) Other politicians try hard, too, and can be very trying, like the minister of finance. 6) They admitted that erection of cast iron, like the building of the pyramids in Egypt, was a

lost art. 单独一个副词 as也可以表示例证： 1) Some animals, as dogs and cats, eat meat. 2) A word or phrase usually applied to one thing is applied to something quite different, as

in “The ship ploughed through the sea”. 3) The words also refer to expressions, like “by and large” and “all but” as in “all but

finished”. 3. 使用连词短语：and so on; and so forth等。 1) Tone can be formal, informal, relaxed, serious, matter-of-fact, and so on. 2) The instructor draws up a set of requirements, which might include course objectives,

assigned readings and cases, topical sequences, a suggested grading formula, and so forth.

3) We think of the classroom as a real organization with genuine problems of leadership, structure, motivation, social pressure, interpersonal friction, etc., which parallel those in companies and elsewhere.

4) If you grew up in the Northwest China, or Gansu, or Qinghai, it’s hard to be suspicious of the old habit.

4. 使用动词句型：很多动词可以与 example, illustration, case等构成动宾结构或者主谓

结构表示举例。 be an example of:

Chinese swords are good examples of the work of the smith. This is a case of love at first sight. I tell you he is selfish. His unwillingness to help his friends is a case in point. This is a case of what is often thought about, but never so well expressed.

take an example:

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Take, as an example, China of today. Now take another illustration. To take just one example, the unimaginative person who provides a reader with

information will use one of these or some variant of them. provide an example:

The essays in the book provide examples of some successful techniques: using a precise vocabulary, making comparisons between unfamiliar and familiar things, telling illustrative anecdotes and so on.

adduce an example: In numerable examples it might be adduced that the initial absorption of water by dry

seeds is largely imbibitional. One case shall be adduced in illustration.

use an example: Illustration is used in teaching children.

illustrate an example: To make my argument convincing illustrate examples from newspapers.

bring forward a case: Bring forward some cases in illustration.

draw an example: Many examples can be drawn from history.

类似的动词还有很多，例如： furnish an example afford an example cite an example instance an example offer an example quote an example show an example give cases in point mention a case put up a case take one case out of many take it as a case in point 在名词 example, case, illustration之前常用一些形容词描述，如 single, latest, brief, simple, plain, amusing, opposite, apt, concrete, forcible, extreme, obvious, actual, following, classic, extraordinary, uncommon, the most pronounced⋯⋯，举例如下： 1) This is an isolate and unique example. 2) A metaphor would condense the likeness into a verb, adjective, noun, or adverb. The

following are two typical examples: “He thundered”; “In his thundering voice”. 表示“举例”含义的动词也很多，如： illustrate: The word is illustrated with a sentence. exemplify: The teacher richly exemplified the use of the word.

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5. 变换写作手法提出例证： 1) If he wants to find out the effect of light on growing plants, he takes many plants, as alike

as possible. Some he stand in the sun, some in the shade, some in the dark. 2) Numerous biochemical reactions are in progress: energy is transformed and used,

substances are transported from place to place, cells divide, enlarge and become specialized, cytoplasm streams around within the cells, and the plant grows and reproduces.

3) One of the most startling fossil finds was that of nests of dinosaur eggs. 4) It was only at the end of the century, with the perfecting of the electric light bulb, the

telephone, and the like, that the ordinary man began to feel that science could actually benefit him.

6. 口语中常见的举例手法： 1) The number left behind is not great, say five. 2) Any one can explain how rockets are used, say me. 3) Let me just name some of them.

2.2.2 范文研读

实际写作中举例的方法非常多，而且往往交叉使用。阅读以下范文，判断文中作者在哪些地方以及运用什么方法提出自己的例证。 1) We began to have electric lights, and telephones, and to see horseless carriages, but our

attitude was a mixture of wonder, fear and doubt. Perhaps these things would work. Perhaps they would not explode.

2) The thematic and the technical are only the most obvious among the many avenues of approach offered you here. For examples, asking if Americans write differently from Canadians, or women from men, or writers of the 1920s from writers of the 1990s, might lead to an informed discussion on the biases of culture, sex, and fashion that sometimes colour a writer’s attitude or premise on which an argument rests.

3) Some of these terms and techniques, such as litotes (the “negative positive”: not unusual) and chiasmus (an X-shaped structure): “He had a talent for making the easy difficult and the difficult easy” will not be familiar to all readers. Even if you think you know a word, look it up, it may have uses you weren’t aware of; try “tonic”, for instance, or “confer”.

4) The cases have been chosen to represent across section of organizational life, especially those situations with which students can readily identify, whether in the university, health field, government agency, or other educational institutions.

5) People use several different terms when talking about events or things that amuse, and the terms are often confused. Here are some of them: humorous, funny, comic, ironic.

6) Indeed, the quoted paragraph has many of the characteristics that distinguish genuine formal English: the complex issues with which it deals, its vocabulary, the construction

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and length of its sentences and paragraphs, and even its punctuation. 7) Choose some process in your college, like admission or registration, or in your company,

like developing and issuing specifications or preparing an advertising or recruiting brochure.

CLASSROOM WORK 2-2

Write two exemplification paragraphs using the skills you have learned. The opening, and ending sentences and examples are given. 1) Energy is always leaking away and taking forms in which we cannot catch it and use

it ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................So as you go on converting energy from One form to another, you are, so to speak, cooking the wind. At last, this escaped energy radiates off, like the sun’s rays, into the endless cold of outer space.

(Examples: cooking, light bulb, generator) 2) A symbol is an image that not only represents a concrete, empirical reality but also makes that reality stand for something else, usually something more abstract........................... ...............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................ (Examples: a flag, a rose)

HOMEWORK 2-2 1. Read the following writing and see what technique is used to develop the paragraph. To begin, here are some examples of how people actually talk: 1) How are we today? 2) You have no idea how difficult it has been to arrange everything for this afternoon. 3) Cold out by the bluff today, eh? The second example offers a personal glimpse of the speaker. The speaker actually is saying “Admire me because I’ve done something difficult” and “It’s your fault”. In a conversational context, a sentence fragment as in example 3 is perfectly acceptable. The first example shows a primary school teacher appears to want to assert her oneness with her class. Use this as a model and try to finish the paragraph. To begin, here are some examples of how a person actually makes gestures to express himself: turn one’s thumb down, shrug one’s shoulders, applaud. 2. Read the paragraph and then model it with the given information. People are still born free, but their freedom neither lasts as long nor goes as far as it used

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to. Once the infant is smacked on the bottom and lets out his first taxable howl, he is immediately tagged, footprinted, blood-tested, classified, certificated, and generally taken in census. By the time that he has drawn the breath of adulthood, he must have some clerk’s permission to go the school, carry a gun, ride a bike, drive a car, collect his salary, fish, get married, go into the army, leave or re-enter his own country, fly a plane, buy a piece of land, build a house, or knock one down, practice his profession, go bankrupt... the list is endless. Even in death, his corpse must be licensed before the earth may swallow him legally. Freedom is no longer free but licensed. Information for you to write about: still enjoy reading but... be forced to learn TV, more interesting study for a diploma kill his interest 3. Read the following writing and see what technique is used to develop the paragraph. I have come to marvel at the instinct of animals to make use of natural laws for healing themselves. They know unerringly which herbs will cure which ills. Wild creatures will first seek solitude and absolute relaxation. Then, they will rely on the complete remedies of Nature: the medicine in plants and pure air. A bear grubbing for fern roots; a wild turkey compelling her babies in a rainy spell to eat leaves of the spice bush; an animal bitten by a poisonous snake confidently chewing snake-root; all these are typical examples. An animal with fever quickly hunts up an airy, shady place near water, there remaining quiet, eating nothing but drinking often until his health is recovered. On the other hand, an animal bedeviled by rheumatism finds a spot of hot sunlight and lies in it until his misery is baked out. Each animal instinctively seems to choose the best remedy for his ills. Use this as a model and finish the paragraph: I have come to marvel at the instinct of birds to know where to build their nests. They know unerringly......................................................................................................................................................................................................... Each bird instinctively seems to choose the best place for his shelter. (spider, hibernating frog, house sparrow) 4. Illustrative passage for you to read and model after. Today we see that education, a major cultural force in our society, is being pushed to diversify its output exactly as the economy is doing. And here, as in the realm of material production, the new technology, rather than fostering standardization, is carrying us toward greater diversity. For example, computers make it easier for a larger school to schedule more flexibly. They make it easier for the school to deal with the need for independent study, for a wider range of course offerings, and for more varied extracurricular activities. More important,

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computer-assisted education, programmed instruction, and other such techniques, despite popular misconceptions, radically enhance the possibility of diversity in the classroom. They permit every student to advance at his own purely personal pace. They permit him to follow a custom—cut path toward knowledge rather than the rigid syllabus common to the traditional era classroom. Topic for you to write about: China’s Craze for Language

2.3 分类 (Classification)

分类即将某事按特定标准划分为若干种类。由于分类的目的不同，依据的标准不同，分类的方法也不同。 分类的目的和标准必须明确，遵守统一性，排他性和包容性的原则。

2.3.1 容易犯的错误

1. 统一性被破坏

统一性指分类过程始终根据同一标准(criteria)。下面这段文字(选自学生作业)违反了这个原则，所以给读者造成混乱。 Books can be grouped depending on their covers. They are hardbound books, softbound books, natural science books and social science books. 2. 排他性被破坏

排他性指分类依据的标准必须是该类事物特有的，因而能使其从别的种类中区分开来。下面的文字(选自学生作业)的分类标准不严格。 People aged between 25 and 45 belong to the group that are qualified to act as professional guides. 3. 包容性被破坏

包容性指的是分类标准必须概括所有被分类的事物。下面这段对学生按年龄标准的分类就没有遵守这个原则。 The criterion for classifying students is their ages. Ages 6－11 are primary school pupils, ages 12－17, middle school students, ages 18－22 college students.

2.3.2 分类写作中常用的词、词组、句型等举例

1. 表示“类别”的名词

种：kind, sort, type 类：group, classification, category 组成成员：member 分部：division / 分支：branch 目：order / 纲：class / 科：family / 属：genus / 种：species /

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更明细的分类、分支，可用 next, 如：the next division。 更常见的还有用前缀 sub-，如： 亚类：subclass, sub-classification, subdivision 亚分支：sub-branch / 亚属：subgenus / 亚科：sub-family / 【例句】 1) Birds are divided into 27 orders, are subdivided into 215 families and are further

sub-divided into 8,514 species. 2) The sentence may be further divided according to the function each word has in the

subject-predicate relationship. 3) Jawed fish are further divided into two groups according to the composition of their

skeletons. 4) Each of the two subclasses of angiosperms (被子植物) is divided into orders, each order

into families, and each family into genera. 表示分类的名词前面常用形容词描述，或用名词做定语加以限定，如： 粗略的分类 a broad (rough) classification 严格的分类 a hard classification 固定的分类 a fast classification 职业(职务)的分类 job (position) classification 2. 表示“标准”的词和词组

标准： criterion (复数 criteria); standard, level, base 特征： feature, characteristics 系统： system 1) Many scientists classify forests according to various ecological systems. 2) Under such systems, forests with similar climate, soil, and amount of moisture are

grouped into formations.

根据⋯⋯的标准 according to sth. (如：ability, age, authors, custom, circumstances 等)

according to sth. that... according to whether (or not) +从句 1) The patients are divided into two groups according to whether they smoke or not. 2) Both smokers and non-smokers are respectively subdivided into two groups according to

their sexes. 3) An adjective clause may be classified according to the antecedent that the introductory

word refers to.

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4) Adverbial clauses are usually classified according to the meaning of the conjunction that introduces them.

依据⋯⋯（划分）；在⋯⋯基础之上（划分）： on the basis of...

based on... be based on... 1) The milk is graded on the basis of bacterial content. 2) The students are roughly classed in four groups on the basis of family background. 3) The further subdivision of evergreen are based on the different properties of different

classes. 4) Bicycle sizes are based on the wheel diameter. 5) Based on such a system, forests are grouped into a needleleaf and a broadleaf forest. 6) Angiosperms are divided into two subclasses based on the structure of their seeds: ...

按⋯⋯（分类）：depending on 1) The teacher grouped the students into three kinds depending on their performance in the

final exam.

根据：by（family origin, sex, age, nationality, locality等）；from；under 1) Stars are classified by brilliance as of the first, sixth, etc. magnitude. 2) Traffic accidents are classified into six by cause. 3) Medicines are broadly classed as internal or external ones from their methods of use.

用“标准”做主语： 1) One common ecological system groups the world’s forests into six major formations. 2) Climate, soil and moisture determine the kinds of trees found in a forest formation. 3. 表示分类的常用动词和句型

(1) 将⋯⋯分为若干类： class, classify, divide, categorize, group 1) Scientists divide fish into two main groups: jawed and jawless. 2) We class them under A, B and C. 3) We classify the goods under two large groups. (2) 将⋯⋯按⋯⋯分类(排列)：class, classify, divide, categorize, group, place, arrange, put... 1) The cards are grouped in alphabetical order. 2) Wages are categorized on the basis of working hours. 3) The books are placed on the shelves according to authors. 4) The exhibits are arranged according to schools.

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5) They are put into three groups on the basis of the seriousness of their mistakes. (3) 将⋯⋯划归某类： class...in the category of... (among, with, in, as...) 1) The animal is properly classed in the category of mammals. 2) Quails are classified with poultry. 3) He is classed as (with) one of the greatest scientists. 4) The new-found sort is placed in the third category. (4) 属于某一类： belong to, fall into, be classed with 1) The books fall into the social science group. 2) Are Egyptian classed with the white race? 3) Because these types may cut across each other, a verb may belong to more than one type. (5) 包括若干类： contain, consist of, comprise, include... 1) Birds comprise 27 orders. 2) Schools in China consists of 4 kinds: pre-school class, primary school, middle school and

college. 3) One group consists of modern bony fish and the second group consists of primitive bony

fish. 4) The clothing store contains three sections: women’s section, men's section and children’s

section. 5) Proper nouns include: personal name, names of geographic units, names of

nationalities,... (6) 组成⋯⋯类： make up; constitute... 1) Pronouns make up a small class of words of very high frequency. 2) Flowering plants make up the class of plants called angiosperms. 3) Members of this group, called bony fish, make up for the largest group of fish in the

world. 4) Being young, wealthy and well-educated constitutes the striking feature of the class. (7) 有若干类： there be, be... 1) The main grammatical divisions of an English sentence are the subject and predicate. 2) There are three types of auxiliaries, each serving a different purpose. 4. 表示分类的其他一些常用句式举例

1) ⋯⋯的分类情况像角锥形状（树形）： The system of classification of... is like a pyramid (a tree).

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2) 为(某种目的)而将⋯⋯这样分类：be grouped (classified) in such a way as to do... 【例】为能够把很多具有共性的种划归一类而将植物这样分类。 The species can be classified in such a way as to bring large numbers of plants that have

certain features in common. 5. 分类段落开头写法举例

1) The number of kinds or species of plants is estimated to be about 350,000. This assemblage of plants displays a wide range of size and great diversity of form.

2) The studies by many workers over a long period of time have yielded the data on which a modern classification of plants may be based.

3) Bicycles are manufactured in various sizes and styles. 4) The classifying of flowers is as follows. 5) Scientists divide fish into two main groups. 6) Modern bony fish include about 20,000 species. They make up about 95 percent of all

known kinds of fish.

CLASSROOM WORK 2-3 1. From reading to writing. Passages for you to read and model after: 1) Balloon There are two kinds of balloons: gas balloon and hot-air balloon. Gas balloons are used for sport ballooning, scientific research, and a variety of other purposes. Hot-air balloons are used mainly for sport ballooning. The most important kinds of gas balloons include sport balloons, expandable balloons, super-pressure balloons and zero-pressure balloons. 2) Biography There are five chief types of biography: (1) popular, (2) historical, (3) literary, (4) reference, and (5) fictional. Popular biographies are the most common form of biography. They tell about the lives of such currently famous people as motion-picture stars and sports figures. Historical biographies deal with a wide variety of individuals and describe how they influenced the past events. These works also tell what life was like during certain period of history. Literary biographies tell of the life and personality of an author, composer, painter, or other kinds of artist. These biographies also try to describe the talent and inspiration that enabled them to create great works. Reference biographies, the simplest type of biography, are short accounts that mention only the major events of a person’s life. Libraries have many books of reference biographies. Fictional biographies combine features of a biography and of a novel. They are biographies because they are based on real people and events. They are novels because the author created conversations, background information, and other elements. Topic for you to discuss about and write about in class:

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Musical instrument (stringed, wind, percussion, keyboard, electronic) 2. Translation Exercise

生物的科学分类 生物学家把所有生物分为若干类，包括纲，目，科，属，种。人类属于哺乳动物这一纲。大约有 4千种哺乳动物，其中有诸如猫，狗、象等类。所有哺乳动物都有脊椎、毛发和四肢，都是恒温动物。雌性哺乳动物是唯一长有特殊腺体可以产生奶汁喂养幼儿

的动物。 Useful words: 哺乳动物 mammals/ 脊椎 backbone/ 四肢 four limbs/ 喂养 feed.../ 恒温 constant body temperature/ 特殊腺体 special glands/

HOMEWORK 2-3 1. From reading to writing. Reading passage: Television programs regularly entertain, pacify, educate, frighten, and baby-sit the majority of American children from the time they are one or two years old. Most children are allowed to watch whatever program is on, with little thought on the parents’ part of the effect that particular show will have on a child. Most programs can be classed as beneficial, harmful, or mediocre, according to what effect the program might have on a child. The beneficial television programs are mainly those that educate the Young. There are often nature specials on animal life that are realistic, and that teach children an appreciation for all life. There are a few regular children’s programs, such as “Sesame Street” or “Electric Company”, that develop the child’s interest in school-type learning by stressing numbers and the alphabet, and that encourage him or her to be creative. Children’s Christmas specials can offer a warm, wholesome form of entertainment, and the beneficial commercials, such as those on anti-smoking, anti-litter, and health, should be included in this category. On the opposite side are the shows which are generally harmful to children. Many commercials, especially those sponsoring the children’s programs, are deliberately written to create a desire for an unnecessary product such as sugar-coated cereals and candy. All adult programs that include violence or overdone sex scenes can at best fill a child’s mind with confusing or misleading ideas, and could possibly harden the child to violence, leave him terrified, or warp his viewpoint towards human life and sexual love. Many children’s cartoons should be classified as bad because of their constant ridiculing of all adults. Many remaining programs can be classed as mediocre: not harmful to the child, but not beneficial. These would include the unrealistic situation comedies, some Saturday morning children’s shows, and the “super hero” type that often contains violence. These programs are useless to the child except as a poor form of entertainment. Parents should try to interest their

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children in books or creative activities rather than allow them to watch and absorb useless or harmful materials. Thoughtful parents will definitely not allow their children to view the bad programs and should discourage them from watching the mediocre ones. A child’s viewing time should be limited mainly to watching educational, beneficial programs. Writing Task: Write a short passage of two or three paragraphs about TV programs. 2. Translation Exercise. 每片森林都有不同的植物层。从高到低有 5 层：顶层(canopy)，下层(understory)，灌木层(shrub layer)，草本植物层(hurb layer)和森林地面层(forest floor)。顶层主要包括最高树木的冠。顶层日照充足，所以比其他各层制造的营养都多。下层由较矮的树组成，

其中有些是能很好地生长在顶层阴影下的矮树种，另一些是尚未长大的幼树，因长在阴

处而不如顶层生长快。灌木层主要是灌木，它们虽然也有树干，但不同于乔木的是它们

有不止一根树干，而且没有一根可以长成大树。草本植物层包括羊齿类(fern)、草类、野花及其他柔茎植物。森林地面层是被成片苔藓(moss)和上面落下物覆盖，树叶、细树枝和动物排泄物，还有动植物尸体等构成这一层。 Useful words：层 layers of... 冠 the crowns of... 充足的阳光 full sunlight 矮种 smaller species 树干 woody stems 软茎的 soft-stemmed 成片的苔藓 clumps of moss 动物排泄物 animal droppings

2.4 描述 (Description)

描述不仅用于文学写作，也大量用于科技文章的写作。科技文章中的描述尤其要求客观、

严格、准确，不需要喧染感情。

2.4.1 静物的描述

1. 描述物体形状的词和词组

1) Shape (形状) 正方形 square 弓形 segment 长方形，长圆形 oblong 三角形 triangle 矩形 rectangle 不规则三角形 scalene 四边形 quadrilateral 等腰三角形 isosceles 不平行四边形、梯形 trapezium 圆锥 cone; taper 平行四边形 parallelogram 圆柱 cylinder 菱形 rhombus 椭圆形 ellipse; oval 球形 globe; sphere 不规则形状 irregular shape 圆形 circle; disk(disc) 奇特的形状 queer shape 环形 ring; loop... ⋯⋯形的(名词) -shaped 半圆形 semicircle 弧形的 arc

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新月形 crescent 卵形的 egg-shaped

呈⋯⋯形状 be in the shape of ... take the shape of... assume the shape of... be of... shape 【例】 这具模型呈鱼形。 The model is in the shape of a fish. 这种动物样子像人。 The animal takes a human shape. 这面镜子呈椭圆形。 The mirror is of an oval shape. 外表像某物 resemble sth. in shape shape like sth. be like sth. in shape 【例】 灯泡外形像只梨。 The bulb resembles a pear in shape. 这种工具看起来像根空心管。 The tool is like a tube in shape. 这枚币像把小刀。 The coin shapes like a knife. 形状似⋯⋯ have the shape of... 【例】 它的外壳呈螺旋状。 It has a spiral shape. 形状奇特(不规则) be queer (irregular) in shape

2) angle (角) 直角 right angle 内角 interior angle 锐角 acute angle 外角 exterior angle 钝角 obtuse angle 对顶角 vertical angles 补角 supplementary angle 形成一个直角 run at right angle with each other 形成一个锐角三角形 cute angle triangle 与另一条线形成一个直角 make a right angle with another line 交叉成 50度角 lie at a 50°angle 两线成直角。 The lines are at right angles to each other. 一条线与另一线成 60度角相交。 One line cuts another at 60°angle. The two lines cross at 60°angle. 杆子与地面成 90度角。 The pole stood at a 90°angle to the ground. 3) line (线)

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波纹线(曲线) wavy line 圆周 circumference 单线 single line 周长 perimeter 双线 a double line 弯曲线 a curve line(a curve) 斜线 a slant line 格子线 ruled lines 实线 a solid line 虚线 a broken line 粗线 a thick line 细线 a thin line 之字形线 a zigzag line 4) dimension; size (尺寸) 表面尺寸 superficial dimension 量尺寸 take the dimensions of ... 面积 area 表示面积(长乘宽) by 这间房 2米宽 4米长。 The room is two feet by four. The area of the room is two feet by four. 房间的长、宽、高 the dimensions of a room 一个长宽高各为 3英寸的立方体 a cube 3 inches in each dimension 板的面积为 15平方英寸。 The steel plate is 15 square inch in area. 5) length (长度) 量长度 measure the length of ... 长度为 be... long be in length of ... be of a length of... have a length of ... attain (reach) a length of ... 一样长 be of equal (the same) length 中等长度 be of moderate length 一间长 8米宽 6米的房 a room 8 metres in length and 6 metres in breadth 被截成长约 2英尺的一根木条 a piece of word cut in length of about two feet 长度为⋯⋯的某物 sth. with a length of ... 6) breadth (宽度) 宽度为 be ... broad(wide) be ... in breadth (width) be ... across 宽 5英尺 be five feet in width have a width of 5 feet

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宽度不同 of different widths (breadths) 7) thickness (厚度) 厚度为 attain (reach) a thickness of ... have a thickness of ... be of a thickness of ... be ... in thickness be ... thick 8) diametre (直径)；radius (半径) 外径 external (outside) diametre 内径 internal (inside) diametre 直径为 the diametre is ... have a diametre of ... measure ... in diametre 9) depth (深度) 深度为 be ... deep attain (reach) a depth of ... have a depth of ... be ... in depth run down the depth of ... 10) height (高度) 高度为 be ... high (tall) be ... in height attain (reach) a height of ... have a height of ... 平均(最高的)高度为⋯⋯ the average (maximum) height is ... 11) capacity, volume (容量，体积) 容量为 have a capacity of ... have a volume of ... the volume (capacity) of ... is... 12) 用介词 with短语描述形状，比如： 带手柄的 with handles 细长颈的瓶 a bottle with a long and narrow neck 广口(细口)的圆形深容器 a deep and round container with a wide mouth (narrow

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opening) 微向上翻边的锅 a pot with a slightly raised edge 周边呈弧形的容器 a container with curved sides 平底的(平顶的)容器 a container with flat bottom(top) 带三支架的炒锅 a frying-pot with a three-legged stand (support) 13) material, textile (材料，质地) 木质的 (made) of wood, wooden 金属的 metal 合金的 of an alloy of...and (with)... 合金钢 steel alloy 不锈钢 stainless steel 铸钢 steel casting 铸铁 iron casting 板材 plate (steel plate) 管材 tube 14) 各部分的连接关系 粘 be pasted to 焊接 be welded to 铆接 be riveted to (together) 钉住 be nailed on (to) 旋拧 be screwed in (on, to) 用铰链连接 be hinged to; be connected by hinge 2. 描述物体的手法

描述物体要尊重观察者感官印象，即从醒目处开始，逐渐提供更多的细微特点，这样才易给读者用文字描绘出一张形象而具体的画面，从而达到描述的目的。写一个描述

段要注意以下几个问题： 描述顺序，如由大到小，从外向里等。 交待各部件之间的联系，如它们是怎样结合为一体的。 说明该物的作用及如何使用等。

这类描述一般从以下四个角度入手：

该物是什么。 其特有的功能。 其形状、大小、尺寸及构成的材料。 其各部分间联系。

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阅读下面的范文，特别要留意作者如何吸引读者注意，帮助读者在头脑中形成被描述物的形象。

【范文 1】 A baseball is a small, hard round ball. It measures from 7 to 9 inches in circumference and weighs between 5 and 7 ounces. A tiny cork ball forms the center of the ball. Tightly wrapped layers of rubber and yarn surround the cork. Two strips of white cowhide sewn together with thick red thread cover the ball.

【范文 2】 The knife is made of the following parts: a blade which is made of finest steel and extends the full length of the tool. To this blade a wooden handle made of two identical parts is attached. The whole blade from end to end is 24 cm long, while the part not covered by the handle is 15 cm long. The width of the blade varies from zero at the tip to 2 cm at a point about from the handle. In the handle it is about 1 cm wide. The thickness of the blade varies from zero at the tip and along its cutting edge to 0.1 cm along the straight edge. Just before the handle begins it becomes very thick. The thickness of the straight edge adds strength.

【范文 3】 A water tap is a device for turning on and off a flow of water. Its most important parts are a rod with a handle on the top and a washer which is fixed to the bottom of the rod. The metal parts of the water tap are usually made of brass to prevent corrosion. The washer is made of a flexible material such as rubber or plastic. When the handle is turned, the rod either rises or descends because of its spiral thread. The column descends until the washer fits firmly in its seat. This is the position shown in the diagram (原图略). The tap is now closed, and no water can flow out of the pipe. When the handle is turned in the opposite direction, the column ascends, and the water can then flow out of the tap.

2.4.2 过程的描述

描述过程时次序不能混乱。在这类描述中可以用表示顺序的词连接句子。 (1) First(ly), ... Second(ly), ... Third(ly), ... Finally, ... (2) In the first place, ... In the second place, ...In the third place, ... (3) first, then, next, after this, lastly (4) to begin (start) with, in the second place, and to conclude... (5) afterward; furthermore; moreover; in addition; above all; what is more (6) previous to (=before), prior to (7) let us now turn to ... (8) to sum up, to conclude, in conclusion

【范文】 How a Pencil Is Made

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Pencils consist of a writing core made of graphite set within and a case of wood, metal or plastic. The writing core is composed of graphite and fine clay, sometimes mixed with other chemicals. First the graphite mixture is formed into strings, cut to precise measurements and dried in ovens. Making the wood case of pencils involves several steps. The wood case of a pencil is often made from wood that sharpens easily and smoothly , say cedar. First cedar logs are sawed into narrow slats which are about 18.4 cm long and 6.4 mm thick and then parallel grooves are cut into one side of the slats. Next, strings of graphite mixture are inserted in the grooves of one slat. After an empty slat is glued to it, individual pencils are cut from the sandwich-like pencil slats. Finally a shaper machine form the slats into hexagonal or round pencils. 描述过程时也可以让读者想象自己是个参与者，亲自动手先做⋯⋯再做⋯⋯，这时多用祈使句。

【范文】 Brakes

If you want to stop a racer, all you do is pull your stick brake against the edge of a wheel so they rub together, until the rubbing stops the wheel from turning. A real car needs brakes on all four wheels to stop it. And so you need a way to put on all the brakes at the same time. There is a pedal for you to push, and all the stopping power is transferred to the four wheels at once, by a liquid! Here is how it happens. The brake system is made up of cylinders and tubes, filled with oil. When the brake pedal is pushed down, it pushes a piston into a large cylinder of oil. Liquids cannot be compressed so the oil is forced out of the cylinder through the tubes to a smaller cylinder inside each of the four wheels. Each of these cylinders has two pistons, one at each end. The oil comes into the cylinder between the pistons, and pushes them apart. They push the brake shoes against the brake drum, which is turning with the wheel. The drum and the wheel slow down, until they finally stop. 比较复杂的过程描述最好按步骤列明标题。下面的标题是为描述“How Books Are Bound by Machine”这样一个复杂过程而列出的。它们帮助作者组织文章，也帮助读者理解文章。

How Books Are Bound by Machine

Machine bookbinding consists of three main operations: (1) forming, (2) shaping, and (3) covering. Forming a book: a book is put together in pages in the first four steps of book binding: folding, tipping, gathering, and sewing. Shaping a book consists of four chief steps: smashing; gluing off; trimming; and rounding, backing and lining.

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Covering a book: the binding process is completed with the steps of casemaking, stamping, and casing-in.

2.4.3 静物描述与过程描述同时并用

学术性写作中运用描述技巧时，经常既要描述某物的外形和结构，又要描述其工作原理及使用方法。这样，写者就必须先用前面介绍的第一种方法，再用第二种方法。请

阅读下面的范文。

【范文】 Parachute looks somewhat like a large umbrella. The parachute designed for human use is about 24 to 28 feet across when extended. For many years parachute were made of silk. But nylon, which is stronger and cheaper, is used today. The winglike shape of a new type of parachute makes it easier to maneuver than the older round canopy. The shape also allows the parachutist to flare the parachute in a way that produces a lift. The lift shows both vertical and horizontal movements, allowing for a gradual, tiptoe landing—much like a bird landing on a branch. A parachute is worn on a harness, that consists of a series of strips fitting around the shoulders and legs of the parachutist. The harness acts as a support during the descent. Special straps, called “risers”, are attached to the shoulder portion of the harness. They hold the suspension lines, which are attached to the canopy. The operation of the parachute is based on simple principles: there are two forces that act on the falling object. They are resistance and gravity. Gravity pulls the object quickly toward the earth, but air resists the object’s movement. The former is stronger than the latter, so the speed of the falling object can only be slowered down. A parachutist always pulls the ripcord at 2,000 feet above the ground, but he may open it at distances of 200 feet. Then, if the first parachute fails, there is time to activate the reserve parachute. It is important for a parachutist to have some control over the parachuting direction.

CLASSROOM WORK 2-4 1. Draw a picture of a tricycle and give an oral description of it. Words and phrases for your reference: 脚蹬，踩脚蹬 pedal 附着于 attach to 用脚蹬 put around with your feet 转动轮子 turn the wheel 保持平衡 keep...a balance 驾驶 steer 使用车把 with handle-bars 闸 brake 2. Write a short passage of description on the topic “How Yeast Bread Is Made”. You may

start your composition in this way: Commercial bakeries make bread from a dough that

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consists of... Useful words: 酵母 yeast 成分 ingredients 添加⋯⋯以增加营养 enrich the dough by adding... 发面 sponge 使发酵 ferment 切开 divide into pieces 在炉中烘烤 bake in an oven 使凉 cool 切片 slice

HOMEWORK 2-4 1. Supplementary readings 1) A SEWING MACHINE makes hundreds of stitches in a minute. It uses two spools of thread. One spool sits on a spool-pin on top of the machine. The thread winds around and passes through several thread guides and finally threads through the needle. The other spool of thread, called the bobbin, is inside the machine beneath the needle. The bobbin thread goes up through a hole in the sewing platform. This is what happens when you press the foot pedal. Electricity makes the motor go, and the motor belt turns wheels and gears inside the machine that move the needle up and down, and turn the bobbin around and around. Now comes the hard part─how the two threads join together to make stitches. First, the threaded needle goes down through the cloth. When the needle is down below, a hook sticking out of the bobbin catches the needle thread and loops it around the bobbin. When the needle goes back up, the needle thread forms a tight loop around the bobbin thread. That is one stitch. After each stitch a gadget with little saw-teeth comes up under the cloth and pushes it ahead a bit to make room for the next stitch. 2) The AUTOMOBILE is a complicated piece of machinery, but it is carefully designed so that most people can run it. To start it, the driver turns the ignition key, sending electricity from the battery to run the little starting motor which gets the big engine going. Gas starts feeding to the engine. Then everything begins to work like the drawing of a make-believe car explains. Of course, a real car has at least four cylinders, and more often six or eight. Any car that had only one cylinder would not run very smoothly. It would jerk ahead when the cylinder fired, and then pause until the piston came back up for the next cycle. When a car has several cylinders, each one fires at a slightly different time in the power cycle, and the engine and car run very smoothly. Have you ever been in a car that jiggled as the motor ran? This sometimes happens when the cylinders are firing out of order and their timing needs to be adjusted. 3) A SUBMARINE is a completely watertight metal ship that can float on the surface of the water or dive below and ride along like a fish. When it is on the surface it uses a diesel engine

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to turn its propeller. When it is under water, it switches to battery-driven electric motors, since the diesel engines need air to run. Some subs use nuclear reactors for power. The reactors don’t need air so they can be used under water, too. A submarine has large tanks built into it, called ballast tanks, filled with air. To make the submarine go under water, the men open valves on the outside of the tanks, allowing the air to escape. Then water comes in to replace the air. When the tanks are full, the submarine weighs exactly as much as the water it displaces. The buoyant force no longer holds it up, so it slips below the surface. Now it can use its special fins to steer down and up under water. To surface, the men steer the sub up near the surface. Then the water is blown out of the ballast tanks with compressed air and the sub becomes lighter than the water it displaces. Up it goes. 2. Topics for you to write about. 1) The Windshield Wiper Suggested ideas: Its usage─The driver could see the road ahead even through heavy rain and snow. Its parts─two arms, soft rubber blade, attached to, go back and forth How it works─a small motor running on current from the battery, supply power, a small

wheel which has a pin 2) A Clothes Dryer Suggested ideas: Its usage─It heats air and uses it to take the moisture out of wet clothes and carry it

outdoors. Its parts─a fan, a rotating drum, an electric motor, a timer How it works─to heat air, to blow the hot air on the clothes, to absorb the moisture from

the wet clothes, to blow out the wet air 3) A Helicopter Suggested ideas: Its function—fly in any direction Its parts—rotors, blade, tail rotors How it works—to do the same job as the wings, ailerons, propeller, and rudder of the

airplane

2.5 因果关系 (Cause-Effect Relationship)

2.5.1 表达因果关系的常用方法

1. 用表示因果关系的词、词组体现因果关系

1) 连词：because, as, since, for (不用于句首), so, thus, hence, if...then, when... then, now,

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now that, so...that, such...that...等 2) 副词：therefore, accordingly, consequently 3) 介词短语：as a result, as a consequence, due to, owing to, thanks to, in order to, in order that, on account of..., for this (that reason), for one thing... for another... 4) 动词：result in, result from, cause, affect, produce, make, lead to 等 5) 名词：the effect of ..., the reason for (why, that), the consequence of, the result of 等 【范文】用几个表示因果关系的词展开文章，说明作者为什么要做某事： In order to round out my study of wolf family life, I needed to know what the den was like inside—how deep it was, the diameter of the passage, the presence of a nest at the end of the burrow, and such related information. For obvious reasons I had not been able to make the investigation while the den was occupied and since that time I had been too busy with other work to get around to it. Now with time running out, I was in hurry. 2. 用句子内部的逻辑关系体现因果关系

【例句】 1) The building of a canal will endanger wildlife. 2) I had known little about the subject before I read the book. 3) The cracker will not explode until I light it. 4) You will feel better if you go out for air. 5) His foolish action exposed him to ridicule. 6) Let’s hurry. It’s going on for five. 3. 用篇章结构的巧妙编排体现因果关系，展开文章

写因果关系文章首先要证据确凿，证据充足才能使读者信服。其次，句间、段间逻辑性强、主次分明，才能更好体现内在的因果关系。如下面这段短文就注意了上述两个

问题。 Fertilization of an egg is a necessary condition for the production of a baby chick. No fertilization, no chick. Fertilization, however, is not the only condition in this case. The egg itself must be apt for fertilization, and the right sort of environment for incubation must be provided.

2.5.2 表达因果关系应避免的错误

以下种种错误在日常用语中可能时有出现，并认为是可以接受的，但在严格的科学写作中不允许存在。 1. 不要误把时间发生先后当前因后果。比如： I won’t say she is to blame, but I do know he didn’t drink before he married her. 2. 不要误把推测当合理的逻辑结论。比如： Steven will never pass his exam; he doesn’t like his lessons.

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3. 不要误把“想当然”代替因果关系。比如： A gas engine is reliable because it seldom fails. 4. 不要以点代面下结论。比如： He looks like his clever brother and is probably clever. 5. 不要过于简单地排除其他可能性。比如： An honest man works 60 minutes for an hour pay. You work less than 60 minutes in an

hour; therefore, you are dishonest.

2.5.3 范文研读

仔细阅读范文，并讨论分析它们各使用什么技巧表示因果关系。

【范文 1】 Loud noises produce effects that the conscious or sleeping hearer can’t control. The blood vessels contract, the skin pales, the voluntary and involuntary muscles tense, and adrenal hormone is suddenly injected into the blood stream to intensify tension and nervousness. We have millions with heart disease, high blood pressure and emotional illness of all sorts who need protection from additional stress of noise.

【范文 2】 In his research for the mind, neuroanatomist Paul Pietsch has sliced and scrambled the brain. His question: is the mind—speech, vision, memory, intelligence—localized in specific parts of the brain, or are mind and memory encoded and repeated throughout the brain? To find out, the Indiana University scientist tried to alter the salamander’s feeding behavior by removing major brain structures one at a time, switching left and right hemispheres, turning each hemisphere upside down, even shuffling brain parts around. Yet, through it all, feeding continued apace. Finally Pietsch taught a salamander to respond to a tap on its dish, then transferred its forebrain to an unconditioned salamander. The recipient woke up from surgery and responded to tapping, but so did the donor even without his forebrain. This result has led Pietsch to conclude that each tiny section of the brain contains the entire mind, much as a fragment of a shattered holographic sheet retains enough information to project the original image. If this is indeed so, even a brain injury that leaves a person disabled may not wipe out stored memory for the lost function. Instead, such injuries may simply prevent access to memory.

【范文 3】 Pound for pound, a woman can be as strong in the abdominal and leg muscles as a man because her relatively larger pelvis has plenty of room for muscle attachments. A woman’s pelvis also gives her more leverage in leg wrestling. Women’s joint are more flexible and less tightly hinged than men’s, so women get thrown about more in figure skating and ballet by

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men, whose upper-body strength is useful in lifting, holding, and throwing them. And in sports where strength is not a factor—skydiving, parachuting, sharpshooting—men and women perform and compete equally. In endurance events like running and long-distance swimming, women actually do very well.

【范文 4】 To serve his greater muscle mass, a man has a large heart and lungs, more oxygen-carrying hemoglobin in his blood, and a larger stroke volume. Muscles depend on oxygen to work; the more oxygen you can get to them, the more energy you have. And a man’s cardiovascular system more than fills his oxygen needs.

【范文 5】 Why is it usually men who commit violent crimes? Males of all ages seem to be more aggressive than females. The difference is one of the few that has been generally accepted by experts. There is a clear correlation between male aggression and high testosterone levels; by far the majority of violent crimes, for instance, are committed by young men, whose testosterone levels are much higher than those of older men.

【范文 6】 Admittedly there are just as many teenagers today who deserve praise, but there are just as many who deserve no praise whatever. Take for example, the gangs of kids that hang out on the streets of our town every night until the early hours of the morning. They not only dress strangely; they also behave irresponsibly. I have seen them write on store windows and walls. I have seen them push over parking meters and young trees. In fact, I have even seen them throwing stones and yelling at elderly people walking by! Clearly, these kinds of youngsters deserve, not praise, but reprimand and punishment. Unfortunately, that is not what they are getting. The police do their best to control these disrespectful young people, but, obviously, a handful of policemen can’t be everywhere at once.

【范文 7】 On behalf of the residents of the West End apartments, I want to protest the proposed expansion of the Fall Shoe Factory in the area between River Road and West Street behind the Lincoln Elementary School. We oppose the expansion because: First, the local Board of Education has filed an application to use this land as a playground for Lincoln Elementary School, which at present has no such facility. It is almost certain that the application will be granted if the money can be raised through taxes. Second, the smoke and smells from the factory already irritate the students of the school as well as residents nearby. Enlarging the factory would only worsen the problem. Third, there is no major highway or railroad line to the factory, and River Road is too small for the large trucks that serve the factory. Obviously, more trucks would only make

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traffic matters worse. Fourth, the residents of the West End apartments feel that a new factory building near River Road would be totally out of keeping with the architecture of the neighborhood.

【范文 8】 Lottery games of all types should be abolished. There are several reasons why I object to this kind of gambling. First, the people who run the lotteries are taking substantial amounts of money away from people, many of whom are old and can least afford to lose it. Second, while I do not object gambling in principle, I feel that this particular kind, where no skill is required on the part of the player, is especially offensive and deadening to the intellect. Finally, the places where lottery tickets are sold often attract undesirable people to otherwise quiet neighborhoods.

【范文 9】 Laws should dictate where people can smoke. For one thing, science clearly proves that smoking not only harms the health of smokers, it also harms the health of nonsmokers around them. Wives and children of smokers, for example, have been found to have more instances of lung cancer, ear and throat infections, and asthma than wives and children of nonsmokers. For another thing, nonsmokers must unjustly pay for the consequences of smoking, such as fires and increased costs of ventilation. Unfortunately, we can’t depend on smokers to be considerate and respectful of the health and pocketbooks of those around them. In my opinion, for good of all society, we need laws to tell smokers when and where to smoke.

【范文 10】 Total Effect and the Eighth Grade

By Flannery O’Connor In two recent instances in Georgia, parents have objected to their eighth and ninth-grade children’s reading assignments in modern fiction. This seems to happen with some regularity in cases throughout the country. The unwitting parent picks up his child’s book, glances through it, comes upon passages of erotic detail or profanity, and takes off at once to complain to the school board. Sometimes, as in one of the Georgia cases, the teacher is dismissed and hackles rise in liberal circles everywhere. The two cases in Georgia, which involved Steinbeck’s East of Eden and John Hersey’s A Bell for Adano provoked considerable newspaper comment. One columnist, in commending the enterprise of the teachers, announced that students do not like to read the fusty works of the nineteenth century that their attention can best be held by novels dealing with the realities of our own time. and that the Bible, too, is full of racy stories. Mr. Hersey himself addressed a letter to the State School Superintendent in behalf of the

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teacher who had been dismissed. He pointed out that his book is not scandalous, that it attempts to convey an earnest message about the nature of democracy, and that it falls well within the limits of the principle of “total effect,” that principle followed in legal cases by which a book is judged not for isolated parts but by the final effect of the whole book upon the general reader. I do not want to comment on the merits of these particular cases. What concerns me is what novels ought to be assigned in the eighth and ninth grades as a matter of course, for if these cases indicate anything, they indicate the haphazard way in which fiction is approached in our high schools. Presumably there is a state reading list which contains “safe” books for teachers to assign; after that it is up to the teacher. English teachers come in Good, Bad, and Indifferent, but too frequently in high schools anyone who can speak English is allowed to teach it. Since several novels can’t easily be gathered into one textbook, the fiction that students are assigned depends upon their teacher’s knowledge ability, and taste; variable factors at best. More often than not, the teacher assigns what he thinks will hold the attention and interest of the students. Modern fiction will certainly hold it. Ours is the first age in history which has asked the child what he would tolerate learning, but that is a part of the problem with which I am not equipped to deal. The devil of Educationism that possesses us is the kind that can be “cast out only be prayer and fasting.” No one has yet come along strong enough to do it. In other ages the attention of children was held by Homer and Virgil, among others, but, by the reverse evolutionary process, that is no longer possible; our children are too stupid now to enter the past imaginatively. No one asks the student if algebra pleases him or if he finds it satisfactory that some French verbs are irregular, but if he prefers Hersey to Hawthorne, his taste must prevail. I would like to put forward the proposition, repugnant to most English teachers, that fiction, if it is going to be taught in the high school, should be taught as a subject and as a subject with a history. The total effect of a novel depends not only on its innate impact, but upon the experience, literary and otherwise, with which it is approached. No child needs to be assigned Hersey or Steinbeck until he is familiar with a certain amount of the best works of Cooper, Hawthorne, Melville, the early James, and Crane, and he does not need to be assigned these until he has been introduced to some of the better English novelists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The fact that these works do not present him with the realities of his own time is all to the good. He is surrounded by the realities of his own time, and he has no perspective whatever from which to view them. Like the college student who wrote in her paper on Lincoln that he went to the movies and got shot, many students go to college unaware that the world was not made yesterday; their studies began with the present and dipped backward occasionally when it seemed necessary or unavoidable. There is much to be enjoyed in the great British novels of the nineteenth century, much

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that a good teacher can open up in them for the young student. There is no reason why these novels should be either too simple or too difficult for the eighth grade. For the simple, they offer simple pleasures; for the more precocious, they can be made to yield subtler ones if the teacher is up to it. Let the student discover, after reading the nineteenth century British novel, that the nineteenth-century American novel is quite different as to its literary characteristics, and he will thereby learn something not only about these individual works but about the sea-change which a new historical situation can effect in a literary form. Let him come to modern fiction with this experience behind him, and he will be better able to see and to deal with the more complicated demands of the best twentieth-century fiction. Modern fiction often looks simpler than the fiction that preceded it, but in reality it is more complex. A natural evolution has taken place. The author has for the most part absented himself from direct participation in the work and has left the reader to make his own way amid experiences dramatically rendered and symbolically ordered. The modern novelist merges the reader in the experience; he tends to raise the passions he touches upon. If he is a good novelist, he raises them to effect by their order and clarify a new experience—the total effect—which is not in itself sensuous or simply of the moment. Unless the child has had some literary experience before, he is not going to be able to resolve the immediate passions the book arouses into any true, total picture. It is here the moral problem will arise. It is one thing for a child to read about adultery in the Bible or in Anna Karenina, and quite another for him to read about it in most modern fiction. This is not only because in both the former instances adultery is considered a sin, and in the latter, at most, an inconvenience, but because modern writing involves the reader in the action with a new degree of intensity, and literary mores now permit him to be involved in any action a human being can perform. In our fractured culture. we cannot agree on morals; we cannot even agree that moral matters should come before literary ones when there is a conflict between them. All this is another reason why the high schools would do well to return to their proper business of preparing foundations. Whether in the senior year students should be assigned modern novelists should depend both on their parents’ consent and on what they have already read and understood. The high-school English teacher will be fulfilling his responsibility if he furnishes the student a guided opportunity, through the best writing of the past, to come, in time, to an understanding of the best writing of the present. He will teach literature, not social studies or little lessons in democracy or the customs of many lands. And if the student finds that this is not to his taste? Well, that is regrettable. Most regrettable. His taste should not be consulted; it is being formed.

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CLASSROOM WORK 2-5

1. Read the selection and tell what is the cause and what are its effects and what technique

of development is used with cause and effect. The common cold is really a highly popular complain throughout the temperate regions of the world where it is endemic. It has all the attractions of an illness and none of the disadvantages, for it never kills anyone and always get better within an overnight. Meanwhile, it acts as a magnet for sympathy in midwinter, when sympathy is needed the most. It grants a week’s leave from the office at a time when holidays are miserably balanced between recollection and anticipation. And as it makes no difference to the prognosis where treatment is given or not, each cold offers its victims a delightful exercise in self-doctoring. 2. Interview some of your classmates and on the basis of their experiences and

understanding as well as those of your own write a cause and effect paper about one of the following topics.

1) Why I want to have an “iron rice bowl”. 2) The middle-aged and old people should pay more attention to their appearance.

HOMEWORK 2-5 You have found in the samples there are many ways to develop a cause and effect essay. Read the samples carefully before starting your writing and decide a strategy for your paper. Your title is “Why children benefit if their mothers work”. (Note: Evidence is always the essence of such a paper. Do not write your composition until you have gathered enough evidence.)

2.6 比较与对照 (Comparison and Contrast)

比较和对照经常一起运用在写作中，以表现被比较物的相似之处和不同之处。写比较和对照的手法很多，除常用形容词、副词的比较级之外，还有各种修辞、句式、文体

等方法。

2.6.1 常用句式举例

1) A and B are similar (alike) in sth. (如 colour, shape, size, appearance, character, structure...)

2) A and B are similar (alike) in that they both... Zhang and Wang are alike in that they both are merry fellows who make friends. 3) A is similar (alike) to B in sth.(in that A does ...)

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Zhang is similar to Wang in that he speaks at a gallop. 4) A and B both have (the same kind of)... The employer and employees both were unwilling to take the gamble and declined to

go along. The supporters and opponents both have the same kind of firsthand data. 5) A, like B, has .../is.../does.../ A, as well as B, has .../is .../does.../ India, like China, has a big population. The teacher, as well as the students, greeted the lecturer with prolonged applause. 6) A is the same as B in that... I am the same as you in that I don’t know the details. 7) A bears a similarity to B in sth. /in that ... China bears a similarity to the States in that she tries to gear her education to the

children’s needs and abilities. 8) There is a similarity of A to B in sth. /in that .../ between A and B in sth. /in that/ 9) A and B are dissimilar (unlike) in ... 10) A is dissimilar to (from, with) B in ... 11) A is dissimilar ... to B in that .../in sth./ 12) A is different from (to, than) B in that/in sth. 13) The difference between A and B is that ... ...of A to B is that ....

2.6.2 常用方法举例

1. 用连词表示转折关系以示对比 如 while, whereas, however, nevertheless, on the one hand... on the other hand等。下面这篇范文准确地运用连词表现出对比效果。 From the expression on his face the black man’s face appears downtrodden while the white man’s appears arrogant. The eyeblinders on the white man tell us that he is not interested in the black man. The white is dressed in a work shirt while the black man is wearing a jacket. This suggests that the white man has a blue collar job, and that the black man does not. The white man’s shoulders are very square in contrast to those of the black man which are round. The large size and foreground position of the white man emphasizes the difference in the status of the two men. 2. 通过句子结构、时态等手段表示对比 1) People used to wash all their clothes by hand, but they don’t anymore. 2) Farmers lit their homes with kerosene lamps, but they don’t need these anymore. 3) People depended on animals for a lot of farm chores, but now they rely on machines.

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4) When writing about controversial questions, some authors try to be objective: to present information supporting both sides of the question without favouring either side. Most authors, however, have bias which a critical reader has to learn to detect.

5) Psychologists are learning a great about memory and other functions of the human mind through clinical studies and biologists and neurophy-socialogists are using experiments, dissection and high technology to penetrate its mysteries.

3. 通过文章的篇章结构体现比较和对照 写对比文章除用以上所举各种手段及其他很多方法外，更需要通过文章的篇章结构来体现比较和对照。常见到以下几种写法： 1) 先逐条介绍对比物甲的情况，再逐条介绍对比物乙，读者自己从中看到两者的相同与不同。作者使用这种写法时要留意不要把文章写成各自独立为篇的两段文章，所以要

特别重视使用转换词、词组，如：similarly, also, likewise, in comparison, compared with, in contrast to, opposed to, contrasted with, however, unlike 等。另外还可以使用平行结构 ( parallel structure) 或重复重点语句，以使文章一气呵成。下面的范文就基于这种写法。

【范文 1】 No-plough System

A new system is being developed to help farmers in tropical areas of the world produce more food and other crops. It is called the no-plough system. The system also would protect the land, so the farmer could use the land for a longer time. A major problem for farmers in the tropics is erosion. The hard rain washes away the rich layer of soil on top of the ground. Ploughing the land to prepare for planting and to kill weeds makes the erosion problem worse. The rain water quickly carries away the loose soil. Very soon the farmer must clear new fields and begin long hours of work to make them produce. Tropical agricultural experts have found that one good way to guard against erosion is to leave the fields covered with dead plants. That protects the soil from erosion and stops new weeds from growing. It also keeps the soil cooler. By putting seeds into the ground through the covering, crops can be grown without any need to break apart the soil with ploughs. A new machine has been developed to do this. The planting machine make holes in the soil without moving the covering. Seeds fall straight into the holes. Under the no-plough system, easy-to-get chemicals are used to kill weeds. The dead weeds help to form the protective layer. The researchers have found that farmers who use this planting machine and chemical sprayer can grow almost twice as much food as those who use more traditional methods. Because the no-plough system requires less of the farmer’s time, he can farm a much larger area. Farmers who could work only one half hectare with traditional methods can work as many as four or five hectares with the new system.

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【范文 2】 Two Theories of Management

Major developments in management theory in the past two decades reflect worker desires for job satisfaction. The traditional view of management is based on the “boss system,” which relies on the carrot and stick to motivate employees—the carrot of wages and the stick of dismissal. This is sometimes called the Theory X approach to management. It is based on the proposition that people hate to work and will do so only if threatened in some way. It holds that people wish to avoid responsibility, have little ambition, and will work effectively only under strict and continuous supervision. Another approach to management is based on a different conception of human motivation. This view, called Theory Y, is based on the notion that most workers want to like their work. They will seek responsibility and job satisfaction. This is an integral part of Peter Drucker’s theory that defines “the guidelines by which management can encourage the achieving worker, make his efforts productive, provide him constant feedback, and allow for the constant learning that transcends the immediate jobs.” Workers are motivated by the carrot of material reward combined with an opportunity for personal development. As workers become more affluent and money becomes relatively less important to them, it is likely that there will be incentives for private business corporations to meet these other needs. Experiments indicate that business firms benefit by improving the work experience because satisfied workers are more productive. Evidence suggests that meeting the higher needs of workers can increase productivity by as much as 40 percent.

【范文 3】 American Farms

The American farms today are very different from farms a hundred years ago. In 1850, 65% of the workers in the United States were farmers. Today, fewer than 5% of all workers call themselves farmers. Amazingly, this group of very few Americans produces enough food to feed the entire population of the U.S. and also to export. Most American farms today are large business operations. Owners of large farms don’t have many workers to help them in the fields; instead, they spend lots of money on farm equipment. These machines don’t do all the work, but they do a great deal. There are machines that do farm work such as ploughing fields, planting seeds and harvesting crops at the end of the growing season. They help farmers do hard, boring work. Modern equipment also helps farmers with special needs. In hot, dry parts of the country, where there is not much rain, farmers have to find a way to get water to their fields. In the past，small open canals carried water to fields. This system is not profitable, so few farmers use it now. Open ditches require more labour to control the flow of the water, and they lose quite a bit of water because of evaporation. Instead of open ditches, most farmers use sprinkler systems. Water runs through pipes to a field, and the whole system of pipes moves

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automatically from one field to another. The old method of one person milking one cow at a time does not exist today. Milking machines can milk quite a few cows at the same time, but they need only one technician to operate them. In addition, pipeline systems carry milk away from the barn, machines gave food and water to cows automatically, and other automatic systems clean barn floors. This equipment certainly costs a lot of money, but it increases production and profit for the farmer.

【范文 4】 Let us consider some recent developments in the computer industry in relation to the capacity of the human brain. At the present time, brains are greatly superior to computers. An average human brain weighs three pounds, consumes electrical energy at the rate of 25 watts, and occupies a volume of one-tenth of a cubic foot. Within this small volume, the brain houses between 10 billion and 100 billion items of information. The first of the truly modern generations of computers is represented by the IBM 360 machine, which appeared in 1960. This computer has a memory that holds a few million items of immediately accessible information. Although the capacity of such a machine is far less than that of the brain, it consumes about 100,000 watts of electrical power, and occupies hundreds of cubic feet of space. Scaling the 360 computer upward in size, a machine matching the human brain in memory capacity would consume electrical energy at the rate of one billion watts—half the output of the Grand Coulee Dam—and occupy most of the space in the Empire State Building. Its cost would be in the neighborhood of $10 billion. The machine would be a prodigious artificial intelligence, but it would be only a clumsy imitation of the human brain. The qualitative superiority of the brain over today’s computers is even more striking than its compactness. Every cell, or gate, in the brain is directly connected to many other cells, in some cases to as many as 100,000. As a result, when we send a conscious impulse down to recesses of the memory to summon forth a point of information, the cells in which this information is stored communicate on a subconscious level with thousands of other cells, and a wealth of associate images, pours out at the conscious level of thought. The fruits of the subconscious activity are intuitive insight, flashes of perception and creative inspiration, all made possible by countless connections among the human brain. The computer memory, in contrast, is like a set of pigeonholes stacked against a wall, with no thinking capacity in any pigeonhole, and no connections from one hole to another. Information can be placed in a pigeonhole or taken out of it, but there are no associations and thinking goes on elsewhere. 2) 将两对照物逐项进行对比，比较和对照交叉进行。如下面范文就是这样写的。

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【范文】 Botany and Zoology

Both botany and zoology are parts of a more general field of science, biology. The two are studies of living things, which share certain characteristics, whether they are plants or animals. Botany deals with plants, those organisms that can manufacture their own food by the use of sunlight. Zoology, on the other hand, deals with animals, those organisms that can’t manufacture their own food and are thus dependent on plants for their food. Although plants and animals share many abilities, the extent to which plants can exercise some of those abilities is limited. For example, both plants and animals need food, water, and warmth for growth, but plants can move to acquire those needs only by the slow extension of their leaves and roots, while animals can move relatively large distances in relatively little time. When an animal is pricked with a needle, the animal withdraw the part of the body being pricked. This ability to draw back from pain or irritation, called irritability, is found only to a very limited extend in plants. 3) 交叉使用前面介绍的两种方法。下面的范文在第一段和第四段使用了逐项比较法，

其中特别注意了连词的使用。比如用 both, together, however, but⋯⋯分别说明比较物之间的相同与不同之处。在第二和第三段使用了分别介绍两者的方法，这一部分

的排比式组织使读者对两者间的差异一目了然。

【范文】 Psychology and Sociology

Psychology and sociology are both categorized as social sciences, and both study human behavior. However, psychology is the study of individual behavior, whereas sociology is the study of group behavior. Psychology deals with the possible problems an individual might have in social interaction with other individuals, but the main concern of sociology is the ways that different societies with different cultures deal with each other. Sociology asks and tries to answer questions like these: why does one society progress rapidly and another one remain primitive for centuries? What is the main reason for revolution in a society? What is the role of religion or art in a society? Psychology asks and tries to answer questions like these: Why does one individual adapt easily to a changing environment and another individual become mentally disturbed? What are the causes of antisocial behavior? What roles does religion or art play in an individual’s mental and emotional life? Psychology and sociology often work together in their study of human behavior. It is assumed that by better understanding individual motivation and behavior more will be learned about group motivation and behavior. The reverse is also assumed: if scientists can learn more about social group, they will learn more about individuals.

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4) 详细叙述对比物之一的种种特点，让读者从中看出其与另一对比物的差异。

【范文 1】 The role of business schools used to be to develop future managers who know all about the various functions of business—to teach them how to define problems, analyze these problems and identify alternatives in a clear, logical fashion, and finally, to teach them to make an intelligent decision. But there are several additional characteristics and skills that a good manager must possess. The first is the ability to express oneself in a clear and logical way. Good oral and written communication skills are absolutely essential if one wants to manage effectively. The second is leadership skills. To be a good leader one must understand and be sensitive to people and be able to inspire them toward the achievement of common goals. The next is being broad-minded. Managers today not only understand the world of businesses but also have a sense of the culture, social and political, history and the international aspects of life and society. This suggests that the liberal arts should be part of every manager’s education. The last is courage and a strong sense of integrity. A good manager must know where to draw the line between right and wrong. It can be difficult. For example, if a manager is faced with a decision whether or not to close a factory, whose interests should prevail? Those of stockholders? Of employees? Of customers? It is really a tough choice. The typical manager faces many others. For an organization what matters most is to have reasonably intelligent, hard-working manager. He has a sense of pride and loyalty toward his organization.

【范文 2】 Men are much more vulnerable than women in a number of ways. Boy babies inherit more birth defects and suffer more birth traumas. In childhood, boys have more accidents, and they are far more likely than girls to suffer from autism, hyperactivity, stuttering or aphasia. In young adulthood, they particularly prone to violent deaths, and in middle age they are more likely to develop digestive disorders and kidney disease. Boys have only one X chromosome. The other, the Y, determines their sex and is the most basic difference between men and women. It contains genes which program for the production of testosterone and the other hormones which produce the male body. The X chromosome includes genes that control the immune system; women, with two Xs, have a “backup” set of genes and, it may be, greater protection. 5) 类比法：多用在表示两事物在某个方面的相似之处。写到关于一读者不熟悉的事物

时用另一更普遍为读者了解的事物做类比可以起到事半功倍的作用，比如：

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The atom bomb is a paper tiger which the U.S. reactionaries use to scare people. It looks terrible, but in fact, it isn’t. ... All reactionaries are paper tigers. In appearance, they are terrifying, but in reality they are not so powerful.

2.6.3 范文研读

试阅读下列范文，分析其写作方法。

【范文 1】 Unmarked and trackless though it may seem to, the face of the ocean is divided into definite zones, and the pattern of the surface water controls the distribution of its life. For example, ocean temperatures vary from about 28 °F in polar seas to 96 °F in the Persian Gulf which contains the hotter water in the world. To creatures of the sea, who with few exceptions must match in their own bodies the temperature of the surrounding water, this range is tremendous and change of temperature is probably the most important single condition that produces the tremendous differences in kinds and abundance of life in the seas. The warm temperatures of the tropics speed up the processes of reproduction and growth so that many generations are produced in the time required to bring one to maturity in the polar seas. Also there is for this reason more opportunity for genetic mutations to be produced within a given time. Hence, the bewildering variety of tropical life. Yet in any species there are far fewer individuals than in the colder zones where the mineral content of the water is richer and there are no dense swarms of surface plankton. Moreover, the free swimming forms of the tropics live deeper than those of the colder regions, and so there is less food for large surface feeders. In the tropics, therefore, the sea birds do not compare in abundance with the clouds of birds seen over far northern or far southern fishing grounds. For a good many years it has been said categorically that the total productivity of the polar seas is far greater than that of the tropical. Now it is becoming plain that there are important exceptions to this statement. In certain tropical and sub-tropical areas the sheer abundance of life rivals that of Grand Banks or the Barents Sea or any Antarctic whaling ground. Perhaps the best examples are the Humbolt Current, off the west coast of South America, and the Benguela Current, off the west coast of Africa. In both currents, upwelling of cold, mineral-laden water from deeper layers of the sea provides the fertilizing elements to sustain great food chains. And wherever two currents meet, especially if they differ sharply in temperature, or salinity, there are zones of great turbulence and unrest, with water sinking or rising up from the depths and with shifting eddies and foam lines at the surface. At such places the riches and abundance of marine life reveals itself most strikingly. In the tropics, then, sea life is intense, vivid and infinitely varied. In the cold seas, life proceeds at a pace slowed by the icy waters, but the mineral richness of these waters makes possible an enormous abundance of sea life.

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【范文 2】 Many undergraduates study full-time, taking four or more courses each semester, but others go to school part-time, taking just one or two courses while they work. Each way of getting a degree has both advantages and disadvantages. Full-time study is, of course, more expensive than part-time study, but completing requirements for a degree in a full-time program is much faster than in a part-time program. Part-time students don’t have as many courses as full-time students, but they don’t have as much time to study as full-time students either. Full-time students often have simpler schedules than part-time students, who often have to make more complicated arrangements to fit in school, work, and home responsibilities. This frequently means that they have to be better organized than full-time students. Full-time students can often concentrate better than part-time students because they don’t have as many different things to think about. Because they almost always live on or near campus, full-time students can be more active in college life than part-time students, who often live farther away.

CLASSROOM WORK 2-6 1. Working in pairs, list the differences between man and woman try to write a comparison

paper with the second method you have just learned. (Suggested ideas: manufacture blood, need oxygen, thigh, skin, fat, lean mass, weight) 2. Using the materials given below, write a short “comparison and contrast” passage. Science and Art:similarities: deal with experience; render experience intelligible; assist

man to adjust to his environment differences: approach the goal from different directions

HOMEWORK 2-6 The advantages and disadvantages of two universities in music teaching are provided here. Write a passage based on the information. Central Ohio University—has one of the largest and best-known bands in the country; much larger; 10,000 students; better library, lab, computer facilities, 6,000 courses for students to select, bigger classes, more cultural activities, lower tuition/ Elliott College—has the conservatory in the Midwest with highly qualified professors more specialized in teaching classical music; 1,500 students; 1,000 courses, smaller classes, quiet and peaceful, lower crime rate/

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第二章练习参考答案

CLASSROOM WORK 2-1-1 1) A cradle is a small bed for a baby mounted on rockers or suspended by a cord. 2) A boomerang is a curved piece of wood used as a weapon, made of a shape so that when

properly thrown it returns to the thrower. 3) A volcano is an opening in the earth’s crust on the top of a mountain connected to the

interior of the earth by a tunnel through which lava is forced out in a period of activity. 4) Journalism is one of the most important professions that informs citizens about events in

their community, the information and the world. 5) Ocean current refers to the general movement of ocean waters. 6) Oceanography is the science of sea. 7) Ink is coloured water used for writing or drawing. 8) A pen is an instrument used for writing or drawing with ink. 9) Polymer is a large, long, chain-like molecule formed by the chemical linking of many

smaller molecular. 10) Stress is our body’s reaction to events or conditions that we can’t easily manage or

control. HOMEWORK 2-1-1 1) A law is a rule made by a country for all the people who live there. 2) An alloy is a metal made by mixing and fusing two or more metals, or a metal and some

other substances. 3) The International Olympic Committee is the governing body of the Olympic Games. 4) Anatomy is the science concerned with physical structure of an animal, a plant or any of

its part. 5) A torpedo is a self-propelled, cigar shaped, under water weapon used to blow up ships. 6) An egg stands for a round or oval body laid by the female of birds, insects and other

animals that can bring forth living young. 7) Degree is an academic title or rank given by a college or university to a student whose

work fulfills certain requirements. CLASSROOM WORK 2-1-2 1) Protein is one of the three main classes of food essential to the body of human being and

other animals. They obtain proteins from the foods they eat. Foods that are high in protein content include cheese, eggs, fish, meat and milk. All protein contain iron, phosphorus and sulfur. Proteins are large, complex molecules made up of smaller units and they make up a large part of each cell. Therefore, they are important in building,

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maintaining and repairing body tissues, especially bone cartilage and muscle. 2) Calculation ranks as one of our oldest skills. It is the process of finding a result by adding,

subtracting, multiplying or dividing. 3) Degree is a name given to various small units of measure. In geometry and on maps, a

degree is a unit of measurement of angles and of arc of circles. An angle of one degree is 1/90 of a right angle. An arc of one degree is 1/360 of a whole circle . Degrees in geometry are divided into 60 units called minutes. Degrees are also units of measurement of temperature. One degree of temperature on the Fahrenheit scale is 1/100 of the difference between the temperatures of melting ice and boiling water. One degree on the Celsius scale of temperature is 1/100 of the same difference.

4) Telescope is an instrument that magnifies objects which are seen at a great distance, such as the heavenly bodies. It makes it possible to see, study, and photograph many of the heavenly bodies which were formerly unknown. A telescope consists of a long, heavy tube. At one end of the tube is a small eyepiece consisting of two lenses. At the other end of the telescope is a large, convex lens called objective. The objective and eyepiece are so placed in the tube that it is possible to change the distance between them, thus making it possible to focus the instrument.

5) A Year-end Bonus is award money given annually in addition to what is normally due to a person, particularly an employee of a company. In most cases, the amount of such bonus depends on the performance and contribution of an employee.

6) Propaganda is one-sided communication designed to influence people’s thinking and actions. Propaganda differs from education in that educators teach people how to think, but propagandists tell people what to think and that educators are willing to change people’s opinion on the basis of new evidence, but propagandists are inflexible and ignore evidence that contracts them. Educators always present all sides of an issue and encourage debate while propagandists always build the strongest possible case for their views and discourage discussion.

HOMEWORK 2-1-2 1. Deduction is the kind of reasoning by which we draw conclusions by logical inference

from given premises. For example, if we accept the propositions that “All cats have claws” and the “The animal is a cat”, we may validly conclude that “The animal has claws”. Similarly, we believe all roses are fragrant and the flower is a rose. Thus, we can tell for sure the flower is fragrant. In each case, we have reasoned deductively from premises and conclusions of earlier reasoning; we have moved from a generalization about all things to a particular case and drawn new valid conclusion.

2. What I mean by modesty is looking at one’s own merits, abilities, etc. as they are. In other words, a modest person never overestimates himself nor diminishes his own values. He is

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always well aware of what he can do and how well he can do it. What is more, he is always ready to learn something both from others’ success and from their failure. For me modesty means neither more nor less than this. Anything which professes to call itself modesty must be tried by this standard, and, if it fails to pass the test, I will not call it modesty whatever may be the traditional concept of the society which appreciates humbleness.

CLASSROOM WORK 2-2 1) Energy is always leaking away and taking forms in which we cannot catch it and use it. The fire under your boiler heats other things besides the water in the boiler. The steam seeps out around the piston. The air around the hot cylinder of the steam engine warms up and blows away. The dynamo heats up from friction, and this energy is also carried away by the air. Your electric wires get warm. The light bulb gives off heat as well as light, and that, too, is carried away. So as you go on converting energy from one form to another, you are, so to speak, cooking the wind. At last, this escaped energy radiates off, like the sun’s rays, into the endless cold of outer space. 2) A symbol is an image that not only represents a concrete, empirical reality but also makes that reality stand for something else, usually something more abstract. A flag, for example, not only represents a country but also symbolizes, for many people, their country’s political or ethical virtues. The word “rose” not only represents an actual flower, but also, in many poems, symbolizes feminine, beauty or the virgin Mary. HOMEWORK 2-2 1. To begin, here are some examples of how a person actually expresses himself by making gestures: (1) to turn his thumb down, (2) to shrug his shoulders, (3) to applaud. The second example shows his disapproval or dislike. He is saying by his action that “Who cares?” or “I am not interested.” In a concert or a play, he applauds the performance—as in example 3— if he is pleased. The first example shows a sign of his rejection. He wants to tell people “I don’t agree with you.” or “I don't admire you at all.” 2. People still enjoy reading, but they neither read as much nor as carefully as they used to. When a child is sent to the primary school, he is told the thing of the first importance is high marks. In his eyes, what his teacher makes him memorize is nothing but meaningless and boring signs that help him get high marks. When he grows into a teenager and sees more of the world, he finds there are many things more amazing than going to school, say, watching TV. He doesn’t understand why he must read since TV can tell whatever he learns at school. Of course, most teenagers still stay at school, not because they like reading, but because they need a diploma. By the time he has drawn the breath of adulthood, he must earn his living, get

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married, support his family... the list is endless and it is so imposing that it kills his interest in reading if there is any remaining. 3. I have come to marvel at the instinct of birds to know where to build their nests. They know unerringly the best places to shelter themselves. Eight-legged spiders spin silk for their webs. They make webs where insects fly about and are trapped very often only to become spiders’ food. Spiders living in buildings always build their own houses in the corners of walls, doors and windows. They seem to know people are too busy to pay any attention to these dark corners, but flies and mosquitoes visit more often. You can hardly find a hibernating frog in winter. You know why? Because they know best where to hide themselves safely: they sleep in barrows or bury themselves in mud at the bottom of a pond or stream. You might have seen house sparrows everyday for they live in the populated areas. In there they find ready food easily. Each bird instinctively seem to choose the best place for his shelter. 4. Today we see that China’s craze for language learning is in the making. Students at schools and adults from all walks of life take foreign language training as a necessary part of their career. For example, in China there are believed to be around 100 million English language learners—nearly twice the population of Britain. Among them are middle school students, college students, and primary school pupils. When asked why he worked hard at English, Li, a computer major of a college, said that he had to pass College English Test Band 4 to fill the requirement for graduation. There are many self-funded English learners who need to master the foreign language because they want a desirable job. Some organizations give their promising employees the opportunity to study English as a full-time student in the hope that they can do jobs that require the new knowledge. CLASSROOM WORK 2-3 1. Most musical instruments have a string, a reed, or some other device that creates sound waves when set in motion. Musical instruments can be grouped in five major classes. These classes are: stringed instruments, wind instruments, percussion instruments, keyboard instruments and electronic instruments. Stringed instruments produce tones when the player makes one or more strings vibrate. Wind instruments are played by blowing into or through a tube. There are two chief types of them: woodwind instruments and brasswind instrument. Percussion instruments are sounded by shaking them or by hitting them with a stick. Drums are the most common percussion instrument.

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Keyboard instruments have a series of keys connected with a device that produces tones. The musician presses the keys to make sounds. The most popular keyboard instruments are the piano and pipe organ. Electronic instruments include those that generate sounds by electricity and those that electronically amplify sounds produced by an instrument. The electric guitar is the most common. A complex electronic instrument is called a synthesizer. 2.

Scientific Classification of Living Things Biologists classify all living things in groups, including class, order, family, genus, and species. Human beings belong to the class of animals called mammals. There are about 4,000 species of mammals, including such animals as cats, dogs, elephants and others. All mammals have a backbone, hair, four limbs and a constant body temperature. Female mammals are only animals with special glands that produce milk for feeding their young. HOMEWORK 2-3 1. 无参考答案。 2. Every forest has various layers of plants. The five basic forest strata, from highest to lowest, are (1) the canopy, (2) the understory, (3) the shrub layer, (4) the herb layer, and ( 5) the forest floor. The canopy consists mainly of the crowns of the tallest trees. The canopy receives full sunlight. As a result, it produces more food than does any other layer. The understory is made up of trees shorter than those of the canopy. Some of these trees are smaller species that grow well in the shade of the canopy. Others are younger trees that may in time join the canopy layer. The understory is not as productive as the canopy because it grows in shade. The shrub layer consists mainly of shrubs. Shrubs also have woody stems, but unlike trees, they have more than one stem, and none of the stems grows as tall as a tree. The herb layer consists of ferns, grasses, wild flowers, and other soft-stemmed plants. The forest floor is covered with clumps of moss and with the wastes from the upper layers. Leaves, twigs, and animal droppings—as well as dead animals and plants—build up on the forest floor. CLASSROOM WORK 2-4 1. A tricycle has three wheels—a big one in front and two small ones behind. The front wheel has two pedals attached to it. When you push them around with your feet, the pedals turn the wheel and the tricycle goes. The two rear wheels follow along and keep the tricycle balance. You steer with handle-bars attached to the front wheel. To go backward, you pedal backwards. A tricycle doesn’t have any brakes, but you stop it by stopping the pedals with your feet. The pedals stop the front wheel, and the tricycles stops, too. 2.

How Yeast Bread Is Made Commercial bakeries make bread from a dough that consists of at least four ingredients—

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flour, water or milk, salt and yeast. The dough may also contain eggs, sugar or other foods. Many bakers enrich their dough by adding vitamins and minerals, or they use flour that has already been enriched. Dough is made into bread by one of two processes: conventional bread making or continuous bread making. Conventional bread making is used by most bakeries. This process mixes the ingredients by one of the chief methods: the sponge-and-dough method or the straight dough method. In the first method, the ingredients are combined in two stages. The first stage mixes all the yeast and about two-thirds of the flour and water or milk. This mixture is called a sponge. Bakers let the sponge ferment (rise) at about 29℃ for up to 16 hours. Then they add the rest of the ingredients and the mixture ferments again for a short time. In the straight dough method, all the ingredients are combined at once and fermented for about 3 hours at 29℃. Then, the dough is divided into pieces and shaped. It is then fermented again for a short time in a process called “proofing” and baked in an oven. After bread has been baked, it is removed from the oven to cool in a cooling machine where the temperature of the bread is reduced to about 38℃. It may then be sliced and wrapped in paper or plastic film. HOMEWORK 2-4 2. 1) WINDSHIELD WIPERS were invented so the driver could see the road ahead even through heavy rain or snow. Imagine a snowstorm before there were windshield wipers. The driver would stop the car, jump out into the storm, wipe the windshield, jump in again (soaking wet), drive for a few minutes, then do it all over again. Windshield wipers are two arms that go back and forth across the windshield. Each has a soft rubber blade attached to it that wipes rain or snow off the windshield. How do they work? A small motor under the dashboard, running on current from the battery, supplies the power. The motor turns a small wheel, which has a pin sticking out of its face near the edge. The pin goes into the ends of two extension arms. As the wheel goes around, the pin pushes these arms back and forth. The extension arms are attached to the windshield wiper arms which also move back and forth, and the rubber wipers clean the windshield. 2) A CLOTHES DRYER heats air and uses it to take the moisture out of wet clothes and carry it outdoors. A fan blows the hot air on the wet clothes while they tumble around in a rotating drum. An electric motor drives the belt that turns the drum. The drum keeps turning and the fan keeps blowing until a timer turns off the dryer.

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The fan pulls air into the dryer, and draws it past the heating elements that heat it up, into the drum. The hot, dry air absorbs the moisture from the clothes and becomes warm, wet air. This wet air is blown out of the dryer through a special vent, drying the moisture to the outdoors. Some dryers have several temperature settings for different kinds of clothes. A thermostat keeps the dryer at the temperature you set and turns it off automatically if the air inside gets too hot for safety. 3) A HELICOPTER can fly in any direction—up, down, sideways, forwards, or backward. The helicopter’s rotors do the same job as the wings, ailerons, propeller, and rudder of the airplane. The rotor blades are really the helicopter’s wings. They are shaped like wings. When they whirl around, air is forced over and under them. The air moves over the curved top of the rotor blade very fast, creating a low pressure area above the blade. The higher pressure under the rotor pushes it and the helicopter up. That is why helicopters don’t need to race down a runway to take off. They don’t have to move forward to get the air rushing past their wings. All they have to do is spin the rotor blades. Some helicopters have little tail rotors to keep their bodies from starting spin under the big rotor once they are in the air. Bigger helicopters have two large rotors. The front rotor spins in one direction, and the rear rotor spins in the other. This also keeps the helicopter stable in the air. The rotor blades can be tilted forward and backward. By tilting them certain ways with his hand and foot controls, the pilot can make the helicopter turn and go up, down, forward, and backward. CLASSROOM WORK 2-5 1. 无参考答案。 2. 1) I don’t want to lose my iron rice bowl at all costs. First of all, I need a sense of security and guarantee of life which an iron rice bowl can give me. In our country a government-assigned job means lifelong employment and a moderate sum of monthly pension. If I were a private business owner, once I went bankrupt I would become a beggar. What is more, with my permanent job I always feel happy and relaxed. I don’t have to worry about the interests of my own and of my employees. My supervisors do. What I must think about is do my own work well. Of course I earn much less than the self-employed, but I have a stable income and an easy life. Being carefree is always more important than being rich. So having weighed the pros and cons I prefer having my iron rice bowl which is stronger

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than the large and fragile “glass rice bowl”, though mine is not big enough. 2) Years ago many Chinese thought making up and dressing up were something that only the bourgeois elements cared to do. Carelessness about one’s own appearance, or even being slovenly, was considered a virtue. However, people in China are changing, so are their ideas. Needless to say that the young don’t like the old way of life, the middle-aged and the old are breaking with the conventional concepts and learning how to live a unrestrained life. I agree that when a person is no longer young he should pay more attention to his appearance. I have good reasons for my view. First, looking younger makes a person feel self-confident of himself. That means he believes he is not too old to enjoy life and to help others. Thus, his vigor and courage will not desert him. Second, an old person’s good appearance leaves a favorable impression on people he meets with. How do people believe in his ability and energy if he is advanced in age and low in spirit? So when a person has realized he is getting old he should pay even more attention to his appearance. Third, the national costume and the adornments of the people show the progress of the nation’s civilization of their country. I still remember many foreigners laughed at us Chinese because everybody, old and young, man and woman, wore black and grey uniforms. But now we hear our foreign guests say “China has changed so greatly. You can see that from the people’s clothes.” I am proud for the praise we have got because I know it means a lot for us. The fact that even the middle-aged and old people are paying much attention to their appearance testifies that our society is not what it used to be. HOMEWORK 2-5 Children benefit when their mothers work. For one thing, children who are cared for by baby sitters or in daycare centers gain independence, maturity, and social skills more quickly than those cared by their mother. Their daycare experience is a definite plus for them. My brother’s children, for example, were in daycare center from infancy to kindergarten, and they became very mature at a young age. For another thing, children whose mothers work are enriched by their mother’s experience and knowledge of the work world; these children get more than just their fathers’ view of the world. Finally, and quiet obviously, the children of working mothers have the economic advantages gained from their mothers’ income. In short, as long as children are taken good care of, their mothers should work.

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CLASSROOM WORK 2-6 1. Men cannot manufacture blood as efficiently as women can. This makes surgery riskier for men. Men also need more oxygen because they do not breathe as often as women. But men breathe more deeply and this exposes them to another risk. When the air is polluted, they draw more of it into their lungs. If you think a man is brave because he climbs a ladder to clean out the chimney, don’t forget that it is easier for him than for a woman. The angle at which a woman’s thigh is joined to her knees makes climbing awkward for her, no matter whether it is a ladder or stairs or a mountain that she is tackling. A man’s skin is thicker than a woman’s and not nearly as soft. The thickness prevents the sun’s radiation from getting through, which is why men wrinkle less than women do. Women have a thin layer of fat just under the skin. There is a plus to this greater fat reserve. It acts as an invisible fur coat to keep a woman warmer in the winter. Women also stay cooler in summer. The fat layer helps insulate them against heat. Men’s fat is distributed differently. And they do not have that layer of it underneath their skin. In fact, they have considerably less fat than women and more lean mass. Forty-one percent of a man’s body is muscle compared to thirty-five percent for women, which means that men have more muscle power. When it comes to strength, almost ninety percent of a man’s weight is strength compared to about fifty percent of a woman’s weight. The higher proportion of muscle to fat makes it easier for men to lose weight. Muscle burns up five more calories a pound than fat does just to maintain itself. So when a man goes on a diet, the pounds roll off much faster.

Doctors at the University of Alabama who tested healthy women on treadmills discovered that over the years the female capacity for exercise far exceeds the male capacity. A woman of sixty who is in good health can exercise up to ninety percent of what she could do when she was twenty. A man of sixty has only sixty percent of his capacity as a twenty-year-old. 2. Science is not merely a collection of facts and formulas. It is preeminently a way of dealing with experience. Science is one of two ways of dealing with experience; the other is art. The purpose of science and art is one: to render experience intelligible, that is to assist man to adjust to his environment in order that he may live. But, although working toward the same goal, science and art approach it from different directions. Science deals with particulars in terms of universals—Uncle Tom disappears in the mass of Negro slaves. Art deals with universals in terms of particulars—the whole gamut of Negro slavery confronts us in the person of Uncle Tom. Art and science thus grasp a common experience, or reality, by opposite but inseparable poles.

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HOMEWORK 2-6 Andy is a high school student from Ohio. Because he will graduate at the end of this year, he has to decide very soon what college he wants to attend. He has information about several different colleges and universities all over the United States, but after considering all of them carefully, he will choose between the two that he thinks are the best for him: Central Ohio University(COU), a large public university located in the state capital, and Elliott College, a small liberal arts institution in the town of Elliott, Ohio. Each has many advantages as well as several disadvantages. Andy is thinking seriously of majoring in music and is interested in COU because it has one of the largest and best-known bands in the country. The Conservatory at Elliott, however, is one of the oldest and most famous schools in the Midwest, with highly qualified professors more specialized in teaching classical music than the faculty at Central Ohio. It offers Andy more varied opportunities to practice music than COU does. COU is much larger than Elliott, with over 10,000 students compared to 1500 at Elliott. It also has better library, laboratory, and computer facilities than the smaller school. Undergraduate students at COU can select from more than 6,000 different courses, while Elliott students are limited to fewer than 1,000. There are more students in each class at COU than at Elliott, however, and because of this, Elliott students can have more personal contact with their teachers, and classes are not as impersonal as the large lectures at COU. Many educators believe that this helps students learn faster than students at large school, and helps compensate for expensive facilities that smaller institutions cannot provide. Located in a large urban area, COU provides more cultural activities and entertainment for its students than Elliott does. The town of Elliott is quieter and more peaceful than the capital, and because there are only a few bars, restaurants, and movie theaters, serious students find it easier to study there. It is also much safer than the capital because it has a lower crime rate. Because it is a state university, COU has lower tuition than Elliott, but living expenses such as dormitory fees and meals are about the same at the two institutions. COU is farther from Andy’s home than Elliott is, so if Andy chooses COU, he probably won’t see his family as often.

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第三章 组织段落 (Paragraph Writing)

3.1 段落的主题句 (Topic Sentence)

3.1.1 主题句的组织

组织段落要围绕一个中心。作者为更好地表达自己，便于读者理解，经常用主题句概括段落中心。主题句应该结构完整，意思清楚，内容具体。

CLASSROOM WORK 3-1-1 比较下面几组段落主题句子，指出哪句最具体清楚。 1) a. Disco are popular. b. During the last few years, disco have become popular. c. During the last few years, disco have become popular in America. d. During the last few years, disco have become popular with American college students. 2) a. Paddling is healthful. b. Paddling in the clear, colourful days of autumn is healthful. c. Paddling a northern lake in the clear, colourful days is healthful for body and soul. 3) a. The zoologists have paid little attention to differences of size between animals. b. The most obvious differences between animals are differences of size, but the zoologists

have paid little attention to them. c. The most obvious differences between animals are differences of size, but for some

reason the zoologists have paid little attention to them. 4) a. Startling variations are discovered─differences we react to vigorously. b. As one travels abroad, startling variations are discovered─differences we react to

vigorously. c. As one travels abroad and examines how space is handled, startling variations are

discovered—differences we react to vigorously. 通过对以上几组段落主题句的比较，可以看出主题句不宜过于笼统，而应该有必要的修饰和限定，比如交待清楚时间、地点、范围、条件等。

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3.1.2 主题句的位置

1. 主题句置于段首

这是比较常见的写作方法，读者能够一目了然段落大意，更好地理解作者意图。

【范文 1】 The enormous success of science has led to the general belief that scientists have developed and are employing a “method” ─a method that is extremely effective in gaining, organizing, and applying new knowledge. Galileo, famous scientist of the 1600s, is usually credited with being the “Father of the Scientific Method”. His method is essentially as follows: ... Although this cookbook method has a certain appeal, it has not been the key to most of the break-throughs and discoveries in science. Trial and error, experimentation without guessing, accidental discovery, and other methods account for much of the progress in science. Rather than a particular method, the success of science has more to do with an attitude common to scientists. This attitude is essentially one of inquiry, experimentation, and modesty before the facts. If a scientist holds an idea to be true and finds any counterevidence whatever, the idea must be modified or abandoned in spite of the reputation of the person advocating it. As an example, the greatly respected Greek philosopher Aristotle said that falling bodies fall at a speed proportional to their weight. This false idea was held to be true for more than 2,000 years because of Aristotle’s compelling authority. In the scientific spirit, however, a single verifiable experiment to the contrary outweighs any authority, regardless of reputation or the number of followers and advocates. 上面两个段落选自题为“The Scientific Attitude”的文章。第一段主题句表示作者并不赞同这种“general belief”，第二段主题句告诉读者，作者认为真正的“key”即上段的“scientific attitude”是本段叙述内容。 以上两个主题句都起到了很好的点题作用，使读者很快能抓住中心思想。

【范文 2】 Supermall is a success and most probably is to stay. Its success seems to be based essentially on what it is─an attractive collection of goods and services under one roof and in a convenient location, usually away from city core. Even before entering under that roof, the shopper has either left his car in the ample parking lot or been driven to an entrance by a convenient bus. Once inside he is immediately developed by the refreshing climate controlled air. He then consults his shopping list and proceeds to use the wealth of goods and services temptingly arranged for him. He can buy almost anything he needs from bacon to books, from flowers to fur coats. His shopping complete, he can, if need be, visit his bank, deliver or pick up his dry cleaning, get a haircut or have a good meal. Finally, pleasantly tired and with all tasks looked after with a minimum of time, energy and stress, he can, if he wishes, relax in a cinema before the short trip home. Small wonder that we say the supermall has not only a present but a future.

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这篇范文是独段作文，主题句放在段首，最后结尾句与开头呼应，全文安排得很紧凑。 以下两段范文内容相似，但写作风格不同。写作风格一般在主题句中就应该表现出来。

【范文 3】 The ability to laugh is one of nature’s greatest gifts. Laughter can make us forget our problems or give us new courage to face them. It can cheer us when we are sad, and heal us when we are sick. Laughing makes learning easier. Laughing together turns strangers into friends. 这段范文的主题句手笔较轻松，从而确立了全文的写作风格也是轻松的。

【范文 4】 Laughter is a safety valve that relieves these pressure and tensions. In heavy laughter, the muscles of the face and chest contract violently. Our heart rate speeds up. Our breathing and circulation speed up, too. After the laughter, heart rate slows down and our muscles relax. Our brains become more alert. 这段的主题句使用学术性写作风格，从而确定全文的写作风格也很严肃。 2. 主题句位于段尾

这种主题句起到总结全段中心思想的作用。 主题句位于段尾时，段落的开头句往往以提出问题，假设等方式点题。

【范文 1】 How one uses any power which is placed in his hands discloses just what kind of person he is and the degree to which he has grown up. Any power─whether of money, office, political prominence, even horse power in a car, makes a foolish man look more foolish and a wise man look wiser. What we do as pedestrians may be mild enough to deceive many people, but when we get behind the wheel of a powerful car, every personal quality, good or bad, becomes magnified and easily observable. Power in your hands shows up the real you. 叙述性开头，按事件发展顺序展开段落，段尾句告知结果，最后一句就自然成了主题句。

【范文 2】 That January morning in California the air was crisp and cool. The sawmill foreman, a solitary, moody man, was up early and busy down at the river while his men dallied over breakfast. Each day the men dug the mill-race deeper, and each evening the foreman opened the sluice-gates to let the river rush through. Soon the current would be strong enough to run the power saw. With this thought in mind, James Marshall closed the sluice gates and waded

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down the drained but muddy ditch, checking its depth as he went. Suddenly stooping, he reached into the shallow water for something that had caught his eye. That something, glinting golden in the morning sun, changed the course of American history. 主题句放在段尾时，段首点一下题，便于首尾呼应。

【范文 3】 Miracles are becoming so commonplace that they don’t even rate any respect. People seldom laugh any more when someone comes up with a wild idea. Within our own generation, products and services have been made available that weren’t even conceived possible a generation ago. For example, we have direct dialing, colour television, stereos, jet engines, and a host of other fabulous products. Also, a great many of the seemingly fantastic proposals in science fiction literature have become a reality. Astronauts float freely in space and make return trips on their space shuttles. Atomic energy provides electricity. Atomic submarines can circle the globe without surfacing. Solar cells warm our houses. We are almost at the point where anything that man can conceive is achievable. The engineering explosion has truly created an age of miracles. 3. 没有明显主题句的段落

写这样的段落，作者必须紧紧围绕一个中心发展文章，使读者仍然能够清楚地归纳出该段的中心思想。

【范文 1】 Stinking buses, their passengers pale and tired, jam the crowded streets. Drivers shout at one another and honk their horns. Smog smarts the eyes and chokes the senses. The scene is Athens at rush hour. The city of Plato and Pericles is a sorry state of affairs, built without a plan, lacking even adequate sewerage facilities, hemmed in by mountains and the sea, its 135 square miles crammed with 3.7 million people. Even Athens’ ruins are in ruin: sulfur dioxide eats away at the marble of the Parthenon and other treasures on the Acropolis. As Greek Premier Constantine Karamanlis has said, “The only solution for Athens would be to demolish half of it and start all over again.”

【范文 2】 Everybody knows that newspapers contain facts. Of course, they also contain a good deal of opinion and interpretation. Almost every article is written with a certain bias, or slant, either favorable or unfavorable toward the subject it presents. This is determined by the journalist’s point of view, or attitude. Sometimes this is stated directly. For example, an article about a new law might say: “This law will have a bad effect on the economy.” Other times the bias is produced by the selection of details: the article describes only the negative effects and includes quotations from people who are not in favor of the law.

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【范文 3】 The beginnings of your hard-driving behavior go right back to childhood. In school you got recognition and perhaps prizes for being quick and bright, for being an achiever, for competing with others and for winning. You probably went on from school to get a series of increasingly better jobs against pretty stiff competition. They were jobs where you had to care about the results, where you constantly had to push things forward and get things done. In your present job you also feel some conflict, either with time or with other people. Some of those you work with don’t seem able to grasp the simplest ideas, and they often put a brake on what you are trying to achieve. The conflict may not erupt every day. You pride yourself on being able to keep the lid on. But it’s always there, under the surface.

CLASSROOM WORK 3-1-2 1. The following topic sentences lack necessary information. Improve them by adding

something suitable. 1) It is difficult to save money. 2) Racing is dangerous. 3) Houses are expensive. 2. The following groups of sentences form two paragraphs, but they are all in the wrong

order. Choose a topic sentence for each group and reorganize the group logically. 1) a. In spite of this damage, the two ships managed to reach Prince Rupert under their own

team. b. However, because of the weather conditions, the captains did not realize the danger until

a few seconds before the collision took place. c. One was a cargo ship carrying lumber, apparently on its way to Prince Rupert. d. The official added that government experts would be invited to join the committee. e. Fortunately, there were no casualties among the crews or passengers, but both ships

suffered damage close to the water line. f. According to eyewitnesses, neither of the vessels was going very fast at the time of the

accident. g. Yesterday evening two boats collided in thick fog in the Pacific Ocean not far from

Prince Rupert, British Columbia. h. Consequently, there was insufficient time for them to prevent the accident. i. The other was a Canadian national ferry on its regular run from Vancouver to Prince

Rupert. j. A spokesman for the port authorities said that a committee would be set up to determine

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the cause of the collision. 2) a. Scientists hoped that the last item, the male skeleton, would help them determine whose

tomb it was and how Mayans of that era lived. b. In the thickly grown remote jungles of northern Guatemala Rio Azul in May of 1984,

archaeologists located an ancient pained Mayan tomb. c. In short, archaeologists hope that the new tomb at Rio Azul will be as fruitful and

significant for the study of the Mayans as Pacal’s tomb at Palenque. d. Archaeologists explained that a great deal was learned about the Mayans from another

similar tomb, found in 1952 in Palenque, Guatemala, which also contained a skeleton, that of Pacal.

e. Included in the contents of the newly discovered 1,500-year-old tomb were elaborate wall paintings, pottery, and a male skeleton.

f. By deciphering the inscriptions on Pacal’s stone coffin, or sarcophagus, archaeologists figured out that this ruler was born in the year 603 and died in 683.

g. The tomb was thought to be more than 1,500 years old and, much to the satisfaction of the archaeologists, had never been touched by looters.

h. In addition to the sarcophagus inscriptions, these archaeologists used pictographs found in the tomb of Pacal to help them understand Mayan hieroglyphics and Mayan history.

HOMEWORK 3-1

1. The following two groups of sentences form two paragraphs, but they are in the wrong

order. Put them in a logical order. 1) a. Next, push up the switch on the back of the computer to turn on the computer. The

power light on the keyboard will light up in a few seconds. b. Once the disk is in, close the disk drive door. c. After the power light comes on, press the reset key in the upper right corner of the

keyboard. d. To start with, turn on the display screen. e. Finally, press the return key; after a few seconds, a message on the display screen will

indicate that the computer is ready to operate. f. Once the disk drive door is open, the disk drive is ready to receive the operating disk. g. After pressing the reset key, wait until the red light on the disk drive goes off, and then

open the disk drive door. h. Now, remove the disk from its envelope, hold the disk with the label up, and gently slip

the disk into the disk drive.

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2) a. A sailing ship moves best when it is slightly athwart the wind, when it has to keep its

sails light and attend its course. b. What is needed is a wind slightly opposed to the ship, for then, tension can be

maintained and juices can flow, and ideas can germinate; for ships, like men, respond to challenge.

c. The wind seems favourable for it blows in the direction one is heading, but, actually, it is destructive because it induces a relaxation in tension and skill.

d. Ships, like men, do poorly when the wind is directly behind them, pushing them sloppily on their way so that no care is required in steering or in the management of the sails.

e. There is a certain similarity between a sailing ship and a man. 3) a. I am sure, therefore, that all of you will join with me in sending condolences to her

husband and family. b. She was equally appreciated by people outside the company for her active participation

in community groups, especially the Public Library Volunteers and Literacy Volunteers. c. Unfortunately, this was unsuccessful, and she died in her sleep the next day. d. As many of you know, she had been ill for some time, and on Tuesday underwent

emergency surgery. e. Only a few days before this, she had been in contact with office personnel by phone, still

very concerned about the new health benefit plan that she initiated last year. f. Anyone with a personal family problem, for example, could always count on her

sympathy and support. g. It is with deep regret that I announce the death of our office manager, Ms. Margaret Len. h. Within the firm, on the other hand, she will be best remembered for loyalty to, and her

concern for, all members of the staff. i. The health plan was a typical product of Ms. Len’s interest in employees’ well-being,

and it made her much appreciated by all employees. 2. Read the following fragments and write a topic sentence for each of them to make them

complete paragraphs. You may put your topic sentences either at the beginning or at the end.

1) In the western world, as recently as a hundred years ago, they were not allowed to vote in elections and were excluded from most professions. The attitude of favoring one sex over another is called sexism, which is thought by many to present in the very language we speak. For example, the verb “to mother” generally means “to care for”. For example, “That teacher mothers all her students”. But the verb “to father” usually means “to

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engender or originate”. For example, “He fathers three sons.” Here the idea that women, not men, should take care of children is locked into our everyday speech.

2) The shape of the camel’s feet enables it to walk over the sand of the desert without

sinking as deeply as a horse would. Also, a camel can go without water for a period of time in which a horse would die of thirst. The horse is loving and loyal to its owner, but the camel is deceiving and often dangerous. It also has the reputation of being very stupid. On ground which is not soft sand, the horse is faster than the camel. The camel has one valuable characteristic: its hair can be made into tents; camel’s hair is far more useful than horse hair and comes off in such a way that it can be easily gathered.

3) In the past, teachers made children sit still for hours. They made them memorize all sorts

of things. In other words, the children had to go on repeating things until they knew them “by heart”. Today, many teachers wonder if it is possible to make children learn at all. They say you must let children learn and discover things themselves.

3. Write suitable topic sentences for these topics below. 【Example】 Title: The Tragedy of a 14-Year-Old Drug Addict Possible topic sentences for the first paragraph: 1) In December of 1984, Bobby, a boy of 14, was persuaded to try cocaine. 2) Bobby smoked his first joint when he was just 10. 3) Bobby’s friends knew about his drug problem, but his parents didn’t. Topics for you to write topic sentences: 1) How to Shine at a Job Interview 2) What Successful People Have in Common: Self-reliance. 3) Culture Shock (The First Paragraph)

3.2 段落中句子的衔接 (Linking Sentences)

除了用各种转换词、词组(如连词、副词、介词短语等)连接句子以外，还有很多其他连接句子的方法。 1. 重复前句的关键词或词组，使上下句意思连贯。

1) A stapler is a device which uses metal clips to fasten two or more pieces of material such as paper or cloth together. Some staplers are electrically powered and have been known to clip unwary fingers.

2) When I was a small boy, I used to watch a bird in the skies. I loved this bird. The bird

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had a very particular significance to me because I desperately want to be able to fly too. 3) Trembling, the students await outside the classroom for the exam to begin. Some students

have been reviewing since April. 4) Careful readers do conscientious studies into difficult texts. These careful readers

remember both general ideas and details better than people who read in a casual way. 2. 用代词重复前句重要内容，包括整个句子，使段落主题延续下去。

1) Helen Keller once wrote that a life without risk is not worth living. She had good reason to know. Blind and deaf from early age, she became a renowned writer who later traveled and gave speeches in various parts of the world.

2) The easiest way to find out information about a famous person is probably to go to an encyclopedia and look up the person’s name. This enables you to find an article about him or her.

3) Attendances had been falling off and such people as did come─children they were, mostly─sat about listlessly, munching sweets or sucking ices, sometimes talking to each other without so much as glancing at the show.

4) The newly arrived immigrant was suffering from culture shock. This produced in him a state of anxiety and diffidence about speaking the language of his adopted country. This is the “Steady-State” theory.

3. 重复前句的名词，使上下文贯通。

【范文 1】 Today atomic energy plants are being built all over the world which are gradually replacing the conventional power stations run on coal or oil. These stations operate by converting matter directly into energy. Matter we now know is itself just another form of energy and this energy is not only the “wealth” of the universe, it is also the “stuff” from which the universe is made.

【范文 2】 Kung-fu-tzu, whom the Europeans call Confucius, was born probably about 551 BC. As a young man he made a close study of ancient Chinese traditions and then turned to teaching. He gathered a group of students who became his disciples. After a time some of these students were appointed to public office. Finally Confucius himself was made a magistrate, but he ended his life as a wandering teacher. His teaching was concerned not with religion or philosophy but with conduct and behaviors. The ideal man of Confucian teaching was a man of virtue─even the expression on his face had to be correct. This is not empty ritual, for behind the formal behavior there must be a heart which feels for others. Confucius was more concerned with what a man had to give to society than with his individual religious needs.

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Benevolence and kindness in elders and rulers; respect, obedience and loyalty in subjects: these were the great virtues.

【范文 3】 There have been many theories put forward to explain how the universe began, some fanciful and far-fetched, others reasonable and basically sound. Two of the main theories which have been put forward are very different. One is that the universe began at a certain time in the past and reached its present state as a result of a gigantic explosion. This is the “Bib-Bang”, or evolutionary, theory. The other assumes that the universe is the same now as it always has been and always will be. 4. 用另一种替换表现手法重复前句的部分内容，使两句从内容上衔接。

1) In winter, the Rideau Canal in Ottawa, becomes a well-kept ice skating rink four and one half miles long. So, on a fine winter weekend up to 50,000 skaters come out to enjoy healthful outdoor activity on this winding ribbon of ice.

2) Edgar Allan Poe is considered a master of the horror story. Have you ever read a story or seen a movie that really frightened you? Many people in North America seem to enjoy being frightened in this way.

3) The topic of “Thought” is one area of psychology, and many observers have considered this aspect in robots and computers: some of the old worries about artificial intelligence were closely linked to the question of whether computers could think.

4) More than fifty years ago the famous actor Charlie Chaplin appeared in a movie called “Modern Times”, which presented the modern factory worker in a series of comical situations. In one scene he was shown trying desperately to keep in time with a rapid assembly line on which his job consisted of turning two bolts with a pair of pliers.

CLASSROOM WORK 3-2

Below is an article on nuclear hazards. Notice the linking words and phrases—1) to 4)—in paragraph 1. In your group, discuss what they mean, how they link ideas, and how they are punctuated. Then choose the best word or phrase for each blank—5) to 13)—from the list below the article. There are three separate sources of hazard in the process of supplying energy by nuclear power. 1) First, the radioactive material must travel from its place of manufacture to the power station. 2) Although the power stations themselves are solidly built, the containers used for the transport of materials are not. There are normally only two methods of transport available, 3) namely road or rail. Unfortunately, both of these involve close contact with the general public, 4) since the routes are sure to pass near, or even through, heavily populated areas.

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5)_____, there is the problem of waste. All nuclear power stations produce wastes that in most cases will remain radioactive for thousands of years. It is impossible to make these wastes nonradioactive, and 6)____ they must be stored in one of the inconvenient ways that scientists have invented. 7) ____, they may be buried under the ground, or dropped into abandoned mines, or sunk in the sea. 8)____, these methods do not solve the problem, 9) ____ an earthquake could easily crack the containers open. 10)____, there is the problem of accidental exposure due to a leak or an explosion at the power station. As with the other two hazards, this is not very likely, 11)____ it does not provide a serious objection to the nuclear program. 12)____, it can happen. Separately, these three types of risks are not a great cause for concern. Taken together, 13)____, the probability of disaster is extremely high. 5) a. second b. third c. in that case 6) a. because b. so c. after 7) a. besides b. for example c. after all 8) a. by the way b. lastly c. after all 9) a. though b. since c. after 10) a. third b. for instance c. in conclusion 11) a. so b. instead c. namely 12) a. although b. nevertheless c. therefore 13) a. although b. though c. even though

HOMEWORK 3-2 Choose the best linker for each blank of the two articles below: A. 1)____ we may be on earth, there is solid rock somewhere beneath us. 2)____ may be covered by an ocean, or thick layers of ice, or a variety of sub-soils on dry land, but 3)____ is always there, as we should find if we could dig or drill deep enough. 4)____ forms the first true layer of the earth, going towards the centre, and is known as the earth’s crust. 5)____ of the earth is not constant in its depth, being thinner beneath the oceans than below the mountain ranges. B. Nutrition is for people 1)___ have the power to buy any kind of food they want, food is at their doorstep and if 2)___ do not have the money the government protects and feeds them. 3)___ can afford to take care of their bodies, and their appearance through good nutrition. However in some countries 4)___ are not popular subjects, you can not talk about proper diet and nutrition to most people there, because 5)___ have no meaning for the masses. Only a tiny 6)___ of people can afford to understand these word.

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3.3 段落内的一致性和连贯性 (Unity and Coherence of a Paragraph)

把握段落内部一致性和连贯性的关键在于在一个段落里只设一个中心思想，其余的句子都围绕这个中心阐述。至于如何把各个独立句连成紧凑的段落，不是仅靠了解几种

写作方法就可以做到的。写文章恐怕没有一个统一的方法。学习用外语写文章的可靠途

径是熟读自己喜欢的范文（以中等难度以下为宜），并分析、模仿这些范文。另外，下

笔前要理清自己思路的发展，切忌“信手拈来”，切忌用“自己”的英文翻译中文句子，

而要用范句表达自己的思想。 初练写英语段落要学习朴实简明的文风，不求华丽，只求会用地道的英文句子表达自己，不妨用一个主题句开段，循一套清晰的思路自然而然地展开段落，不要中途插进

新的思想，注意保持句子间的逻辑关系。换言之，段落中每句话都要为主题句服务，每

句都要源于上句，同时为下句做铺垫。这样写出的段落就可以保持基本的一致性和连贯

性。 下面四组文章中各有两段短文，这两段都阐述同一中心思想，但每组中都有一段写得比较好，而另一段缺乏一致性和连贯性。请作比较阅读：

【第一组】 1) Business analysts have noted the different ways managers operate. Some managers make

all the decisions and employees are given orders or procedures to follow. The success of these managers is not long-term, since leaders are not developed who can succeed them. The opposite type is the manager who avoids making decisions, tending to delay by forming committees and requesting endless studies. This type is also not effective. Employees find themselves between these extremes with managers who encourage their participation in planning. Responsibility for making the final decision remains in the bosses’ hands. These are effective managers.

2) As business analysts have noted modern managers have different ways of operating. Some tend to make all the decisions, giving employees orders and procedures to follow. In the long term they are ineffective, since they do not develop leaders who can succeed them. Other managers avoid making decisions, tending to form committees and request endless studies. They are also ineffective. In between these extremes are managers who encourage employees to participate in planning, but who take final responsibility for decisions. These managers are effective.

【第二组】 1) There are many part-time jobs for college students who need money to help pay their

bills. You can be a secretary, waiter or waitress, gas station attendant, dishwasher, store clerk, salesperson, file clerk, stock person or bookkeeper.

2) There are many part-time jobs for college students who need money to help pay their

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bills. For students who enjoy talking to people, sales jobs are ideal. Some people like to find their own customers, so they choose door-to-door sales of products ranging from beauty aids and encyclopedias to vacuum cleaners. Other people prefer working in department stores, where the customer finds them. Students who like being around people, but do not want to persuade them to buy anything, might prefer clerking in a grocery or discount store. Those who enjoy providing service to the public might enjoy working in a gas station, or in a restaurant as a waitress or waiter. Students who prefer less direct contact with the public might prefer office jobs as secretaries, file clerks, or bookkeepers. And those who like to keep their surroundings clean and neat might find that being dishwashers, stockroom persons, or janitors fills their needs for both money and job satisfaction.

【第三组】 1) We are sorry that we must refuse you a job at Wisharts. No doubt because of our growing

success and reputation we had many applicants seeking employment with us this year. Obviously we could accept only a few for the accounting department, and after careful consideration of all applicants, we have decided not to select you.

2) Since we received over a hundred applications for the three positions available, we have had to disappoint many well qualified candidates. We based our initial selection for interviews not only on academic background but on work experience. Since a number of applicants had a great deal more experience in accounting jobs, we cannot offer you a position at this time. Our decision is no reflection on your potential to do well in the job.

【第四组】 1) We are happy to do business with small companies such as yours and look forward to

future orders. The cartons you ordered on April 4 were in stock in the Aries Line, which has a reinforced bottom. The shipment of 1,500 cartons should arrive in Brandon on April 15. We followed your request and shipped them by train. They are sent this morning.

2) We sent you this morning 1,500 cartons in the new Aries Line, which has a reinforced

bottom. As you specified, we shipped the carton by train, and they should arrive in Brandon on April 15. We are happy to do business with developing companies such as yours and look forward to filling your packaging needs again.

CLASSROOM WORK 3-3

1. 下面的几段文章中都有破坏段落一致性和连贯性的句子，请将这些句子指出。 1) At Last, An Excuse

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And all this time you thought jogging was healthy? Well, Dr. Ted Frigard, a chiropractor from Stockton, California, knows differently. Dr. Frigard says jogging harms the spine because in most people one leg is shorter than the other. One eye is very often larger than the other also. Consequently, jogging pushes the lower back out of place. 2) The Library The library is not a shrine for the worship of books. It is not a temple where literary incense must be burned. The library is a delivery room for the birth of ideas. It is, however, not like a hospital delivery room. It is a place where history comes to life. 3) Long Words Don’t be over impressed by long words. They stand for small things. Perhaps you like small things. All the big things, on the other hand, have short names: life, death, hunger, thirst, fear, joy, day, night, hope, love. 2. In the following essay, the linking words and phrases are left out. For numbers 1)─9), choose the most appropriate words or phrases from those given below the essay. For numbers 10)─16), fill in each blank with any linking word or phrase that makes sense. Living in an ethnic community is very pleasant, 1)_____ it definitely has some disadvantages. Let me explain what I mean through personal example. 2)_____, when I came from Cuba to live in Miami, I was very happy 3) _____ all my old friends were living in the same neighborhood I was. I didn’t ever feel lonely. 4)_____, if I needed help with anything, 5)_____, with the language or subway, someone was there to help me. For me, that was very nice 6)_____ it made me feel right at home. A year later, 7)_____, my family and I decided to move from that area in order to live near where we worked. That day I began to feel that I was living in another country, in another city, in another Miami. My first problem came 8)_____ I tried to tell the landlord of our building that our refrigerator was broken. He didn’t speak Spanish, 9) _____ I didn’t speak English. Little things like that made me feel unhappy and insecure, 10)_____ I didn’t want to go back to my own ethnic community. 11)_____ I came to realize that I was not living in my country anymore. 12)_____, I was living in a new country, 13)_____ I had to do things for myself. I had to learn a different culture, a different language and different customs. Living with my ethnic group was very comfortable, 14) _____, at the same time, in my opinion, it was harmful 15)_____ I didn’t learn some of the essentials for survival in a foreign country, 16)_____ the language. It was an important, though painful, lesson to learn. 1) a. on the contrary b. and c. but d. so 2) a. at first b. first c. although d. beforehand

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3) a. because of b. besides c. because d. despite 4) a. however b. besides c. nevertheless d. first 5) a. to begin with b. though c. moreover d. for instance 6) a. even though b. at last c. although d. since 7) a. however b. but c. although d. for instance 8) a. as well as b. and c. when d. moreover 9) a. because b. but c. and d. since

HOMEWORK 3-3 1. Underline the sentences that destroy the unity in the following paragraphs. A.

The Human Mind No one, no matter how great his expertise, knows enough about the future to say that we have passed the point of no return. No one yet claims to predict accurately the next major earthquake. An expert may be the supreme authority on his own subject, but he cannot predict the workings of the human mind. The way the human mind will respond to any given situation is the kind of intangible that can become the dominant reality of tomorrow. B.

Some Fish Need It Many fish in the coral reefs do sleep and actually assume sleeping postures. Some animals such as horses sleep standing up. Fish sleep by standing on their tails or leaning on a rock. However, even though the majority of fish are in continual motion, they do have times of lesser activities. C.

Tecumseh He was known as“Shooting Star”, and no more brilliant figure ever soared across the tragic history of Indian struggle in the Canadian and American Midwest. He was a wilderness lawyer who could cite the terms of every major Indian treaty and show how the white man had broken them. Today many people still refuse to accept the Indian. He was a conservationist who more than 160 years ago warned that the white man’s lumbering would “stain your rivers with the washings of the soil”. He was Tecumseh, the great and gentle warrior. 2. Write a short paragraph about the advantages of living in a big city. Pay special attention to your topic sentence and the unity of your writing. (Suggested ideas: educational programs for all educational levels; cultural and recreational considerations; jobs in a wide variety of fields; higher salaries)

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第三章练习参考答案

CLASSROOM WORK 3-1-1 1) c 2) c 3) c 4) c CLASSROOM WORK 3-1-2 1. 1) It is difficult for salaried class families to save enough to buy a house. 2) A motorcycle cross-country race is dangerous for the drivers who lack experience. 3) Houses in urban areas were getting more and more expensive during the past decades. 2. 1) g/ c/ i/; e/ a/; f/ b/ h/; j/d/ 2) b/ g/ e/ a/; d/ f/ h/; c/ HOMEWORK 3-1 1. 1) d/ a/ c/ g/ f/h/ b/ e/ 2) e/ a/ d/ c/ b/ 3) g/ d/ c/; e/ i/ b/ h/ f/; a/; 2. 1) Many people feel today that historically women have not been treated as well as men in

many cultures. 2) The horse is far more superior to the camel for every kind of work except traveling over a

desert. 3) Children’s education is changing very rapidly today. 3. 1) The smart job-seeker needs to get rid of several myths about interviewing before starting

to pound the pavement looking for a job. 2) Top achievers rely primarily on their own resources and abilities. 3) Culture shock occurs as a result of deep involvement in a new culture. CLASSROOM WORK 3-2 5) a 6) b 7) b 8) c 9) b 10) a 11) a 12) b 13) b

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HOMEWORK 3-2 A. 1) Wherever 2) This rock 3) it 4) Such rock 5) The crust B. 1) who 2) they 3) These people 4) diet and nutrition 5) words 6) group CLASSROOM WORK 3-3 1. 1) One eye is often larger than the other also. 2) It is, however, not like a hospital delivery room. 3) Perhaps you like small things. 2. 1) c 2) a 3) c 4) b 5) d 6) d 7) a 8) c 9) c 10) but 11) finally 12) on the contrary/ in contrast/ instead/ 13) and/so 14) yet/but 15) because/since 16) like/ including/ such as HOMEWORK 3-3 1. A. No one yet claims to predict accurately the next major earthquake. B. Some animals such as horses sleep standing up. C. Today many people still refuse to accept the India. 2. There are various advantages to living in a large city. For one thing, there is the matter of education; there are many different kinds of excellent educational programs for all education levels and interests available at all times of night and day in a city. Then, there are cultural and recreational considerations: A city offers a wide range of choices in entertainment, recreation, and culture as well as opportunities to meet many interesting and varied people. Last but not least is the opportunity for jobs and money a city provides: Many jobs are available in a wide variety of fields, with a lot of chance for professional advancement and with higher salaries than in a small town.

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第四章 组织文章 (Composition Organizing)

4.1 编写提纲 (Making an Outline)

正式写文章之前拟定一份提纲有很多好处。首先，这样做可以使作者明确写作意图及要向读者传达的信息，理顺思路；其次，清楚欲达上述目的具体写作步骤，通过整理

素材分清主次，决定取舍和增补。初学者根据清晰的提纲写作可以避免一些写作时易产

生的毛病：如全文缺乏一致性和连贯性，文章发展过程中逻辑性不强，开篇结尾不扣题，

呼应不好等。拟定提纲时，可以借助字典、范文等工具推敲重要的英文表达方式，阐述

某个主题需要的重要语汇等。可以说，提纲的拟定过程是从文章组织及语言两方面做准

备的过程。 仔细阅读下列各篇范文及其提纲，推敲作者如何根据提纲发展文章。注意，根据自己需要，提纲可详可略。

【范文 1】Tools of the Future 提纲：I. Tools: A. Today’s B. Tomorrow’s II. Power Sources: A. Atomic B. Hydrogen C. Solar III. Food from Chemistry IV. Space Tools: A. Satellite B. Space Stations C. Space Shuttle V. Future Possibilities 全文： The tools of today are stepping stones to the tools of the future. Already we can tell from the work which scientists and engineers are doing today what some of the tools of the future will be. It is no secret that some of these tools will supply us with unlimited power, food, and space travel. Atomic energy will supply an even larger share of industry’s power in the future. Less than one percent of uranium is atomic fuel, but now a breeder reactor can convert all of our uranium and all of our thorium into atomic fuel. These two metals can supply the world’s power needs for thousands of years. Also, attempts are being made to control the energy of the hydrogen bomb for peaceful uses. So far, the processes are only partially successful, but some

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day we shall have unlimited sources of power from the hydrogen in the ocean. Sunlight, too, will be another unlimited source when man has finally produced a solar battery that is efficient. When that day comes the deserts will bloom. An unlimited supply of power will be matched by an unlimited supply of food. Chemists are studying the process by which plants make food out of water and carbon dioxide. When they uncover all of its secrets, people will not have to grow food anymore. Factories will make it. Equipped with endless supplies of tools, power and food, man will readily venture farther and farther into space. Already satellites, that appear stationary because their velocity matches that of our earth, beam information of all kinds to us. Space stations are a reality, and the space shuttle may be proven a practical and economical method of space travel. Already some civilians have tried to reserve a seat for a space trip. With such breath-taking prospects, we can look to the future with great hope, provided always that we use these tools with caution and wisdom. 【范文 2】Energy from Living Batteries 提纲：I. First Wave Energies: A. Sources 1. Muscle Power a. Human b. Animal 2. Sun 3. Wind 4. Water 5. Forests B. All above Renewable II. Second Wave Energies A. Fossil Fuel Sources 1. Coal 2. Gas 3. Oil B. All above Non-renewable C. Effects of New Energies 1. Technological Advance 2. Economic Growth 全文： The precondition of any civilization, old or new, is energy. First Wave or agricultural societies drew their energy from living─human and animal muscle power─or from the sun,

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wind and water. Forests were cut for heating and cooking. Waterwheels, some of them using tidal power, turned mill-stones. Windmills creaked in the fields. Animals pulled the plow. All First Wave societies thus exploited energy sources that were renewable. Nature could eventually replenish the forests they cut, the wind that filled their sails, the rivers that turned their paddle wheels. Even animals and people were replaceable energy slaves. All Second Wave or industrial societies, by contrast, began to draw their energy from coal, gas, and oil, from irreplaceable fossil fuels. This revolutionary shift meant that for the first time a civilization was eating into nature’s capital rather than merely living off the interest it provided. This dipping into the earth’s energy reserves provided a subsidy for industrial civilization, vastly accelerating its economic growth. And from that day to this, wherever the Second Wave passed, nations built towering technological and economic structures on the assumption that cheap fossils would be endlessly available. In capitalist and communist countries alike, in East and West, this same shift has been apparent─from dispersed to concentrated energy, from renewable to non-renewable, from many different sources and fuels to a few. Fossil fuels formed the base of all Second Wave societies.

CLASSROOM WORK 4-1 Two articles and their simple outlines are given below. Read them carefully and then write detailed outlines of the articles. 1) 题目： A Technology Is Born 提纲： I. First Wave Inventions II. Second Wave Technology III. Results IV. Mass Production 全文： The leap to a new energy system was paralleled by a gigantic advance in technology. First Wave societies had relied on necessary inventions. But these early winches, wedges, winepresses, levers, and hoists were chiefly used to amplify human or animal muscles. The Second Wave pushed technology to a totally new level. It spawned gigantic electromechanical machines, moving parts, belts, hoses, bearings and bolts─all clattering and ratcheting along. Moreover, these new machines did more than augment raw muscle. Industrial civilization gave technology sensory organs, creating machines that could hear, see, and touch with greater accuracy and precision than human beings. It gave technology a womb by inventing a machine designed to give birth to new machines in infinite progression, i.e. machine tools. More important, it brought machines together in interconnected systems under a single roof to create a factory and ultimately assembly line within the factory.

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On this technological base, a host of industries sprang up to give the Second Wave civilization its defining stamp. At first there were coal, textiles and railroads, then steel, auto manufacture, aluminum, chemicals, and appliances. Huge factory cities leaped into existence: Lille and Manchester for textiles, Detroit for automobiles, Essen and later Magnitogorsk for steel, and a hundred others as well. From these industrial centres poured millions upon endless millions of identical products─shirts, shoes, automobiles, watches, toys, soap, shampoo, cameras, machine guns, and electric motors. The new technology powered by the new energy system opened the door to mass production. 2) 题目： The Industrial Revolution—An Explosion 提纲： I. Industrial Revolution II. First Wave III. Similarities between Primitive and Civilized People IV. Counter-civilization: Industrialization 全文： Three hundred years ago an explosion sent concussive shock waves racing across the earth, demolishing ancient societies and creating wholly new civilization. This explosion was, of course, the Industrial Revolution. The giant tidal force it let loose on the world—the Second Wave—collided with all the institutions of the past and changed the way of life of millions. During the First Wave or agricultural civilization, the planet’s population could have been divided into two categories—the primitive and the civilized. The so-called primitive peoples, living in small bands and subsisting by gathering, hunting, fishing, were those who had been passed over by the agricultural revolution. The civilized world, by contrast, was precisely that part of the planet on which most people worked the soil. For, whenever agriculture arose, civilization took root. In China, India, Greece, Rome, Mexico, civilizations rose and fell, fought and fused in endless colorful admixture. However, beneath their differences lay fundamental similarities. In all of them land was the basis of economy, life, culture, family structure, and politics. In all of them life was organized around the village. In all of them, a simple division of labor prevailed, and a few clearly defined castes and classes arose: a nobility, a priesthood, warriors, slaves or serfs. In all of them, power was rigidly authoritarian. In all of them, birth determined one’s position in life. And in all of them, the economy was decentralized, so that each community produced most of its own necessities. This was the world in which the Industrial Revolution erupted creating a strange, powerful, counter-revolution. Industrialism was a rich, many-sided social system that touched

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every aspect of human life and attacked every feature of First Wave society. It gave us automobiles, tractors, typewriters and refrigerators. It produced the daily newspaper and the cinema, the subway and the 747. It brought with it sit-down strikes, vitamin pills and lengthened life span. It universalized the wrist watch and the ballot box. More important, it linked all these thing together—assembled them like a machine—to form the most powerful, cohesive, and expansive social system the world had ever known.

HOMEWORK 4 -1 1. Read the article and write a complete outline for it.

The Streamlined Family This Second Wave technology needed an equally revolutionary social system to accommodate it. It needed radically new forms of social organization. Before the industrial revolution, for example, especially where agriculture held sway, people tended to live in large, multigenerational households with uncles, aunts, in laws, grandparents, or cousins living under the same roof, all working together as an economic production unit, and the family was immobile─rooted to the soil. With the advent of the Second Wave, families felt the stress of change. This took the form of conflicting attacks on parental authority, altered relationships between children and parents, new notions of propriety. As the economic unit shifted from the farm to the factory, the family no longer worked together as a unit. To free workers for the factory, it was therefore necessary to have the key functions of the family turned over to new specialized institutions. Education was turned over to the school. Care of the aged was turned over to the poorhouses or nursing homes. Food and other necessities which had formerly been made in the family unit were bought in stores. Burdened with elderly relatives, the sick, the handicapped, and a large brood of family, the extended family was anything but what it had to be─mobile. Therefore, gradually and painfully, the family structure began to change. Torn apart by migration to cities, battered by economic storms, families stripped themselves of unwanted relatives, grew smaller, more mobile, and better suited to the age in which they lived. The so-called nuclear family, father, mother and a few children became the standard accepted model in all industrial societies, capitalist or socialist. In short, the nuclear family became an identifiable feature of Second Wave societies marking them off from First Wave societies just as surely as did the fossil fuels, the steel mills and the chain stores. 2. Make an outline for the topic “College Education”. And then develop your outline into a full composition. (Suggestions: This is a topic too big to discuss about in a short composition. You may

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focus on one or two aspects. For example, the advantages of going to college, the history of college education, college education and the society, etc.)

4.2 编写开篇段 (Writing Opening Paragraph)

文章的开篇句或开篇段起三个作用：第一，介绍主题思想；第二，抓住读者注意力；第三，确定文体。开篇的方法多种多样，作者要考虑选择适合自己选题和读者的方法开

始一篇文章。较长的文章应有开篇段落。请参阅以下几种开篇方法进行练习。 1. 陈述一个事件并以此引出议题

【范文】 It has been a rough day at the office. However, at five o’clock a miniature time-release canister worn from your necklace emits a pleasing sandalwood aroma. Almost immediately, your fatigue evaporates and you are ready to take on the grueling rush-hour traffic. Unusual, you say? Even unbelievable? Possibly, but Dr. Robert I. Henkin, Director of the Centre for Molecular Nutrition and Sensory Disorders at Georgetown Medical Centre in Washington, insists that a scene not unlike this one may become commonplace in the not-too-distant future. The aroma might not be sandalwood although the ancient Egyptians used that scent as a relaxant. Also, instead of personalized canister a central air conditioning unit might send the aromatic vapors through the ventilation system. But, if Dr. Henkin is to be believed, aromas will be used to manipulate human behaviour and to treat psychological disorders. Aromatic vapours initially bind to chemical receptor cells in the nasal cavity. Once activated, these cells trigger nerve cells that send messages to the brain. Scientists must still learn more about the cascade of events that constitute the body’s olfactory mechanism, but, once they do, it will be possible to match predictable human response to specific aromas. For example, people are frightened when they smell smoke and are sickened by the smell of rotten garbage, but the clean scent of a pine forest soothes and relaxes. So, aromas could be specially blended to cure insomnia or depression or to motivate people to work faster. Already some olfactory manipulation has begun. At international Flavors and Fragrances Inc. in New Jersey, researchers have developed spray-can-dispensed aromas that are designed to stimulate impulse purchases by customers. Aromas are now available to stimulate the new car smell and the scents of newly baked bread and chocolate. So, as with all things, the unusual may well become the usual, and Orwell’s world of 1984 may edge that much closer to reality. 2. 以解释现象或事物等引入主题

【范文】 Anti-matter─A Mirror Universe?

Some 50 years ago some brazen scientists postulated the existence of antimatter. While

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ordinary matter (the stuff of which desks, diamonds and people are made) contains positive protons and negative electrons, antimatter would contain the converse, negative protons and positive electrons. They reasoned that, if matter and antimatter ever collided, an enormous explosion would result. But after decades of frustrating research, astronomers could find little evidence of this cosmic boom. They declared that antimatter existed in miniscule quantities, a mere piffle compared to the overwhelming morass of matter. However, just recently 1970’s Nobel Prize-winning physicist, Hannes Alfven, said that the cosmos may be chock-full of antimatter after all. The universe might have a cellular structure similar to that of living organisms, he suggests, with electrified cell “walls” that separate matter from anti-matter in a vast checkerboard pattern. Alfven believes that these cell walls may be formed by charged streams of cosmic gas or dust. Satellites journeying through our solar system, he adds, have detected suspicious changes in electrical current that may well indicate the cell boundaries. According to Alfven, proof of this theory would drastically alter our present concept of interstellar and intergalactic space. “We wouldn’t know whether our closest neighbours were made of matter or of antimatter,” he explains. To find out we’d need a deep-space probe that could measure electrical current. Until the scientists find a way to do this, we may perhaps rest easy in our familiar world of ordinary matter. 3. 介绍必要的背景情况作为引子

【范文】 Military Shuttle

It is no secret that the space shuttle has only limited military applications even though the U.S. Department of Defence will be its biggest customer for the foreseeable future. The shuttle takes days, sometimes weeks, of maintenance and preparation between missions. And it can be launched into only a restricted number of east-west orbits, while many military satellites are in polar orbits. In an emergency, the shuttle would be of little use. In the light of these facts it was an extraordinary thesis: eight master’s degree candidates at the U.S. Air Force I n s t i t u t e o f Technology combined their efforts to design a military space-craft fashioned on existing technology. The Defence Department has studied designs for manned spacecraft capable of, on demand, an all azimuth launch, but the research needed could run into billions of dollars. And budgets are tight, even in the Pentagon. So the AFIT officers decided to see what they could patch together from off-the-shelf components. When the exercise was over, they had not one but three spacecraft designs. Each of the hypothetical military vehicles would carry two astronauts and a small

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payload of up to 2,500 pounds and would operate for as many as seven days in near-earth orbit. Two of these vehicles would be launched from the air like the old X-15; one would be launched from the ground in a vertical position, similar to the present day shuttle. All the components of the vehicles would be reusable. There would be no throw-aways, not even a fuel tank. Although a lot of research would still be required, the designs could be built without the enormous effort and expense of another Apollo or shuttle program. So, if someone up the Air Force ladder looks with favour on the idea and persuades Congress to accept it, these concepts could be off the drawing board and into space by 1995. 4. 为主议题下确切定义作为文章开篇段

【范文】 The Acupointer

Recently scientists in the Soviet Union have developed what they call an acupointer. This is a device about three inches long with the appearance of a stubby aluminum pencil. Inside is the power source—three small batteries—and an electric circuit amplifier. This is attached at one end to a small bulb and at the other end to a metal contact point. The purpose of the device is to seek out and measure the bioenergy discharged by the body. This bioenergy is the body’s weak electrical charge which is discharged at the body’s acupuncture points. These points (695 in number) are the same acupuncture points which the Chinese and other eastern peoples have for many centuries mapped out and stimulated to produce healing. However, the acupuncture carries this ancient curative process one step farther, for it not only identifies the body’s acupuncture points with great precision, but observes and measures the bioenergetic processes in the body. As the acupointer is moved over one’s skin, the bulb glows whenever a contact is made with an acupuncture point. The variation in the strength of the glow indicates the health of the person. For example, if one’s liver is diseased there will be only a weak discharge of bioenergy at the acupuncture point corresponding to the liver and, therefore, a weak glow in the light bulb of the acupointer. If the bulb lights up brightly, the liver is healthy. Obviously, the device must be used along with an acupuncture chart which will allow the user to identify the organ related to the acupuncture point he has located. It would seem then that, as a diagnostic tool, the acupointer would be invaluable. In the event that it is mass produced, anyone could have one and use it daily to check his health and vitality. Then he could order his activities accordingly. In an age when preventive health care is assuming as much if not more importance than the treatment of established illnesses, the acupointer could enable a doctor to make an early diagnosis and begin treatment to prevent an illness from becoming a serious risk to life.

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5. 讲述不寻常的现象引起读者注意，然后铺开文章

【范文 1】 Out of Hand and out of Mind

The old folks are getting out of hand. They are becoming not only politically demanding but socially assertive. They are learning a fact about our society: do not just ask, in the expectation that, if your cause is just, you shall receive, but take, and worry about the consequences later. The Over-The-Hill gang, which specializes in armed hold-ups, is doing just fine in Texas, all of its members, the authorities suspect, in their late 50’s and 60’s. The old folks are getting out of hand in Canada as well as in the United States where serious crime by the elderly has increased by 272 percent since 1964 compared with 182 percent for the population as a whole. No doubt the same thing is happening here. The elderly are into bank robberies and drugs, and they are doing it not necessarily because they are poor but because, in the view of some experts, they feel betrayed. It is the response of anger, not need, and there is no reason why it will not continue. We are heading into a new unknown, the social consequences of which could be devastating. Within the experience of all the old people alive today, our allotment of time on this earth has increased from 40 to 70 years. Moreover, within the lifetime of Canadian teenagers, the old, whom they will then be, will make up 20 percent of the population. In view of these startling facts, we have urgent choices to make: we can continue the process of hiving them off, which does not seem to work even for elderly mice, or we can set them free. We can decide whether the old will be a burden or an asset, whether to see the old as embarrassments or enormous reservoirs of people with much to offer. We must realize that the social talents of the aged are an untapped mine in our society. They can, if given a chance, relieve some of the burden that will inevitably fall on a decreasing number of young citizens. They can pay their way and earn their keep and, in the process, make life better for everyone—perhaps through talent banks. More important, they can add a new dimension to our society by lengthening the lives of all of us with shared experience. So, if we allow the old to come out of the closet, or, better still encourage them to do so, we will find that age is not so distant from youth, that the old have much in common with the young, that we all share an inevitable process, and that life in its totality is worth living.

【范文 2】 A seventy-two year old man with twinkling eyes shows off a youthful body rippling with muscles. His prime condition is not the result of weeks at an expensive health span but of a lifetime in prison. “The fact is,” says Monks Reed, supervisor of research and evaluation for the Tennessee Corrections Institute, “people who spend most of their adult life in prison seem to look and feel about fifteen years younger than persons not in prison.”

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Reed, who has spent a year and a half studying 19 older prisoners, reports that more than 75 percent of those interviewed felt younger than persons at their age “on the outside”. She attributes their youthful demeanor to a relatively stress-free routine and to a value system that does not emphasize growing old. Without a family life, prisoners do not suffer widowhood or divorce. Since work is the only means of keeping busy, they never think of retirement. And because inmates pay more attention to physical and mental conditions than to chronological age, they avoid the preconceived notions that may force unimprisoned individuals to take on mature roles whether or not they are ready for them. Though Reed does not contend that the key to youth is incarceration, she does believe that aging is accelerated by the social pressures that surround those of us that are free. 6. 以提问题、然后回答的方法开始一篇文章

【范文】 Bobbing Bird

Have you ever been intrigued by the sight of a bobbing bird in a store window? Have you stood there and wondered why and how his head kept up its continual bobbing into that tumbler of water? To understand how the little bird does this, we must first examine his parts and then watch him in action. On the inside the bird resembles a queerly shaped vacuum coffee maker. There are two “pots”, one being the head of the bird and the other the body with a tube connecting the two. The body contains a liquid, methyl chloride, that turns into a vapour very readily. To start, the bird drinking from the tumbler, he wet his head with water. As the water evaporates it cools his head, and this causes the vapour inside his head to condense into a liquid, just as happens when you pour cold water over a pressure cooker hot off the stove. When a vapour condenses into a liquid, it leaves a lot of space, because liquids take up much less space than vapours. But down below in the body of the bird, there is plenty of vapour pushing away at the liquid. It pushes the liquid right up the tube, as the steam does to the water in a vacuum coffee maker. The liquid flows into the head and fills the beak. As soon as this happens, the bird becomes unbalanced and the beak, heavy with water, causes the bird to tip forward into the water. When the bird has tipped over far enough, the bottom of the tube becomes uncovered, permitting the vapour from the body to rush up into the head. At the same time it allows the liquid from the head to flow back into the body. The result is that the body is now heavier than the head and the bird tips back into his original position. Now the bird is ready for his next sip at the tumbler of water. His beak and head are wet from his first sip, and as this water evaporates, it cools the vapour in the head. The vapour condenses into a liquid, leaving a space for liquid causing the bird to tip over, and on and on

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the action goes. So, what looks to the casual observer like an example of perpetual motion, is only a simple application of the law of physics which says that, when vapours become liquid, they contract.

CLASSROOM WORK 4-2 Read the titles of the articles and their opening paragraphs and then tell how the first paragraphs open the articles. 1.

Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die? Medical advances in wonder drugs, daring surgical procedures, radiation therapies, and intensive-care units have brought new life to thousands of people. Yet to many of them, modern medicine has become a double-edged sword. 2

.“To Paint Is to Live”: Georgia O’keeffe Georgia O’keeffe is truly an American original. Tough, sparse, lean, she embodies the rugged individualistic nature of the American pioneer. But instead of tilling the soil, her strides have been made in the field of contemporary American art. 3.

Water Shortage Is Global Threat The world’ most plentiful substance is fast becoming its most precious. So precious that a half-million Chinese have just scratched out a canal system to get it to Tianjin. So precious that super-tankers may soon reach halfway across the globe to carry it to dry Saudi Arabia. So precious that it is a crime in Arizona to dig for it without a license. 4.

Tidal Power “Lunar energy”─derived from the moon’s gravitational pull─combines with the pull of the sun and earth to influence the regular rise and fall of the tides. The force of global ocean tides represents a power equivalent to about three thousand 1,000-megawatt nuclear power plants, according to energy expert M. King Hubbert, formerly of the U.S. Geological Survey. Of this, between 10,000 and 60,000 megawatts could be harnessed. 5.

The First Three Minutes of the Universe 第一种开篇段： What happened during the first three minutes of the universe? Believe it or not, physicists today have an actual model of this, not based simply on wild speculation and fantasy but on certain pieces of hard evidence, though of course no one can be entirely sure what happened.

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Take, for example, the theory of the atom, which was also based on the mathematical constructs of physicists and which has proved so productive (both for good and evil). 第二种开篇段： In the beginning there was an explosion. Not an explosion like those familiar on earth, starting from a definite center and spreading out to engulf more and more of the surrounding air, but an explosion that occurred simultaneously everywhere, filling all space from the beginning, with every particle of matter rushing apart from every other particle. 6.

New Tools for Medical Diagnosis With the appearance in medicine of machines that once only physicists and computer scientists used, doctors now have the power to look at our bodies and diagnose our ills as never before. The diagnostic techniques seen on these pages are examples of such devices. Some are already in use at medical centers; others are experimental devices that patients may encounter in the years to come. But no one knows which will become the stethoscopes of tomorrow, because high costs may keep some of them from widespread distribution.

HOMEWORK 4-2 Write the first paragraph for each of the following titles. 1) Beijing (use brief description) 2) Learning Skills for Reading (use questions and answer) 3) Atomic Cars (use unusual facts to draw readers attention) 4) The Factors that Decide Our Intelligence (use surprising facts) 5) Alfred Nobel (use essential background information) 6) Glass Goes Modern (use a definition) 7) The Discovery of Radar and the Bats (use surprising facts) 8) Radar (use a definition)

4.3 编写结尾段 (Writing Ending Paragraph)

文章的结尾要有力地再点题，以求最后给读者一个深刻的印象和完整的概念。短文章不必另加结尾段落，可以用一个或几个结尾句强调中心思想。长文章需要一个结尾段

概括全文论点，总结全文。 1. 如果文章结构是按事件发展顺序安排的，比如从低潮转入高潮，时间先后等，那么最后一段自然成为很清楚的结尾段。

【范文】 The first two or three feet were fairly easy to drill through, but after passing through a

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layer of chalk, we ran into our first layer of hard basalt. At this stage we had to change the drilling bit, and as a result, the drilling became slower. As we went through this hard layer, we had to stop often to make sure that the bit was not getting too hot. The third stage of the drilling was varied. Sometimes there were hard rocks or pebbles, and sometimes soft chalk. Although the ground was generally softer than the second layer, we could not go much faster because it was never soft for long, and changing the bits took a lot of time. During the last stage we had to pass through even harder rock, and many times the drilling bit did overheat. However, through patience and some skillful work by the mechanics, we finally reached the oil deposits after we started drilling. 2. 结束全文时，从另一个角度简明复述主题思想。参阅上节的范文 “Anti-matter─A

Mirror Universe”。 3. 在最后一段对全文进行概括总结，比如上节的范文 “The Acupointer”。 4. 在全文推理分析的基础上做出符合逻辑的结论，比如上节的范文 “The Bobbing

Bird”。

CLASSROOM WORK 4-3 1. 阅读下面几篇文章的题目及结尾段，推敲尾段如何强调总结了题目所提示的主题思想。

1) The Role of Chance in Scientific Discovery

...We may therefore conclude that it is the capacity to plan and undertake such experimentation which finally allows the investigator to make the most of his luck─if it comes. 2)

Discovery by Accident ...The list of discoveries by accident could fill a long book; and remember, most of them happened when somebody asked himself ...why? 3)

Sources of Error in Scientific Research To sum up, the multiple possibilities of error are present at every stage of a scientific investigation, and constant vigilance and the greatest foresight must be exercised in order to minimize or eliminate them. Additional errors are, of course, connected with faulty reasoning; but so widespread and serious are the consequences that may arise from this source that they

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deserve separate treatment. 4)

Tool of Future─Laser An invention ranging in usefulness from the correction of a satellite’s orbit to the erasure of a typist’ mistake must be regarded as one of the greatest technical achievements in history. And this is only the beginning! As one of the leading authorities in the field says, “Lasers unquestionably have uses that we haven’t as yet even dreamed of. As a matter of fact, present-day lasers are as primitive as airplanes were in 1910. So you can be sure that their future is as bright as their brilliant light.” 5)

Cooperation between Europe and the U.S. in Space First-hand knowledge of each other is fundamental to the future cooperation between Europe and the United States. I experienced in a direct way how the development of science depends on the exchange of information and cooperation across national frontiers when I attended my first international conference as a young scientist─it was on cosmic rays. Personal contacts and friendships play a very important role. The Fulbright Fellowship was one of the great gifts in my life. Certainly we should do our utmost to ensure that young people in Europe and the United States are able to have similar experiences in order that cooperation between our two continents can continue to flourish in the future. 6)

How Satellite Will Change Your Life Right now, outer space is like a vast ocean, accessible to all countries─and a tremendous challenge to anyone with sailor’s blood in his veins. A few “Viking Boats” have already put out to sea. More sails are going up in many harbors. None of these ships should be permitted to carry guns. 2. The first and last sentences of the following story are missing, choose the best first and last sentences from those below the story. ... A few years ago I spent a week in the Dominican Republic. The week was over, and I was at the airport ready to leave when I discovered, to my dismay, that I had forgotten one of my suitcases at my hotel. Quickly, I jumped into a taxi and explained my situation to the taxi driver. We sped off in the direction of my hotel. Suddenly, the taxi driver slowed down so he could talk with the driver of a truck moving along the road next to us. The truck contained live chickens. Without stopping taxi, the taxi driver stuck his hand out the window and took a live chicken, which he neatly stuck under the seat next to him. Meanwhile, I was getting more and more anxious about my suitcase and making my plane on time. Time wasn’t bothering the taxi driver, though. Instead of heading straight for the hotel, he made a detour to drop the chicken

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off at his home! In the end, however, we managed to get the suitcase and then raced back to the airport. Fortunately, I made it to my plane on time. ... Choices for first sentence: 1) There are lots of things to do in the Dominican Republic if you have enough time. 2) Traveling can have its exciting, though frustrating, moments. 3) I’ve always enjoyed traveling. 4) I often go to the Dominican Republic, and I always take a taxi from the airport to my

hotel. Choices for last sentence: 1) That was the second time I’d been to the Dominican Republic; the first time was eight

years ago. 2) Airline connections to the Dominican Republic are fairly good. 3) Traveling is a difficult thing. 4) What started out as a frustrating moment ended up being a hilarious memory and a great

story. 3. Below is a report to a company president from a committee of company workers about the feasibility of changing company work hours to flex-time. The opening and ending paragraph are missing. Choose the best opening and ending paragraph from those below the body of the report.

Feasibility of Flexible Working Hours ... The Personnel Manager was asked to look into the question, and his study had two aspects. First, he looked at the experience of other companies, and second, he looked carefully at our own working arrangements. After studying flex-time arrangements at four similar companies, the Personnel Manager reported several advantages: parents of school-age children were able to fit their work hours to those of their children, workers could choose to work during hours they could be most productive, and worker attitude improved because of more choice in work time. There were, however, some disadvantages as well: sometimes there were not enough workers in some departments at crucial hours of the day, and it took a while to iron out confusion about schedules. Next, we asked all employees of our company to predict the hours they would probably choose to work. This information was then circulated to all heads of department for comment. The department heads were asked to look in particular at possible problems and their solution. ...

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Choices for opening and ending paragraphs: 1) We committee members have spent a lot of time investigating the question of hours. As

you know, different people have different opinions about the idea. Because you get so many different opinions, it’s not easy to make a final decision. But we have done what we think is right, and if people are not completely happy we hope they won’t take our ideas personally.

2) After studying all this information, a committee that included a representative from every department decided to try flex-time for a period of 3 months, starting April 1. At the end of that period, the committee will make a final decision.

3) Since 1984 everybody in this company has worked 40 hours per week. Before 1984, the total was 44 hours for some people and 42 for others. We have no intention of changing the 40 -hour work week. Anyway, if the total number of work hours were to change, it

would be possible only after negotiations between management and union represen- tatives. 4) The report concerns the feasibility of allowing workers to start and stop work at the times

that suit them best, a practice known as flex-time. Of course, we all understand that everyone would still work a total of 40 hours per week, as we do now. This idea of flexible working hours was first presented to the directors by some of our workers, many of whom have young children in school.

5) Everybody in the company is concerned about the question of working hours and so is the president. Since it is so important we hope the staff will support any decision that is to be made by the committee.

6) We don’t mean the company is in an improper situation. We only want to present the fact that it is hard to make a decision now because opinions differ greatly.

4. In the following article the first and last paragraphs are missing. After the article there are three alter natives for each. Decide which is the best first and last paragraph. ... The police say hundreds of offenders have been caught by Mrs. Gordon, a citizen who writes down the license numbers of people who break the law in this way, and sends them into the local police station. “Anyone can sign a ticket,” said a police officer, “and she’s signed a lot.” A driver was heading down Clifton Avenue this morning, when she found herself stopped behind a school bus with its red lights flashing. Instead of stopping, the driver started to overtake the bus. But Mrs. Gordon was on the spot, and warned her not to do it. However, the driver passed the bus anyway, and Mrs. Gordon wrote down her license number. Another driver received a summons in the mail after a similar incident a few weeks ago.

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When she entered the courtroom, she found Mrs. Gordon there, notebook in hand. “They tell me I should be a policewoman, but I don’t want to be,” says Mrs. Gordon. “It is just that these people are breaking the law, and they shouldn’t. I don’t like to see drivers breaking the law when children’s lives are involved.” Every weekday morning Mrs. Gordon stands in front of the main supermarket in own, notebook and pencil ready, waiting to catch passing school buses illegally. “Nobody else wants to be bothered,” she says, “but I won’t just sit there twiddling my thumbs. I want to do something about it.” She began her personal campaign a year ago when her 13-year-old son Jack started taking the school bus. ... Choices for the first paragraph: 1) According to the law in New Merton, it is an offense for any driver to overtake a school

bus when it has stopped with its red lights flashing. This law is intended to reduce the number of accidents caused by children running across the road when they get off the bus. There are many traffic laws that Margaret Gordon supports.

2) Margaret Gordon is a one-woman police force when it comes to motorists who illegally pass stopped buses. Thanks to her personal campaign, parts of New Merton have become safer for children. She takes down the number of any offender and sends it to the police. But her job is not an easy one.

3) Margaret Gordon doesn’t drive a car. She doesn’t like publicity, and she doesn’t like telling the police about people, but she often writes to the police, and the police sometimes take action. She hates traffic because the school buses stop, but the cars don’t, so many motorists hate her.

Choices for the last paragraph: 1) Mrs. Gordon wears very nice clothes, and she is a pretty woman. I think it’s a pity she

has to do this all the time, don’t you? I mean, it would be better if people obeyed the laws and stopped behind the buses, but they don’t. What do you think? Do you always stop when you see a school bus? I don’t, I must admit, but I’m going to make a special effort to do so in the future. Why don’t you?

2) In summary, Mrs. Gordon has made a lot of money for New Merton. Of the 57 tickets she has written, 39 have resulted in the payment of fines totaling over $400. Since there are about 80 school buses in operation, this means an average of about $5 per ticket. Money is important to Mrs. Gordon.

3) Mrs. Gordon declined to be photographed. She said she didn’t want any motorists taking action in revenge. “I don’t particularly want people to pay fines,” she says. “It’s not that I like writing out tickets. I just want people to obey the law, that’s all.”

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HOMEWORK 4-3 1. Reread the opening paragraphs you wrote in last section, outline what they suggest about the body of the compositions and write the closing paragraphs in a suitable type. 1) Beijing 2) Learning Skills for Reading 3) Atomic Cars 4) The Factors That Decide Our Intelligence 5) Alfred Nobel 6) Glass Goes Modern 7) The Discovery of Radar and the Bats 8) Radar 2. Read the report below and using “CLASSROOM WORK 4-3” as a sample write the first and last paragraph. ... First, the director was asked to investigate the situation. The first thing she did was contact affiliated language schools in other cities that have tried a 10-week term instead of the usual 12-week term. Personnel at all of these schools had good things to say about the shorter semester: student interest level remained high for the full 10-week period, students claimed they learned as much in 10 weeks as they did in 12 weeks, and teachers reported better than usual attendance. The shortened semester presented certain problems, however, teachers said they had a hard time covering the same amount of material they had covered in a 12-week term, and students complained about having less time for extra activities, such as field trips and movies. The second thing the director did, with the committee’s help, was to ask both students and faculty here what they think of the plan, and especially what problems they foresee. The results of this inquiry were made known to faculty and students. As you know, and people were asked to suggest possible solutions to the problems posed. ...

4.4 展开文章主体 (Developing Body of Composition)

主题的展开要按照拟定的提纲，选用在第二章练习过的各种写作技巧进行。写文章时常交叉使用定义、举例、分类、描述、因果、比较等各种手法，但作者经常需要主选

其中一种或几种做为主要方法。

4.4.1 安排文章段落常见的几种方法

1. 时间顺序： 按事件发展时间的先后，经常用于叙述事件和报导性文章中。

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【范文】 Unidentified Flying Objects

During the early part of January of this year the rate of UFO report was steady, around three or four per week. When, however, on Monday, January 16, a science fiction film about visitors from outer space was shown on television, there was an immediate sharp increase in reports of sightings from all parts of the state. The commanding officer of Tawukee Air Force Base, General Wayne Tyler, who is directly responsible for the investigation of all such reports, decided to make his findings known. On Monday, January 30, the Iowa Chronicle carried an article written by Tyler, which maintained that all UFO reports could be explained quite naturally by civil and military aircraft movements. Following this explanation, there was a rapid drop in the number of reported sightings, although the rate remained above the pre-broadcast level. Some people were not convinced by the article. One skeptic was Martin Hogarty, science correspondent of the city newspaper. On Friday, February 17, Hogarty published a highly critical piece about the air force, claiming that they were trying to cover up evidence about UFOs, and demanding an independent inquiry. This article caused a renewed interest in the subject of UFOs and a steep rise in the number of reported sightings, although not as steep as the increase in January. General Tyler at once invited Hogarty to meet him in a public debate ten days later. The TV station agreed to air the debate. Inexplicable, Hogarty did not show up for the debate, and the commander was able to produce some very convincing evidence for his case. As a result, interest in UFOs fell to rock bottom: sightings were even lower than at the beginning of the year. As the weeks went by, there was a slight increase in the number of reports, but this only brought the rate back to the normal level of three or four per week, where it has remained ever since. 文章是这样展开的： 一月初情况如常 一月中旬演出的科幻片引起一个高峰 一月底官方讲话引出低谷 二月中新闻界的一篇批评又掀起高峰 三月官方讲话又引出低谷 三月和四月情况恢复正常 2. 空间顺序：按事物方向、方位等顺序，经常用于描绘某个物体或事物等。 【范文】

Great Britain Great Britain is an island country in northwestern Europe. It ranks 72nd in size among the countries of the world, and has less than 2 per cent of the world’s people. It is really four

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countries united under one government. These countries are England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The landscape varies dramatically throughout Britain. North Scotland is a wild, windswept region, broken by long arms of the sea that reach far inland. Much of Northern Ireland has low mountains and rolling fields. Wales is famous for its rugged mountains and deep, green valleys. Most of England is covered by rolling plains, laid out in a patchwork of fields and meadows. The coastline is a shifting scene of steep cliffs, golden beaches, jagged rocks, and fishing towns tucked in sheltered bays. The old and the new can be found almost everywhere. Britain has magnificent old castles and atomic labs, snug villages and sprawling cities, and ancient universities and modern factories. The English Channel separates Britain from France. This narrow stretch of water has helped shape the character and history of the British people. It has helped protect Britain from invasion, and has given the people a feeling of security. Since 1066, no enemy has crossed the channel and invaded the country. 文章是这样展开的： 大不列颠国家的概况 地貌 周围情况 3. 细节顺序：逐渐深入地介绍细节。 【范文】

Vitamin Vitamin is a chemical compound that the human body needs in small amounts. Vitamins make up one of the major groups of nutrients. Vitamins regulate chemical reactions by which the body coverts food into energy and living tissues. There are 13 vitamins. Five of them are produced in the body itself. These are biotin(生物素), niacin(菸碱酸), pantothenic acid(泛酸), vitamin D, and vitamin K. Only biotin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin K, which are made by bacteria in the human intestine, are possibly produced in sufficient quantities to meet the body’s needs. Therefore, vitamins must be supplied in a person’s daily diet. Each vitamin has such specific uses that one of the compounds cannot replace, or act for, another. But the lack of one vitamin can interfere with the function of another. The continued lack of one vitamin in an otherwise complete diet results in a vitamin deficiency disease. Such diseases include beriberi(玉蜀黍疹), pellagra(脚气病), rickets(软骨病), or scurvy (坏血症) . Investigators first discovered vitamins while searching for the causes of such diseases. In order to be considered a vitamin, a substance must be required in the diet to prevent a deficiency disease. The best way for a healthy individual to obtain vitamins is to eat a balanced diet. A daily diet that includes a variety of foods from each of the basic food groups provides an adequate

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supply of all the vitamins. A Recommended Dietary Allowance has been established for most vitamins. In order to provide a margin of safety, the Recommended Dietary Allowance is considerably greater than the amount of a vitamin needed daily for good health. The RDA was established by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council. Some people take daily vitamin supplements, mostly in the form of vitamin tablets. Most supplements contain doses of one or more vitamins in the range of their RDA’s. The vitamins in such preparations are equivalent to those in food. But a person who eats a balanced diet has no need for daily supplements. A person with a vitamin deficiency disease may be helped by taking one or more preparations that contain large doses of a certain vitamin or of a combination of several vitamins. But individuals should use such preparations only if they are prescribed by a physician. Self-diagnosis and treatment with megadoses(过量) can be dangerous. 文章是这样发展的： 维他命是什么 维他命不可缺少 如何获得维他命 4. 情节发展：由低潮转入高潮，经常用于讲述故事等。 【范文】

They Don’t Talk Mr. Jones was very angry with his wife, and she was very angry with her husband. For several days they did not speak to each other at all. One evening Mr. Jones was very tired when he came back from work, so he went to bed soon after dinner. Of course, he did not say anything to Mrs. Jones before he went upstairs. Mrs. Jones washed the dinner things and then did some sewing. When she went up to bed much later than her husband, she found a piece of paper on the small table near her bed. On it were the words, “Mother: Wake me up at 7 a.m.—Father.” When Mr. Jones woke up the next morning, it was nearly 8 a.m.—and on the small table near his bed he saw another piece of paper. He took it and read these words: “Father: Wake up. It is 7 a.m.—Mother.” 文章是这样发展的：提出悬念 有趣的结局 5. 逻辑发展(用推理、归纳等) 【范文】

Laws Should Not Restrict Where People Can Smoke Laws should definitely not restrict where people can smoke. Apparently, any arguments

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that say smoking affects the health of nonsmokers are based on emotions, not science. In theory, there is no conclusive evidence to prove that the health of wives and children of smokers is harmed by their husbands or fathers smoking. Banning smoking in public places, like restaurants and offices, only causes lose of income and lower productivity. It also unfairly restricts people’s freedom of choice. This is an issue that arouses a lot of anger on the part of a lot of people, but, clearly, anger should not dictate laws. The decision of where and when to smoke should be left to common courtesy and sense. 文章是这样发展的：作者的观点 分别阐述理由

4.4.2 范文研读

【Passage 1】 Utopia is the name commonly given to an imaginary land where everything is supposed to be perfect. The name utopia comes from the Greek words “ou” and “ops”, meaning “no place”. The name refers particularly to a type of society with ideal economic and social conditions. People often apply the adjective utopian to plans of reform that they consider to impractical and visionary. The word utopia was used as the title of a famous book by Saint Thomas More. "Utopia" was first published in Latin in 1516 and was translated into English in 1551. It is partly in the form of a dialogue. The book gives More’s views on the ideal government. But, like most writings on utopias, it also criticizes social and economic conditions of More’s times. More’s “Utopia” is the report of a Portuguese sailor Raphael Hythlodaye. The sailor has made three voyages to America with the explorer Amerigo Vespucci, and tells of his travels through wild and unexplored places. The greatest wonder is the island of Utopia, where all men are equal, prosperous, educated and wise. Several other books have presented an imaginary ideal state of society. One of the first books describing a utopia was Plato’s “Republic”, written about 375 B. C. More recent utopias are described in Samuel Butler’s “Erewhon;” Edward Bellamy’s “Looking Backward” and H.G. Wells’ “A Modern Utopia”. 【Passage 2】 AIDS is an extremely serious disorder that results from severe damage to the body’s defenses against disease. It often leads to death. AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. The name refers to the fact that the disorder affects the victim’s disease-fighting immune system. AIDS was first identified in 1981 in the United States. Since then, cases of AIDS have been diagnosed throughout most of the world. CAUSE AIDS is caused by one of the group of viruses called retroviruses. Research teams in France and the United States made independent discoveries of the virus. French

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researchers discovered a virus that they linked to AIDS in 1983. They named it the lymphadenopathy-associated virus. In 1984, American researchers isolated a virus as the cause of AIDS, calling it the human T-lymphotropic virus type III. These two viruses were later found to be the same virus. The AIDS virus attacks certain white blood cells that form a key part of the body’s immune system. These cells, called T-helper cells, are killed by the virus. This destruction of the T-helper cells makes AIDS victims susceptible to certain illnesses that are normally not serious. These illnesses are called opportunistic because they take advantage of damage to the immune system. SYMPTOMS Infection with the AIDS virus can produce symptoms often associated with other, less serious conditions. With AIDS, however, these symptoms are usually prolonged. They include enlarged lymph glands, tiredness, fever, loss of appetite and weight, diarrhea, and night sweats. The AIDS virus may also infect the brain or central nervous system, resulting in such symptoms as thinking or memory disorders and coordination problems. People with AIDS also suffer from severe opportunistic illnesses. There are about 12 such illnesses that affect AIDS patients. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonis and Kaposi’s sarcoma are the most common, afflicting about 85 per cent of people with AIDS. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, a parasitic infection of the lung, is the leading cause of death among AIDS patients. Kaposi’s sarcoma is a form of cancer that usually arises in the skin and looks like a bruise, but grows and spreads. Some people infected with the AIDS virus never develop any symptoms or only suffer from minor symptoms. Others have many of the AIDS symptoms but none of the opportunistic illnesses. Some of these patients may develop AIDS. HOW AIDS VIRUS IS TRANSMITTED Researchers have identified three ways in which the AIDS virus is transmitted: (1) intimate sexual contact, (2) exposure to infected blood, and (3) transmission from an infected pregnant woman to her fetus. The most common way of becoming infected is through intimate sexual contact. Sexual transmission of the AIDS virus has occurred mainly among homosexual men, but it has also occurred among bisexual and heterosexual men and women. The AIDS virus also afflicts intravenous drug users, who can be exposed to infected blood by sharing hypodermic needles and syringes. Transfusion recipients and hemophiliacs have contracted the virus from the blood or plasma of infected donors. An infected pregnant woman can transmit the AIDS virus to her child even if she has no symptoms. Medical authorities stress that the AIDS virus is not highly contagious. No known cases of AIDS have resulted from sharing kitchens, bathrooms, laundries, eating utensils, or living space. Studies of AIDS cases also indicate that the virus is not transmitted in nonsexual social situations, through air, food, or water. DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT A test for detecting signs of the AIDS virus in the blood

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became widely available in 1985. The test determines the presence of antibodies to the AIDS virus. Antibodies are proteins produced by certain white blood cells to combat specific viruses, bacteria, or foreign substances that enter the body. Thus, the presence of antibodies to the AIDS virus indicates infection with the virus. The use of the AIDS virus antibody test on donated blood has greatly reduced the chances of contracting the virus from transfusions. Many treatments for AIDS have been tried, but a cure for the disease or AIDS- virus infection has yet to be found. Some patients have responded to efforts to strengthen their immune systems. Researchers have studied several experimental drugs that stop the growth of the AIDS virus in laboratory cultures. One of these, the antiviral drug azidothymidine, has prolonged the lives of some patients. In 1987, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the use of azidothymidine for treatment of AIDS. PREVENTION To prevent transmission of the AIDS virus, intimate sexual contact with infected partners should be avoided. Drug users should never use, or at least never share, hypodermic needles. Educating the public about AIDS and how it is transmitted is becoming increasingly important in the prevention effort. Researchers are also working to develop a safe, effective, and economical vaccine against AIDS.

CLASSROOM WORK 4-4 阅读分析下列范文，然后根据各篇范文后所给资料，模仿该范文练习写同类型的短文。 1)【范文】

The Flying Bird Nature proved herself an excellent architectural engineer when she developed the flying bird. To begin with, a bird has fewer and lighter bones than other animals, and the framework is braced like the skeleton of a skyscraper. Then, many bones contain pockets of air connected directly to the lungs, and the wing muscles are attached to the keel of the breastbone for the best leverage. In addition, the feathers, as well as being insulators and conservers of heat, are streamlined to permit smooth flight. Also, the fine, downy feathers fill the hollows of the body to keep the friction down and are arranged in overlapping rows like shingles on a roof. Even more important are the main feathers of flight, the primary and secondaries, which are attached directly to the bones of the wings. All of these features equip the bird beautifully for free flight. 【练习题目】Hummingbird Facts: 1. smaller but stronger in proportion to its size than other birds 2. long needle-like bill for sipping nectar

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3. tongue like a stiletto with a tiny brush; can scoop up small insects 4. the nest is a solidly built little cup of vegetable down, plant fibres and spider webs 5. feathers beautifully iridescent 6. can hover in mid air, fly backwards, sideways 仿照范文，用所给的材料完成下文： Nature proved herself an excellent architectural engineer when she developed the hummingbird. To begin with, this tiniest of all birds is stronger in proportion than most other birds. Then, ... ... All of these features equip hummingbird perfectly for ... 2)【范文】

Chemistry Chemistry is the scientific study of substances. Chemists investigate the properties of the substances that make up the universe. They study how those substances behave under different condition. They attempt to explain the behavior of a substance in terms of the substance’s structure and composition. They also seek to understand chemical changes which involve alterations in a substance’s chemical makeup. Chemical changes occur constantly in nature and make life on the earth possible. During a thunder-storm, for instance, lightning causes a chemical change in the air. Chemical changes also occur as wood burns and becomes ashes and gases. The food we eat goes through many chemical changes in our bodies. Chemists have created many useful substances that do not occur naturally. Products resulting from chemical research include many artificial fibers, drugs, dyes, fertilizers, and plastics. They have greatly improved people’s lives. 文章是这样发展的： 定义 研究的大体内容 逐项解释具体工作内容 周围的化学变化现象 化学的应用意义 【练习题目】Physics Facts: 1. study of matter and energy: what matter is how it behaves how energy is produced how it travels how it is controlled 2. based on measurement and mathematical processes

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3. Theoretical physicists develop laws and theories. 4. Experimental physicists perform experiments. 5. Classical physics deals with motion and energy: mechanics, heat, sound, electricity and

magnetism, light. 6. Modern physics concentrates on basic structure of the material world: atomic, molecular

and electron physics; nuclear physics; particle physics; solid-state physics; fluid and plasma physics.

HOMEWORK 4-4

阅读分析下列范文，根据各篇范文后所给资料，模仿该范文练习写同类型的短文。 1)【范文】

Espalier (墙式果树) Espalier is a method of training a fruit tree or shrub to grow into a definite pattern on a trellis, on a lattice, or against a wall. The protection given by the wall makes it possible to grow fruit trees in climates that would otherwise be unfavorable. The term espalier is used both for the trellis and for the tree itself when it is handled in this way. Trees trained on espaliers take up less space, produce more flowers and fruit, and are more ornamental than ordinary trees. The branches usually grow vertically, and must be pruned to maintain the desired shape. Trees used for espaliers are usually grown from dwarf roots, since the standard-sized tree grows too fast for proper pruning. Espalier trees are more common in Europe, especially France, than in the United States. 文章是这样发展的：墙式果树的样子 优点 如何培植 【练习题目】 Graft (嫁接) Facts: 1. the process of uniting parts of two plants to form a single plant 2. require two plant pieces: a scion and a stock (They belong to the same species or to species that are closely related.) 3. The scion determines the kind and quality of fruit or flower the grafted plant will

produce. 4. The stock nourishes the grafted plant and affects its size. 5. reproduce new varieties of plants 6. improve and repair plants

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2)【范文】 A Short Story

One day when she was eight years old, playing hide-and-seek with schoolmates in London’s Holland Park, Nicola Lane hid behind a holly bush. By surprise she found eight shillings and sixpence buried in the loose soil there, and she carried the loot─it seemed a treasure─to the teacher and asked if she might keep it. The teacher referred her for advice to a park attendant, who simply declared, “Finders Keepers!” Nearly thirteen years later, Nicola strolled through Holland park with her boyfriend; he pointed to a holly bush and said, “I stashed eight shillings and sixpence under the bush when I was a kid, but somebody came along and dug them up.” Amazed, Nicola confessed she was that very somebody. She had used the money to buy a dress she had been admiring for a long time. As a child her companion had stolen the money from his mother and, afraid he’d be caught red-handed, buried the coins in the park. Nicola and her friend joked about it as both proof and a prophecy: theft punished, romance foretold. “It always seemed natural to me that mind and matter influence one another,” Nicola says. “We touched the coins and they brought us together like a magnet.” 【练习题目】按情节发展编一个短小故事： After a Heavy Snow a) A snow at night b) Mr. Smith wanted sb to clean his path. c) He didn’t allow the cleaner to do this... or to do that... d) Something unexpected happened. 3)【范文】

Polymer Polymer is a large, long, chainlike molecule formed by the chemical linking of many smaller molecules. The smaller molecular building units are called monomers. Monomers are joined into chains by a process of repeated linking known as polymerization. A polymer may consist of thousands of monomers. Some polymers occur naturally. Others are synthetic. Many common and useful substances are polymers. For example, starch and wool are naturally occurring polymers. Starch is formed by plants from a simple sugar called glucose, and wool is a variety of protein. Nylon and polyethylene, which is a tough plastic material, are examples of synthetic polymer. Rubber, another polymer, occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically. A chain molecule has a definite length, but, like a piece of string, it can assume a variety of shapes. This combination of molecular length and flexibility gives polymers many useful and unique properties. For example, rubber and many other polymers can be stretched to several times their normal length without breaking. The chains simply straighten into more extended shapes. Because of the large size of the molecules, polymers do not dissolve. They

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also have high viscosity. Polymerization is chemical process important in the production of synthetic rubber, plastics, paints, and artificial fibers. In this process, molecules called monomers combine with each other to form larger molecules called polymers. If the monomers are alike, the process is called homo-polymerization. If they are different, it is called copolymerization. For example polystyrene is a solid plastic that results from the homopolymerization. Rubber is made by copolymerization. 【练习题目】任选自己专业的一个专业名词为题，写一篇科普短文。

第四章练习参考答案

CLASSROOM WORK 4-1 1) I. First Wave Inventions: 1. relied on First Wave societies 2. examples 3. function: to amplify human or animal muscles II. Second Wave Technology: to a new level—more than augment raw muscles

1. hear/ 2. see/ 3. touch/ 4. machine tools/ 5. assemly line III. A Host of Industries: 1. first: coal, textiles, railroads 2. then: steel, automanufacture, aluminum, chemicals,

appliances 3. examples of industrial centers IV. The Door to Mass Production 2) I. Industrial Revolution: A. exploded 300 years ago B. demolished ancient societies C. produced a new civilization II. First Wave: A. primitive bands: a) gatherers b) hunters c) fishers B. civilized world: a) the soil b) admixture III. Similarities between Primitive and Civilized Peoples A. land, basis of a) economy b) life c) culture d) family structure e) politics B. village C. divisions of labour according to caste or class

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a) nobility b) priesthood c) warriors d) slaves e) serfs IV. Counter-civilization: Industrialization A. social system B. its gifts a) automobiles b) tractors c) typewriters and refrigerators d) newspapers and cinemas e) the subway and the 747 f) sit-down strikes g) vitamin HOMEWORK 4-1 1. The Streamlined Family I. New Social System Needed by New Technology II. Multi-Generational Households before Industrial Revolution III. The Stress of Change 1. conflicting attacks on parental authority 2. school education necessary 3. care of the aged 4. stores Ⅳ. Family Structure Changed 1. to cities 2. grew smaller 3. mobile 4. adaptable Ⅴ. Nuclear Family: An Identifiable Feature of Second Wave Societies 2. 无参考答案。 CLASSROOM WORK 4-2 无参考答案。 HOMEWORK 4-2 1) Everyone knows something about Beijing—the Tian An Men Square, the Forbidden City,

the Temple of Heaven and the Great Wall. This is China’s political and cultural capital and the biggest city, with a population of more than ten million. In the summer it is hot and in the spring it is windy, but there are hundreds of things to do and see all the year round.

2) How do we read? There are two different ways to read a foreign language, depending on

your purpose: intensive reading and extensive reading. You will use both at different times. One is slow, careful reading to note the structure of the language and the way words are used so that you can, in turn, use them in sentences of your own. The other is rapid and fluent reading to understand the ideas being communicated as quickly as

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possible. 3) Every motorist dreams of a car of the future that does not have to refueled every few

hundred miles, a car that will cost little to run because you don’t need to pay for petrol. 4) Are some people born clever, and others born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our

environment and our experiences? Strangely enough, the answer to both these questions is yes. To some extent our intelligence is given us at birth. On the other hand, it is his environment that develops his intelligence.

5) Alfred Nobel, the great Swedish inventor and industrialist, was a man of many contrasts.

He was the son of a bankrupt, but became a millionaire; a scientist with a love of literature, an industrialist who managed to remain an idealist. He made a fortune but lived a simple life, and although cheerful in company he was often sad in private.

6) When you hear the word “glass” you first think of a substance that is easily broken and is

used for window panes, mirrors, and bottles. But great changes have been taking place in the manufacture of glass, and it can now be made as hard as steel or as soft as silk, as light as aluminum or as heavy as iron.

7) Many people must have seen a bat, and they will have been fascinated by its swift, skillful

flight and the rapid twists and turns. By investigating the flight of bats, scientists found that bats have private radar system. The most amazing thing about this is that bats should have had the system so long before man did.

8) Radar is an electronic instrument used to detect and locate moving or fixed objects by

sending out sound-waves and judging the obstacles ahead by the returning echo. CLASSROOM WORK 4-3 1. 无参考答案。 2. first sentence: 2) last sentence: 4) 3. first paragraph: 4) last paragraph: 2) 4. first paragraph: 2) last paragraph: 3) HOMEWORK 4-3 1. 1) If you really have the opportunity of visiting Beijing, remember that it can be difficult for

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a stranger, like you, to find his way in the interlocking alleys. Try to get a map that shows the direction of the traffic, and─good luck.

2) Learning reading skills can help you become an informed mind. A person who is well informed has much more opportunity for achieving success.

3) As will be realized, safety is perhaps the biggest problem of all to overcome. Is it possible to make an atomic engine that will be really safe in every circumstance?

4) The above research indicates that environment as well as birth plays a part in intelligence developing. This conclusion is also suggested by the fact that people who live in close contact with each other, but who are not related at all, are likely to have similar degrees of intelligence.

5) His famous will, in which he left money to provide prizes for outstanding work in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Peace, is a memorial to his interests and ideals. And so, the man who felt he should have died at birth is remembered and respected long after his death.

6) So glass once considered to be only ornamental, is proving to be a very valuable substance in the modern world.

7) It is possible, therefore, that bats having using radar for something like fifty million years. Man did not possess the secret till recently.

8) The typical radar display resembles the picture to be of a TV set. It shows the echoes as spots of light or as an image of the object observed.

2. first paragraph: This report concerns the feasibility of shortening the school semester to 10 weeks. The most important concern is, of course, that each class should still total the same number of hours as in a 12-week semester. The suggestion of a shortened semester was made to the Dean of Students by a group of students and teachers. last paragraph: Finally, the committee of faculty and student representatives examined this proposal. The committee decided that the advantages of a shorter semester outweigh the disadvantages. We have therefore decided to recommend trying out the plan for one term, the fall term of next year. Then the committee will make a final decision. CLASSROOM WORK 4-4 1) Nature proved herself an excellent architectural engineer when she developed the hummingbird. To begin with, this tiniest of all birds is stronger in proportion than most other birds. It is so small and light that a little cup-shaped nest made of vegetable down, plant fibres and spider webs can serve as its nest. Then, its long needle-like bill is especially suitable for sipping nectar from flowers. In addition, the tongue like a stiletto with a tiny brush can scoop

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up small insects easily and is a useful tool for obtaining food from places difficult to reach. Also, the feathers are so arranged to permit wonderful flight. Even more important are the ability to hover in mid air, and fly backwards sideways with remarkable speed. All of these features equip hummingbird perfectly for its peculiar way of life. 2) Physics is the scientific study of matter and energy. Physicists try to understand what matter is and why it behaves the way it does. They seek to learn how energy is produced, how it travels from place to place, and how it can be controlled. They are also interested in how matter and energy are related to each other and how they affect each other over time and through space. Physics is essentially based on measurement and mathematical processes. Theoretical physicists developed laws and theories which are expressed in the language of mathematics and predict what is to happen according to these laws and theories. Another group of physicists, called experimental physicists, perform experiment and then compare their results to what was predicted to happen. Research in physics has led to the use of radioactive materials. There is a close connection between physics and practical development in engineering, medicine and technology. For example, engineers design automobiles and airplanes according to certain principles of physics. Laws and theories have enabled us to put satellites into orbit and also brought many modern conveniences in our homes. HOMEWORK 4-4 1) Grafting is the process of uniting parts of two plants to form a single plant. Plant growers reproduce many trees and bushes by means of grafting. They also use grafting to improve and repair plants. Grafting requires two plant pieces: a scion and a stock. The scion consists of a bud, branch, or cutting from a stem. The stock is the piece to which the scion is grafted. The stock provides the root system and may also include part of a stem. For grafting to be successful, the scion and stock should belong to the same species. Each part contributes its own characteristics to the graft. The scion determines the kind and quality of fruit or flower of the grafted plant. The stock nourishes the new plant and affects its size and productivity. 2) One night there was a heavy snowstorm, and in the morning Mr. Smith’s garden was full of deep snow. Mr. Smith wanted to take his car out, so he paid a man to clean the path from his garage to his gate. He said to this man, “Don’t throw any snow on that side, because it will damage the bushes in my garden; and don’t throw any snow into the street, or the police will be angry.” Then Mr. Smith went out. When he came back, the path was clean and the snow from it was not on the bushes, or

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the fence, or the street. Mr. Smith was very pleased—until he opened the garage to get his car out! The garage was full of the top with all the snow from the path, and his car was somewhere under it all. 3) 无参考答案。

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第五章 应 用 文 (Practical Writing)

5.1 基本要求 (Fundamentals)

应用文不同于普通文章，它们更简洁、清楚、直接了当。用英语写应用文要注意摆脱用汉语写类似文章的习惯和影响（如写正文前必有几句“套话”，或不必要的感想、

意义等废话）。另外，下笔前要明确两件事：一、收件人身份及其可能持的态度；二、

写此件要达到什么目的。以上两点是决定写作口吻、措辞、长短等的依据。 用我们不精通的英语写应用文，一定要扬长避短，不先力求表现自己的文采，而要看重表明意思，语言正确。生套繁文缛节，做文字游戏都是不可取的。为使自己写出实

用、正确的应用文，必须注意以下几个问题。 1. 不要误认为公文必须有别于日常文体，要多用熟悉的词。比如，在近义词中挑选常

用词，避开书面词，这样既好写又易读懂。请比较下面几组句子，你是否觉得 B组句子读起来更自然？

A. I will commence learning English because I need it in my new job. I will endeavor to be a good employee if you give me the job. I will forward you a letter from my former boss. I will call on you prior to my departure. You must tell your students to comply with the rules. B. I will begin learning English because I need it in my new job. I will try to be a good employee if you give me the job. I will send you a letter from my former boss. I will call on you before I leave. You must tell your students to follow the rules. 2. 不要误认为写公文必须多用被动语态才显得严肃正式，应在需要时使用。比如： 1) 在不愿点明动作者或强调宾语时才用被动语态。 The bill hasn’t been paid. The workers were let go when the plant was shut down. The unsafe machine must be replaced. 2) 为表示婉转，不愿担责任等才用被动语态。 It has been decided everybody must work this weekend.（若写成 I have decided everybody must work this weekend. 就显得锋芒过露。） 3) 作为一般应用文体，在可以不用被动语态时而用了被动语态，往往显得官气十足。

试比较下面的例子，你是否觉得几组中的第一例都不如第二例亲切易懂？ A. a) Each application shall be supported by a verification of his former employer.

b) The applicant must sent us a verification of his former boss.

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B. a) The requested work papers will be provided. However, recommendations cannot be given until further discussions have been held with our subcontractors.

b) We will provide you the work papers you requested. However, we cannot give you our recommendations until we hold further discussions with our subcontractors.

C. a) The disk must first be placed in the A-drive and then the computer must be turned

on. A menu with... b) First, put the disk in the A-drive. Then turn the computer on. You’ll then see a

menu with... D. a) Each application shall be supported by a comprehensive letter of explanation in

duplicate. This letter shall set forth all the facts required to present to this office a complete disclosure of the transaction.

b) You must send us the following: • one copy of your application • two copies of a letter explaining the complete details of your transaction

E. a) Subsequent to the passage of subject legislation, it is incumbent upon you to advise

your organization to comply with it. b) After the law passes, you must tell your people to follow it. 3. 不要故意写貌似高级的句子而硬“拔高”自己的写作水平，写好英语的第一步是把

意思写具体，不犯语法错误。 下面四组句子的第一句都不符合“具体”这一要求。 1) We are concerned about the environmental factors that affect two provinces. We are worried about (or, We are studying) the acid rain which threatens the lakes of

Ontario and Quebec. 2) Management is concerned that your costing expert be involved in the planning process

for the renovation. Hugh Willis wants your costing expert, Sheila Moore, to do estimates for the renovation. 3) Since you were involved in the report, I’d be interested in knowing about it sometime. Since you prepared the report, please call me next week to discuss it. 4) Aitlin had a significant rise in sales recently. Aitlin’s sales increased ten per cent in the last six months. 再看下面两封信：第一封虽简短，但效果不如第二封好；第二封虽较长，但具体，有实际内容，更好地达到了作者的目的。

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【第一封】 Dear Mr. Stone: Ms. Jane Stewart, who has applied for a position here, has given your name as a reference. We would appreciate anything you tell us about her. 【第二封】 Dear Mr. Stone: Ms. Jane Stewart, who left your employ last April to move to Chicago, has applied here for a position as assistant buyer in the toy department and has given us your name as a reference. We are looking for a person who is responsible, intelligent, imaginative, and knowledgeable about toys. This is a particularly good job opportunity because our toy buyer will be retiring in ten months. On the other hand, the person hired could be in a difficult situation if she is not quite prepared to assume such responsibility. From your experience with Ms. Stewart, what can you tell us that will help us to evaluate her potential for this position? Does she learn quickly? Is she creative? Does she enjoy responsibility? Will she grow on the job? I apologize for putting you to all this trouble, but I am sure you will understand how important it is both to Ms. Stewart and to us that we find out whether she is really the right person for the position. We will be very grateful for your help and will look forward to receiving your evaluation. 4. 不要误认为“具体”的意思就是不厌其详。应用文的语言一定要简洁明确，省去含

义相近的修饰，简化过多的从句。 对比下列几组句子，每组中的第二句更符合既具体又简洁的要求。 1) He proposed an extraordinarily daring and bold strategy. He proposed a daring strategy. 2) Her campaign was imaginative, original and creative and thus was highly acclaimed. Her innovative campaign was highly acclaimed. 3) The apartments which are damaged will be renovated by two carpenters who are

unemployed. Damaged apartments will be renovated by two unemployed carpenters. 4) The proposals which I have outlined will increase morale in the departments which have

employees who are overworked. The outlined proposals will increase morale in the departments with overworked

employees. 5) The files that are located in his office can be destroyed. The files in his office can be destroyed.

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另外，“具体”也不意味着记流水账。写应用文若忘记“开门见山”的原则就写不好。阅读下面两段短文，第二种写法就值得效仿。 【短文 1】 Dear Personnel Director, On December 15, I received a phone call from Mr. Zhao Hui from Shanghai, who was a clerk in your office. Mr. Zhao, who was under the direct supervision of Ms. Bai, has requested I contact you. He requests a letter of verification of employment, including job title and duties he performed while in your office. According to Mr. Zhao, he needs this in order to apply for a similar position in his new company. I would appreciate your help in this matter. 【短文 2】 Dear Personnel Director, Would you verify the employment of Mr. Zhao Hui? He was a clerk in your office and was under the direct supervision of Ms. Bai. He needs a letter of verification of employment, including job title and duties while in your office, because he is applying for a similar position in his new company. I would appreciate your help in this matter. 5. 不要只顾遣词而忽略句子的结构安排。 1) 重点词、词组放在醒目的位置。对比下面两句话： The hydro contract will be a money-maker, despite our early concerns. The hydro contract, despite our early concerns, will be a money-maker. 2) 尽可能使用信息量大的词，比如有时用动词比形容词更有力。比较下面两句： Since they had an expectation of higher profits, management made a decision in favour

of increased remuneration for the workers. Since they expected higher profits, management decided to pay the workers more. 3) 重复使用强调词可以加强语气。 To reach our profit target, we analyzed the product, we analyzed the market, and we

analyzed the competition, but most of all, we analyzed our own method of managing. 4) 利用对比加强语气。 A. We won this contract through hard work. We won this contract, not through luck, but through hard work. B. The machine keeps breaking down, because of faulty operators. The machine keeps breaking down, not because of fault. 6. 不要轻视小小代词的作用。 1) 多考虑以收件人为中心，少用“I”多用“you”会使人感到亲切。对比 A、B两组中的句

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子。 A. I received the report today. Your report arrived today. Thank you for your report. B. We require a signed contract before starting on the project. As soon as you sign the contract, your project will begin. 2) 如果主题涉及到于收件人不利的因素时，则避免用“you”，或换一个更礼貌周全的方式表达，这样不致引起对方的反感。比如少写“you fail to do ...”, “ you disregarded...”这类的句子。比较下列各组句子的效果。

A. Mrs. Brown, your account is overdrawn. Mrs. Brown, we’re extending your line of credit by $500.00. B. You neglected to give us the name of your bank, so we cannot deposit the money there

yet. As soon as you send us the name of your bank, we can deposit the money there directly. C. We are not responsible for administering the project after June 30. We will be responsible for administering the project until June 30. 7. 不要轻视好的文章整体结构对读者产生的积极影响。比如：内容中若有好与坏两方面内容，先写愉快的事情，最后提令双方都不高兴的事情。比较下面两段信，第二

封的效果显然好得多。

【第一封】 I had always wanted an electric typewriter, and finally I spent a lot of money and got one. I bought your brand because friends had told me it was a good one. Now I realize that it is totally unreliable. I have had it only eight months and the return key doesn’t work. I want it fixed immediately. The warranty covers the repair but it doesn’t cover the nuisance. How do you expect people to buy your products if they don’t work? I for one don’t plan to buy them any more. 【第二封】 Please fix the return key on this typewriter. As you can see from the enclosed bill, it is only eight months old and still under warranty. Since this breakdown has prevented me from my usual practice of completing work at home on the weekends, I would appreciate it if you would fix and return it to me promptly. 再比较下面两封信，第二封的效果比较好，因为它将要解决的问题很客气但又很有力地点在信的开头，而第一封信却把怨言先发泄一番，其效果当然不太好。 1) Although we have sent you two reminder notices, we still have not received payment of

your account of $540.00, outstanding since April 30. Interest charges are accumulating.

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Since you are a trusted customer, we wonder what has happened. 2) We would appreciate immediate payment or at least an explanation for your delay. We

may be able to work out a mutually satisfactory plan for payment. We await your prompt response.

8. 不要轻视文体连贯性的作用。它会帮助读者更好地理解写者的意思。写作的立足点不要频繁变动，要集中于焦点以产生更好效果。下面两段摘自两封信，第二段注意

避免过多转换立足点的问题，所以易读易懂。 【第一段】 Business analysts have noted the different ways managers operate. Some managers make all the decisions and employees are given orders or procedures to follow. The success of these managers is not long-term, since leaders are not developed who can succeed them. The opposite type is the manager who avoid making decisions, tending to delay by forming committees and requesting endless studies. This type is also not effective. Employees find themselves between these extremes with managers who encourage their participation in planning. Responsibility for making the final decision remains in the bosses’ hands. These are effective managers. 【第二段】 As business analysts have noted, modern managers have different ways of operating. Some tend to make all the decisions, giving employees orders and procedures to follow. In the long term they are ineffective, since they do not develop leaders who can succeed them. Other managers avoid making decisions, tending to form committees and request endless studies. They are also ineffective. In between these extremes are managers who encourage employees to participate in planning, but who take final responsibility for decisions. These managers are effective. 9. 不要轻视排版的作用。醒目的排版不仅使读者赏心悦目，还可加强交际效果。排版时应注意段落划分，使用大小标题，使用平行排列等等。请读下面两篇遣词差不多

的文章，它们的排版不一样，产生的效果也不一样。 1) We received the orders on time only one day: April 17. Orders are due at 9:00. Here are

what happened: April 15, they arrived at 9:15. Then on April 16, the order arrived at 9:35. On the next day, April 17, the order arrived at 8:55.

2) We received the orders on time only one day: April 17. Orders are due at 9:00. Here is what happened:

• April 15: The order was 15 minutes late (arriving at 9:15) • April 16: The order was 35 minutes late (arriving at 9:35)

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• April 17: The order was on time (arriving at 8:55) 10. 不要轻视标点的作用。掌握标点的使用艺术可以突出文章的重点，加深读者印象，甚至给读者一个惊奇。下面的几组例子中，每组的第二例都产生了更好的效果，这

应归功于标点的作用。 1) He started the business for adventure, fame and money. He started the business for three reasons: adventure, money, and fame. 2) He robbed the bank around that corner for the sheer adventure. He robbed the bank—the one just around that corner—for the sheer adventure. 3) I want to feel good now for any price and let the future takes care of itself. I want to feel good now—for any price—and let the future takes care of itself. 4) The main point is that the defective computer disks are not the responsibility of the

manufacturer, as we first suspected, but of the wholesaler, who stored them at 130 degree temperature.

Just who is responsible for the defective computer disks? Is it the manufacturer, as we first suspected? Not at all: the defective disks are the responsibility of the wholesaler—who stored them at a 130 degree temperature.

5.2 正式信件的格式 (Format of a Formal Letter)

1. 信件的格式

常用以下格式： 信头：寄件人地址 寄件日期 封内地址： 收信人全名 职衔 地址 ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ 结尾： 套语 签字 打字签名 职务

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2. 信封的格式

寄信人姓名 地址 收信人姓名 地址 3. 写法

(1) 封内地址：即收信人的姓名和地址。 全名（用尊称，如Mr.、Ms.等后就不必再用学衔或职衔，如 Dr.、Prof. 等） 单位名称（可以不写） 门牌号码（如有房间号和楼号写在门牌前面），街道名称 城市/州名（省名）/邮政编码（postal code或 ZIP code） 国名全称（一般不缩写） 信封上的收信人地址与封内地址相同。 【实例】Mr. George B. Shelby

Richard D. Irwin, Inc. Homewood, Illinois 60430 U.S.A. (2) 信件中符号标记的使用 1) 日期的写法：March 21, 1995 或写成 21/3/95（较随便的写法） 2) 信件的左上角，收信人地址下面，可以注明 Subject（事由）: Attention（经手人）: （用这样格式写的公函可以不再写收信人的称呼。）

3) 签名：套语后的签名应缩几格写，如：Yours Sincerely, Zhang Wen 想告知对方如何称谓自己，可这样写：Yours Sincerely, Zhang Wen (Mr.) 4) 信件的左下角，在寄信人签名、打字姓名及职务以下位置常用这些符号： JK:gl（冒号前的两个大写字母代表发信人姓名的首字母，冒号后两个小写字母代 表打字员姓名的首字母。） Enc.（或 Enclosure）:（意为附件份数或附件内容） C: A. smith

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R. Hadji（意为此信复印件送 A. Smith和 R. Hadji） CC: A. Smith（意为抄写件送 A. Smith） 非正式信件中可以在信尾用 P.S. (Postscript) 表示补充内容，其意为： After the letter has been finished...，相当于口语中 I’m sorry. I forgot to tell you...。

5.3 邀请信 (Letter of Invitation)

5.3.1 正式请柬及复柬

1. 请柬

(1) 格式：正式请柬和复柬用第三人称写，分行排式要美观，除写日期、时间可用逗号 外，不用其他标点。 a. 活动目的（用不定式，介词短语等表示，此项常不写出来） b. 邀请人姓名 c. 敬请光临（如：request the pleasure of...） d. 被邀请人姓名 n e. 活动内容 f. 时间（星期、日、月、年份、钟点） g. 地点

(2) 其他：左下角注明某些事项，如“请复”(Please Reply)。 右下角注明某些具体要求，如“请着礼服”(Dress: formal)，或“服装随意” (Dress: informal)。

(3) 实例： The Dean of the Foreign Languages Department

and Mrs. Zhao Xi

Request the Pleasure of the Company of Mr. and Mrs. John Smith

at a Reception for International Students on Friday, May 27th 1994, at 3:00 p.m.

at Room 101 Main Building University of Chemical Technology

Beijing Please reply to: DRESS: Informal

Miss Wang Hui Room 103 Tel 421-8855 2. 复柬

(1) 格式：应邀： a. 被邀请人姓名 b. 愉快地接受 (accept with pleasure)

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c. 邀请人姓名 d. 的⋯⋯邀请 (kind invitation for...) e. 时间 f. 地点 谢却： a. 被邀请人姓名 b. 表示遗憾及谢却原因 (regret that...) c. 不能接受邀请人的⋯⋯邀请 d. 时间 e. 地点 (2) 实例： A. 应邀

Mr. and Mrs. John Smith Accept with Pleasure the Kind Invitation of

The Dean of the Foreign Languages Department and

Mrs. Zhao Xi at a Reception for International Students on Friday, May 27th 1994, at 3:00 p.m.

at Room 101 Main Building University of Chemical Technology

Beijing B. 谢却

Mr. and Mrs. John Smith Regret That Owing to a Previous Engagement

They Are Unable to Accept the Kind Invitation of

The Dean of the Foreign Languages Department and

Mrs. Zhao Xi At a Reception for International Students on Friday, May 27th 1994, at 3:00 p.m.

at Room 101 Main Building University of Chemical Technology

Beijing 3. 常用词语

A. 请柬：

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1) 敬请光临 request the pleasure of the company of sb. request the honour of sb.’s presence... cordially invite the pleasure of sb.... 2) 为欢迎⋯⋯ to meet sb./ in honour of sb. 3) 为纪念⋯⋯诞辰 to commemorate the... birthday of sb. / in honour of.../ 4) 为庆祝⋯⋯金婚 to celebrate the gold wedding of ... 5) 某人届时将出席 sb. will be present 6) 请答复 R.S.V.P./ Please reply/ Kindly send reply to sb./ Please respond to sb./ The favour of a reply is requested/ 7) 活动： 晚餐 at dinner 午餐 at luncheon 聚餐会 at a reunion dinner 自助晚餐 at a buffet dinner(supper) 生日聚会 at a birthday party 烧烤野餐 barbecue (barbeque) 为⋯⋯举行的晚餐招待会 为⋯⋯举行的招待会 at a dinner reception given in honour of sb. at a reception for sb. 送别招待会 at reception to bid farewell to sb. 自助餐招待会 at a buffet reception 告别鸡尾酒会 at a farewell cocktail party 茶话会 at a tea party 晚餐及舞会 for dinner and the dance 晚餐和歌剧 for dinner and the opera 晚餐和音乐会 for dinner and the concert 舞会 at a dance 化妆舞会 at a costume dance 新年晚会 at a New Year’s Party 在⋯⋯举行的开幕式 闭幕式 at the opening ceremony to be held in... at the closing ceremony ⋯⋯结婚 20周年纪念 ⋯⋯的婚礼 on the twentieth anniversary of ... marriage at the marriage(wedding) of... 8) 地点： 在北京展览馆 in Beijing Exhibition Centre 在和平宾馆 at Peace Hotel 在和平饭店十三楼 at 13th Floor, Peace Hotel 在寓所 at home 在主楼 124 房间 at Room 124 Main Building 在接待室 at the reception room 在教工餐厅 at the staff restaurant B. 取消或推迟邀请： 1) 很遗憾由于⋯⋯不得不推迟⋯⋯ regret that owing to sth. they have to postpone... 2) 不得不延期原定⋯⋯的鸡尾酒会至⋯⋯ be obliged to put off the cocktail party arranged for... until... 3) 取消定于⋯⋯的⋯⋯邀请 cancel (recall) his invitation for... on... 4) 重新发出邀请 review the invitation

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C. 复柬： 1) 愉快地接收某人⋯⋯邀请 accept with pleasure sb.’s kind invitation to be present at... thank sb. for his kind invitation to...which he has much pleasure in accepting have much pleasure in accepting... 2) 表示遗憾 regret that... 3) 不能接收(邀请) be unable to accept... 4) ⋯⋯使他们无法(赴约) prevent them from accepting... 5) 由于⋯⋯ owing to；because of 6) 事先有约 a previous engagement (appointment) 7) 紧急会议 an emergency meeting 8) 患病 illness

CLASSROOM WORK 5-3-1 1. Write a formal invitation card for a tea party based on the following information and then

write 1) an announcement to postpone the party, 2) an cancellation. 邀请人： 朱教授及夫人 被邀请人： Dell 博士及夫人 活动内容： 午餐，为欢迎澳大利亚访问学者 James Carter 先生和夫人 地点： 化工大学教师餐厅 时间： 1994年 6月 30日上午 11点 谢却电话通知王惠女士 421-8855 2. Write acknowledgments for Dr. Dell and his wife. 1) acceptance; 2) regret. ( Don’t forget to give a good reason for the regret.)

5.3.2 非正式邀请及答复信函

这样的邀请或答复手写短笺即可，不拘形式，口吻和措辞与朋友间通信一样。注意写清楚活动内容、时间、地点和参加人员。回复时也要重复写时间和地点，以防出差错。

若谢却，一定要说明原因。 1. 实例

【邀请】 Dear Betty, I’ll have some friends at home for dinner on Friday, June fifth. Most of them you know very well. I hope you will come because my boy friend Jimmy is coming too. You want to meet him, do you? Besides, I plan to have a dance after dinner. I can’t imagine a dance without you, the best dancer of our class. So do not disappoint me please. Dinner is at six. Remember I will be expecting you at that time.

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Affectionately yours, Dora 【回复】 Dear Dora, How happy I am to have a delightful evening with you. I am glad that I will meet Jimmy whom I’ve heard about so much from you. He must be a nice guy. I’ll be there Friday at six and enjoy the dance after dinner. Sincerely yours, Betty 2. 常用词语举例

A. 提出邀请： 1) 我们要⋯⋯，你能来吗？ We’re having a..., can you come? We’ll..., will you join us? 2) 我希望你能参加⋯⋯，好吗？ I would like you to come to... 3) 我们准备⋯⋯，非常希望你能来。 We’re planning..., will you give us the pleasure of your company? 4) 我们希望你尽可能来参加 We’d love to have you here if you can possibly make it. 5) 你愿意来⋯⋯吗？ How would you like to come to...? 6) 你来得了吗？ Can you be present? / Will you come? 7) 我们都盼望你来。 We hope you can come. We’re eager to have you here. We should like to have you join us. 8) 愿意来⋯⋯吗？ Would you care to come for...? B. 活动内容： 1) 朋友周末小聚 have some friends for the weekend 2) 一起喝茶 come for tea with us 3) 打桥牌 play bridge 4) 跳舞 have dancing/ there will be dancing 5) 有两张⋯⋯票 have two tickets for... 6) 各类聚会： a small, informal party / a birthday party for sb. / a garden party / masquerade / holiday party 7) 与某人共进晚餐 join sb. for dinner/ have dinner with sb./ dine with sb. 8) 抽空与我一起吃午饭 spare some time to have lunch with me 9) 过来一起喝几杯 come round for a drink

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10) 来我们这儿过周末 come and spend the weekend with us 11) 一起野餐 come for a picnic with us C. 结尾(按关系密切程度排列)： 1) Sincerely yours, (Yours very sincerely, Always sincerely yours,) 2) Yours cordially, (Most cordially yours,) 3) Faithfully yours, (Yours faithfully,) 4) Truly yours, (Yours truly,) 5) Yours affectionately, (Always affectionately yours,) 6) Lovingly yours (Yours lovingly, your loving son,) D. 复信： 1) 感谢邀请我参加⋯⋯ many thanks for your kind invitation to... 2) 很高兴接收⋯⋯邀请 I’m delighted to accept... 3) 如电话所约 as arranged over the phone 4) 不必接我 don’t bother to meet me 5) 谢谢想着邀我参加 thank you for including me

CLASSROOM WORK 5-3-2 1. Write an informal invitation based on the information below. 被邀请人： 一位老友 活动： 共进午餐后看戏 时间： 六月五日，星期五 地点： 两人常去的小饭馆 2. Write a regret reply for the invitation. 原因： 届时有会议，不好请假。 建议： 另约时间，早些告知以便安排。

5.3.3 邀请来工作或进行学术交流活动的往来信函

写工作往来函件应注意：(1) 简洁，直接了当；(2) 突出要点，涉及具体事宜，如工作内容，谁提供经费，金额等；(3) 态度诚恳，不卑不亢。 1. 范文

【范文 A】 Mr. Hu Jianing Computer Science Department Tsinghua University

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Beijing, 100084 People’s Republic of China Dear Mr. Hu, It is our intention to offer you a position as a Visiting Scholar in the.... The appointment can begin at the earliest date of your availability, but hopefully not later than September 1, 1995. The stipend will be $15,000/12 months. In this research appointment you will be working with Professor Smith. The research area is .... Please let us know if you will accept this appointment and when you will be able to arrive in....We look forward to hearing from you soon. Sincerely, John Robins Dean Department of Computer Science

【范文 B】 Mr. Hu Yining Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing, 100084 People’s Republic of China Dear Mr. Hu, On the recommendation of Professor Chen, I am happy to offer you an appointment as a Research Scholar in ... for the period of August 15, 1995 to August 14, 1996. The salary associated with this appointment will be $16,000, and is contingent upon the availability of outside funded support. The appointment is also contingent upon satisfactory performance. Complete responsibilities associated with this appointment will be specified by Professor Chen. This is not a tenure track appointment, nor does it lead to future tenure consideration. As a Research Scholar, you are not entitle to receive University fringe benefits, including medical insurance. It will be necessary for you to provide evidence of satisfactory medical coverage upon your arrival. Please be advised that because of the revised regulations of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, employers are required to complete Form I-9, Employment Eligibility Verification on all personnel employed after June 1,1987. The I-9 form must be completed within three business days of the actual commencement of employment and must be completed in person by the employee. If you accept this appointment, please sign and date the enclosed copy of this letter and

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return it to me at your earliest convenience. Sincerely yours, John Smith Dean Department of Chemistry 2. 常用词语举例

A. 活动内容： 1) 会议 【名词类】 工作午餐 luncheon meeting 月（年）例会 monthly(annual) meeting 预备会 preparatory meeting 纪念会 commemoration meeting ⋯⋯交流会 a meeting for exchanges of... 学术交流会 meeting for academic exchanges 现场会 on-the-spot meeting 联席会 joint meeting 理事会 council meeting 【动词类】 召集 rally; call; convene; hold; give 主持 preside; chairman 参加 attend 旁听 attend... as an observer 发言 address 2) 报告 【名词类】 专家报告 expert report 业务报告 business report 工作报告 project report 正式报告 formal report 非正式报告 informal report 学术报告 academic report 报告会 public lectures 【动词类】 做 make; give 提交 submit; turn in 通过 pass 3) 研讨会 座谈会 symposium 讨论会 forum; discussion 研习会 seminar 招待会 reception 4) 举办展览会 give (hold; have; make; stage; arrange...) an exhibition B. 活动安排： 1) 首次会将于⋯⋯召开 The first meeting will take place on... 2) 会议将于⋯⋯开幕 The meeting will open on...

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3) 会议将于⋯⋯闭幕 The meeting will terminate on... 4) 会议改期至六月二十三日 change the meeting to June 23 5) 延期至⋯⋯ postpone (put off) until... 6) 临时顺延一周 postpone temporarily for a week 7) 休会一个月 adjourn the meeting for a month 8) 暂时取消会议 cancel the meeting for the time being 9) 初步安排如下⋯⋯ The tentative arrangement is... 10) 要求会议延期 ask for a postponement of the meeting 11) 建议拜访⋯⋯ I would like to suggest a visit to sb./ to a place/ on (a date)/ for (a period) 12) 很高兴通知您⋯⋯ I have the pleasure to inform of sth.(inform you that...) 13) 我初步为您安排⋯⋯天做⋯⋯ I have arranged tentatively for you to do sth. on... 14) 电话商谈 arrange over phone C. 征求对方意见： 1) 不知⋯⋯对您是否方便 I would like to know whether... would be convenient to you. 2) 适合我们的日期是⋯⋯ The dates that suitable for us are... 3) 如果您同意如此安排⋯⋯ if that is agreeable to you... 4) 如果上述时间均不方便，请提出⋯⋯ If none (neither) of the time is convenient to you, please suggest... 5) 若有不同意见，请告知。否则即是认同⋯⋯ Unless I hear from you, otherwise I shall take it that you agree... 6) 如能这样安排⋯⋯ If it can be made possible... 7) 请那天下午不要安排活动 please keep that afternoon free 8) 每个工作日的中午至下午四点均可安排。 The most convenient time would be any weekday between midday and four p.m. D. 要求回复： 1) 请来函确定⋯⋯ I shall be much delighted if you will confirm...by letter. 2) 来函确定 send me a confirmation by post 3) 请立即答复 May I have your answer right away? E. 结尾语： 1) 顺致良好祝愿(问候) with best wishes (regards) 2) 再次致谢 again with many thanks 3) 期待⋯⋯与您会面 look forward to seeing you on... 4) 转达我对⋯⋯的问候 convey my kind regards to sb.

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5) 请允许我⋯⋯ I hope you will permit me to... F. 表示遗憾用语： 1) 很遗憾失此机会 be sorry to miss such an occasion 2) 无法接受 can’t make it 3) 很抱歉地通知您⋯⋯ I regret to inform you that... 4) 在这种情况下，我无法前来⋯⋯ Under the circumstances it’s not possible for me to be with you... 5) 真遗憾我不能如⋯⋯那样做某事 It is regretted that I am unable to do sth. as... 6) 会议日期与⋯⋯日期冲突 the date of the conference coincides with the date of... 7) 因为我引起诸多不便致歉 regret any inconvenience I may cause you 8) 我相信将来一定有机会⋯⋯ I trust an opportunity will present itself at a later date... G. 对方确定接受邀请后告知有关事宜的用语： 1) 得知您已接受⋯⋯ We have been informed of your acceptance as... 2) 任命于 1995.3.23生效 The appointment commences March 23, 1995. 3) 今寄上⋯⋯表格原件 Enclosed is an original form of 4) 请将该表送中国领事馆申请交换学者签证 Please take the form to the Chinese Consulate to apply for an Exchange Visitor (exchangee) visa 5) 请注意⋯⋯ Please be advised that... 6) 不得在校外兼职 Additional employment outside our college is strictly prohibited. 7) 您在此地合法居留时间为半年。 Your authorized period of stay will be six months. 8) 获准延期一年 obtain one-year extension 9) 延长居留期 extend stay for an additional period 10) 我的护照已过期⋯⋯ My passport has expired... 11) 医疗保险自己负担。 You are responsible for maintaining health care insurance coverage for yourself. 12) 离华做短期国际旅游 depart from China for brief trips abroad 13) 可以免税 qualify for a tax exemption 14) 很高兴向您提供⋯⋯ It is our pleasure to offer you ... 15) 此职务的月薪为五千元人民币。 The salary associated with this appointment will be 5,000 Yuan/month. 16) 您可有医疗保险。 You are entitled to receive medical insurance.

CLASSROOM WORK 5-3-3 1. Write a letter of invitation containing the following contents.

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1) 按原定安排邀请某人访问北京化工大学高分子物理实验室 pay a visit to... for implementing action outlined... last year 2) 活动：技术讲座，讨论，业务性参观 technical presentations and discussion, business visits 3) 按原协议，一切有关费用由对方负担 as agreed upon, all your expenses... will be borne by...

HOMEWORK 5-3 Write a letter of invitation using the following as an aid. 1) 邀请访问北京化工大学应用研究开发部 Application Research and Development Department 2) 对方做关于的讲座 (look forward) your seminar on... 3) 张文主持活动，与我技术人员座谈，探讨合作前景 host discussion between..., assess interests in our co-operation 4) 愿望：贵方的丰富经验与我们的技术有效合作 your extended experience, result in a significant advance in... 5) 事宜：根据实际情况在京可能停留一个月 the length of your stay will be... 费用自负担 be paid by your company 时间：今年五月方便时，事先通知具体日期 expect to visit..., advise us on the exact date

5.4 申请信 (Letter of Application)

申请信，如求职、求学等，都要写得有特色，不抄公式，才能吸引人。介绍自己要重事实，轻自我评价。自我推销不能自吹自擂。信中应提出面谈要求，信内应附个人简

历。

5.4.1 申请信范例研读

【范文 1】 Dear Mr. Cassels: Are you planning to engage a junior assistant in the next few months? If so, please consider this application as I believe that I can fulfill all your expectations. I enclose a resume listing my qualifications, education and interests, but I should like to highlight a few items. In one month I will receive a degree in Business Administration from Queen’ University, and am now looking for work in the field on importing and exporting. My interest in this field has been fostered by three summers in the Kingston office of the Canada Customs. The experience there trained me in the interpretation and application of customs

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regulations which I believe will be of value in any work in importing and exporting. I realize that there is much to learn in such a business and am prepared to work with diligence and enthusiasm if given the opportunity. An interview would allow you to assess my qualifications in greater detail. Should you wish to arrange one, you may reach me at 743-1623. 这封申请信的第一段作如下改动也很得体： I saw your notice of an opening in your company in the April 19th edition of BEIJING REVIEW and would like you to consider my candidacy. I believe my qualifications and experience are what you are searching for and that I can fulfill all your expectations.

【范文 2】申请奖学金的信 Dear Financial Aid Office, I would like to apply for a university scholarship to study civil engineering at your university, starting next September. I am in my final year of a 5-year degree course in engineering at Munich University. In our last two years we have to choose an optional subject, and I have opted for civil engineering with a specialization in city planning. I worked from July to September of last year and the year before as a volunteer in the office of the Munich City Council. My reading has included many articles and reports, several of which were from the United States and Great Britain, on traffic-free shopping centers. This particular aspect of city planning interests me because the centers of many German towns suffer from the dense traffic. Because your university is in the forefront of work in this area, I would like very much to do my postgraduate work there. I look forward to hearing from you. 这封信如果写成下面这样，就显得杂乱无章，读者看半天还不知所云。 Dear Financial Aid Office, The U.S.A. is where things are happening in my particular field. I have very little experience, but my degree allows for the specialization in the planning of city centers. As far as I can see, your university would be a good place to study. At the end of this year my course will end, and I would like to go on studying traffic-free city centers, I have worked in the office of the Munich City Council, but only part-time. I should say that my degree is in civil engineering. Several of the reports which I have read were produced in the United States and Great Britain, and traffic is a big problem in the center of many German towns, too. If I could study, say for one year, then that would continue my optional subject. The period of study I’m interested in could be any time starting next September, because my 5-year degree course in civil engineering ends at Munich University this summer.

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I was not paid while I was working (from July to September) in the planning office, but I would like to do postgraduate work in the same field. I understand that your university has experts in the field of traffic-free shopping centers, and I would like to apply for a scholarship to study there. That’s all for now.

5.4.2 简历范例研读

简历形式没有统一规定，但是内容大体相同。一般包括如下几项： a. 姓名，通信地址，电话 b. 个人身体状况及家庭情况 c. 工作经历 d. 学历 e. 特长爱好 f. 证明人（其详略因人而宜）

【范例 1】 RESUME

Tong Bin 807 Building 10, Beiyingfang, Fuxing Road Beijing, 100019 Personal Age: 27, 5ft. 11in. tall, weight: 165lbs Married, One child, age 3 Active in sports Experience 1974-75 Riveter, Starr Aircraft Company, Syracuse, New York 1970-74 U. S. Navy, discharged yeoman, 1st class 1969-70 Shipping and receiving clerk, Kiawa Garment Company, New York 1966-69 Laborer, Spinoza General Contractors. New York City Education 1975-79 Olympia University, Bachelor of Business Administration degree, major in labor relations; overall grade-point average of 3.1(4.0 basis) 3.8 average in major field 24 semester hours of labor and management courses; special electives in business report writing, advance statistics,

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labor law, industrial psychology, industrial sociology 1965-69 C. H. Aldridge High School, New York City People Who Know His Ability Prof. Helen K. Robbins Department of Management Olympia University Olympia, New York Mr. Carlton A. Cuenard Starr Aircraft, Inc. Syracuse, NY

【范例 2】 TONG JUN’S QUALIFICATIONS FOR LABOR RELATIONS WORK

3177 North Hawthorne Boulevard Olympia, New York 12507

Experience as a Part of Labor 1974-75 Riveter, Starr Aircraft Company, Syracuse, New York 1970-74 Yeoman first class, U. S. Navy, worked in personnel 1969-70 Shipping and receiving clerk, Kiawa Garment Company, New York City (held membership in International Garment Workers Union) 1966-69 Laborer, Spinoza General Contractors, Inc., New York City (summer work only) Training for Labor Relations Work 1975-79 Olympia University; Bachelor of Business Administration degree with major in labor relations; overall grade-point average of 3.1(4.0 basis), 3.8 average in major field; 24 semester hours of labor and management courses; special electives in business report writing, advanced statistics, labor law, industrial psychology, industrial sociology 1965-69 C. H. Aldridge High School, New York City, pursued college preparatory program

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Personal Qualities Physical: 5 ft. 11 in., 165 1bs., black hair and eyes Nativity: born March 7, 1952, New York City Interests: tennis, fishing, reading, jogging Family status: married, one daughter (age 3) People Who Know His Abilities Prof. Helen K. Robbins Department of Management Olympia University Olympia, New York Mr. Carlton A. Cuenard Starr Aircraft, Inc. Syracuse, NY

【范例 3】 THE PLAN BY WHICH DAVID R. ANDERSON PREPARED HIMSELF

FOR LEGAL OFFICE WORK WITH BORROW, OWEN, BORRON, AND DELAHAYE

Permanent address: 1366 Hyacinth Street, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 Telephone: 433-6605 Versatile Experience 1967-1977 Active duty with United States Navy, six years of which was in rating of yeoman, first class. Navy work was primarily clerical and administrative in nature, involving shorthand (100 w.p.m.) and typing (70 w.p.m.) One of rating requirements was understanding of court-martial procedure. As senior petty officer, assumed responsibility for offices assigned to, both ashore and afloat. 1961-1967 Printer’s devil with The Columbia County Journal, Waldo, Arkansas, from 1961 to 1963. In 1963 became apprentice printer in composing room of The Houston Post, Houston, Texas. Left the Post with fourth-year apprentice standing in 1967 to enter United States Navy. 1974-1977 Achieved some success in free-lance fiction and article writing. Articles appeared in U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, Our Navy,

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and Three Quarters. Fiction appeared in Stars and Stripes. 1977-1979 Served as Business Manager and Assistant Editor of Delta, student literary magazine of Louisiana State University. Specialized Education 1963-1967 Attended Reagan High School, Houston, Texas, graduating in upper twenty-five percent of class. 1975-1977 While on active duty with navy, commenced part-time prelaw study at Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. During this time also studied correspondence courses through General Extension Division, Louisians State University. 1977-1979 Completed prelaw curriculum in General Business at Louisiana State University with a scholastic standing of 3.53 out of a possible 4.00. Courses studied included: Business Statistics, Business Management, Elementary French, General and Labor Economics, Business Law, many other courses designed for a broad business background for the legal profession. Personal Characteristics Facts and Figures: Born in Texarkana, Arkansas, on August 20, 1948; have Irish-English ancestry; weigh 175 pounds; 72 inches tall. Physical Condition: No known physical defects other than slight vision impairment which is easily corrected by glasses. Marital Status: Married, with one eight-year-old daughter. Outdoor recreation: Golf, hunting, fishing. References (by permission) From last job: Rear Admiral E. T. Seaward, USN(Ret.) 126 North Riverside Drive Ames, IO 50010 College Professor: Dr.G.E.Haynes, Professor of Finance, College of Business Administration Louisiana State University

【范例 4】 RESUME

Zhou Yi

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Age: 23 Marital Status: Single Long Term Plan: A career in business, preferably in an international field. Education: 1977-1982 Foreign Languages Institute, Beijing 1982-1985 Renmin University, Beijing Work Experience (Summer only): 1983 Customs Officer, Beijing, China. 1984 Customs Officer Shanghai, China. Activities and Interests: Football, pop songs References: Prof. Zhang Guang Faculty of Business Administration, Renmin University

5.4.3 索要表格和简章等便函范例研读

如果只申请寄一些申请表格，招生简章之类，直接写出即可。下面是几种写法举例。

【范文 1】 Dear Sirs: Please send me the current catalog for your school. Sincerely,

【范文 2】 Dear Sirs: I will graduate from ... this autumn, and is interested in attending .... I would appreciate it if you would send me an application form. I would like to enter in ... Sincerely,

【范文 3】 Dear Sirs: I am applying to your school because of its outstanding reputation. I would also like to request scholarship information. Sincerely,

【范文 4】 Gentlemen: I should like to obtain application forms for your school. I am presently in ... and will graduate.... Will you please send me your entrance requirements and examination dates. Sincerely,

【范文 5】 Dear Sirs:

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Please send me a catalog and an application for admission. I am now..., and plan on entering your college in the 1994—1995 academic year. Sincerely,

5.4.4 常用词语举例

A. 词组类： 1) 合法居民 legal resident 2) 血统 dominant ethnic origin 3) 国籍 country of citizenship 4) 退役军人 a veteran 退伍时间 date of separation 5) 现役军人 active in armed services 6) 就读过的高校 names of all collegiate schools attended in order of attendance 7) 学位及获得时间 degrees and dates received 8) 平均成绩 grade-point averages (GPA) 优 4= A= excellent 良 3= B= good 中 2= C= average 差 1= 0= below average 不及格 0= E= failed 总平均 overall 9) 硕士学位考试 Graduate Record Examination 10) 研究生院入学考试 Graduate Management Admissions Test 11) 就业经历 employment experience 12) 研究生招生办公室 Office of Graduate Admissions 13) 旁听研究生 a visiting graduate student 14) 第二学位 second bachelor’s degree 15) 硕士后研读 post-master’s study 16) 十元报名费(手续费) $10 application fee 17) 第二学位课程 programs leading to second bachelor’s degree 18) 联系人 contact 19) 邮编 ZIP 20) 生理缺陷 disabilities 21) 函授 correspondence 22) 推荐信 letters of recommendation 23) 事先征得某人同意 with prior consent of sb. 24) 必须填写的表格 necessary forms 25) 高等院校 collegiate institutions/ academic units 26) 学历(就读学校) schools I have attended 27) 正式证件 official transcripts 28) 附加材料 supplemental admission materials 29) 有关证件 portfolios/ credentials 30) 在该日期之前 in advance of the date 31) 迟于上述日期 after the above dates

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32) 成绩单 score report 33) 研究生资格申请人 applicants for graduating standing 34) 补充说明 additional instructions 35) 学位课程 credit courses 36) 就业合格证书 Employment Eligibility Verification 37) 在有效期内 during its period of validity 38) 您的合法活动 your authorized activity 39) 非长住外国人 a non-resident alien 40) 过期护照 expired visas B. 句型类： 1) 申请贵校研究生资格 apply for admission to graduate status at your university 2) 申请在贵校旁听的资格

apply for nonmatriculated status (standing) at your university 3) 根据本人条件和志向，拟报考⋯⋯ in terms of my qualification and objectives I am applying for... 4) 我希望主修⋯⋯系的课程 I expect to do the major part of my work in... Department 5) 我希望获得⋯⋯学位 I wish to qualify for... degree 6) 我无意在贵国长期居住或谋职 I don’t plan to remain in your country indefinitely or will accept employment there 7) 全面如实地反映本人情况 submit complete and accurate information about myself 8) 如果不接收本人申请⋯⋯ if you deny my application... 9) 将某人学籍取消 dismiss sb. from the university 10) 分别申请 submit a separate application 11) 若贵系招考名额未满 if your department targets have not been filled well 12) 希望获得⋯⋯证书 seek a... credential 13) 达到研究生同等学历 have complete equivalent graduate study 14) 向研究生课程指导人员咨询有关⋯⋯的情况 consult the graduate program adviser for information concerning... 15) 我将于⋯⋯之前交齐所有证件 I will submit complete credentials prior to... 16) 支票(汇票，现金)支付 make payment by check (by money order, by cash) 17) 如有空额请予以考虑

I hope my application will be considered on a space-available basis 18) 安排考试日程 to schedule the test 19) 报名听学位课程 enroll for credit courses 20) 参与该项目;学习该课程 enter this program 21) 转到⋯⋯大学 transfer to ... university 22) 是化工大学正式学生

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be officially admitted to the University of Chemical Technology 23) 正在攻读研究生学位 be actively pursuing a graduate program 24) 递交托福考试成绩优秀的证明 submit a satisfactory score on the Test of English as a Foreign Language C. 求职类： 1) 能阅读法语 have a reading knowledge in French 2) 熟练掌握英语 have a good command of English 3) 特写此信请您考虑我是否胜任⋯⋯这个职务。 This is to request your consideration of my qualification for the position of... 4) 我在⋯⋯的四年工作经验使我能胜任⋯⋯的职务。 My four years in... qualify me for the position of... My four years’ experience in... makes me confident that I am qualified for the position of... 5) 由于我任⋯⋯职若干年，自信可以胜任⋯⋯职位。 Because of my several years’ experience as a..., I feel I can qualify for the position of... 6) 希望您能重视我所受过的高等教育。 My college education should merit your consideration. 7) 鉴于⋯⋯，我完全可以胜任此职。 I might be well qualified for the work because... 8) 能否在您方便的时候面谈? May I come in for an interview at your convenience? May I have an interview? Would it be convenient to talk to you? 9) 若能安排面谈不胜感激。 I should be grateful for an opportunity to talk with you. 10) 我得知您正在物色做某种工作的人选

I notice that you are looking for sb. to work as a... 11) 本人想申请销售代理人之职。 I wish to apply for the position of sales representative. 12) 我就读于⋯⋯并在该校获博士学位（于三年前毕业）。 I was educated at... where I got my Ph.D. degree (which I left three years ago). 13) 我目前做⋯⋯工作(受雇于) I am employed as (in...) 14) 现在的收入为 My current salary is... 15) 要求月薪不少于一千元 I would insist on a salary of at least 1,000 yuan per month. 16) 希望每月薪水为两千元（得到高薪） I should expect a salary of 2,000 yuan per month (a fairly high salary). 17) 我的证明人是⋯⋯ My referees are... 18) 对本期电视报登载的招聘职员的广告很感兴趣 I am particularly interested in applying for the post of a clerk advertised in this week’s issue of “TV Guide”.

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19) 毕业后我曾一直任教职，以后又⋯⋯ Since leaving school I had been employed by...as a full-time teacher, then, later as a... 20) 现在想调走，只为⋯⋯ I wish to leave now only because... 21) 提升的机会渺茫 The opportunities for promotion are too limited. 22) 某先生愿意做我的证明人 Mr.... has agreed to act as my referee. 23) 现将证明人的姓名，地址，电话号码写入本人简历一并寄上。 I have included my referees’ names, addresses and phone numbers in my curriculum vita. 24) 望能面谈 I hope very much that you will give me opportunity of an interview. 25) 见到贵校的英语教师招聘广告大喜过望，因为这是我多年的愿望。 I was thrilled to read your advertisement for a teacher of English because it has always

been my ambition to work in your school as a teacher. 26) 我想调离目前任教的学校，因为那里用老式的教学方法使我厌烦。 I want to leave the school where I am teaching now because the old-fashioned teaching method has irked me. 27) 我过去的雇主对我评价很高。 My former employers all spoke very high of my work. 28) 我在本部门是公认的勤奋工作人员。 I was always considered an industrious worker in my department. 29) 将在面试时细谈 I’ll arrange... with you at the interview. 30) 我的证明人是我校两位受人尊敬的教师。 My referees are two of the most respected teachers in our school. 31) 我的证明人的诚实是勿庸质疑的。 My referee’s honesty is beyond dispute. 32) 我敢说您若赋我此职不会错的。

I am sure if I am given the job you will never regret it. 33) 我对面试很有信心。 I look forward confidently to the interview.

CLASSROOM WORK 5-4 Attempt a letter of application with the information given. 1) 寄出一封信和题为⋯⋯的论文 send a letter and a paper under the title... 2) 申请做访问学者 apply for the status as visiting scholar 3) 无力支付全部费用 can hardly afford all the expenses... 4) 提供一些经费 provide some financial help 5) 值得您考虑 merit your consideration

HOMEWORK 5-4 Write a letter to apply for the status as a visiting scholar. 1) 询问是否有可能 write to inquire about working opportunity as a...

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2) 曾在日本工作一年 worked in Japan for a year 3) 多年从事研究 have been engaged in research work concerning...for several years 4) 附简历

5.5 推荐信和介绍信 (Letter of Recommendation and Letter of Introduction)

5.5.1 推荐信

写推荐信要注意以下两个问题： 1. 实事求是，不吹不捧；应该多列举事实，避免煊染感情色彩；文笔要严谨，语言不

要口语化；这样的推荐信使收信人读后自然产生对推荐人和被推荐人的信任感。下 面这两封信内容相同，但是，由于第二封信写得结构拉杂，语言过于口语化，使收 信人对推荐人本身的信任感降低，产生的效果就不如第一封。

【第一封】 I have been asked to write a letter of recommendation for Ms. Mariam Melaku. I am very pleased to do so. I have known Ms. Melaku since 1991; I was her faculty adviser and had her in several of my classes. Ms. Melaku is a very capable, creative person, one with integrity and a high sense of responsibility. She approaches a job with a great deal of enthusiasm, energy, and organizational ability. She has worked and lived in several countries and has always adapted readily to new cultures and environments. In addition, she speaks English and French fluently, along with her native language, Amharic. Ms. Melaku is a person who is knowledgeable about other cultures and is open to learning more. She relates extremely well to people of all ages and is sensitive and tactful in dealing with them. I recommend Ms. Melaku highly for a job requiring these skills.

【第二封】 I have been asked to write a letter of recommendation for Ms. Mariam Melaku. I’m glad to do it—she’s a former student of mine. I have known her since 1991. We hit it off immediately, as soon as we met. In my estimation, Ms. Melaku is one of the most capable, creative people I know. She has lots of integrity and a big sense of responsibility. She has a lot of enthusiasm, energy, and organizational ability. She’s a lot of fun to be with. She speaks three languages like a native. The languages are French, Amharic, and English. Most important, Ms. Melaku is an expert on other cultures. She has lived in several countries. She adapts well to new cultures and environments. She relates well to people of all ages. She is sensitive and tactful in dealing with them. She has always treated me fairly. I recommend her without hesitation to do any job for which she applies. I like her very much and wish her lots of luck in getting a job.

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2. 写推荐信首先要乐于表达本人对被推荐人的善意和诚恳，这也会使读信者更信赖推 荐人。阅读下面一组介绍信，第一封效果较差，其原因之一是写信人在介绍时首先 突出了被推荐人作为雇员的一大缺点，明显地流露出对此人的不悦。这样写推荐信 对被推荐人不利。请注意第二封信是如何指出被推荐人的缺点的。

【第一封】 Dear Ms. Brooking: I have received your May 10 letter in which you ask for my evaluation of Mr. George Adams. In reply I wish to say that I am pleased to be able to help you in this instance. Probably Mr. Adams’s greatest weakness is his inability to get along with his supervisors. He has his own ideas, and he sticks to them tenaciously. Even so, he has a good work record with us. He has been with us since 1974. Mr. Adams is a first assistant in our shipping department. He is thoroughly familiar with rate scales and general routing procedure. He gets along well with his co-workers and is a very personable young man. In his work he has some supervisory responsibilities, which he has performed well. Probably he is seeking other work because there is little likelihood that we will promote him. Mr. Adams’s main assignment with us has placed him in charge of our car and truck loadings. He has done a good job here, resulting in significant savings in shipping damages. We have found him to be a very honest, straightforward, and dependable person. Trusting that you will hold this report in confidence, I remain.

【第二封】 Dear Ms. Brooking, Subject: Your May 10 inquiry about George Adams Mr. Adams has been our assistant shipping clerk since March 1977, and has steadily improved in usefulness to our company. We want to keep him with us as long as he wants to stay. But with things as they are, it will apparently be some time before we can offer him a promotion that would be as advantageous to him as would the branch managership for which you are considering him. Of course I am glad to give you in confidence a report on his service with us. As first assistant, he has substituted at the head clerk’s desk and is thus familiar with problems of rate scales and routing. His main assignment, however, is to supervise the car and truck loadings. By making a careful study of this technique, he has reduced our shipping damages noticeably within the last year. This work also places him in direct charge of the labour force, which varies from six to ten men. He has proved to be a good boss. We have always found Mr. Adams to be honest, straightforward and dependable. He is a man of strong convictions. He has his own ideas and backs them up. He is resourceful and works well without direction.

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I recommend Mr. Adams to you highly. If you need additional information about him, please write me again. 下面是一篇写得较好的介绍某人情况的范文： Dear Dean Koogan: Dr. Harlan A. McQueen, about whom you inquired in your January 31 letter, is a competent scholar, a diligent worker, and a capable teacher. Dr. McQueen’s scholarship is evidenced by his 3.7 grade point record (4.0 basis) with us as well as his good undergraduate record at Western Michigan University. In the two classes he had with me, he did excellent work, making A’s in each. Although I did not find him to be a brilliant student of management he did demonstrate a marked degree of scholarly inquisitiveness. With this inquisitiveness I fully expect him to make some contribution to his field of research. At times I have felt that he tends to get lost in minutiae and to overlook the obvious. Perhaps Dr. McQueen’s outstanding quality is his extreme dedication to work. Of all the graduate students I have known, I have observed none who works more diligently than he. What he lacks in native intelligence, he overcomes with tireless dedication. So dedicated and interested in his work is he that he sometimes forgets that all those around him do not share his enthusiasm for his topic of interest. During the three years I have known him, Dr. McQueen served as a graduate assistant under my direction. He does a commendable job in the classroom in spite of a slight hesitancy in speech. He prepares his class work diligently, and he extracts good work from his students. He is sincerely interested in his students, and he spends much time counseling them. In summary, Dean Koogan, I recommend Dr. McQueen to you as a teacher of behavioral management. If I can help you further in your evaluation of him, please write me again.

5.5.2 介绍信

介绍信可以写得比较随便，尤其是写给熟人的介绍信，和写一般私人信件差不多。请读以下范例。

【范文 1】 Dear Tong Bin: The bearer of the letter, Miss Liu Rui, from Xian, is planning to apply for a position of English teacher in your department. This is the first time she came to Beijing. I hope you will call her and show her around your campus. I told all about you, so if you call her, she’ll recognize your name and know who you are. With kindest regard to you and Tong Jun. Cordially yours, Zhou Yi

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【范文 2】 Dear Dai Qing: This is to introduce Mr. Feng Bo who is going to Toronto in a couple of days. He wants to make some new friends in the city. I told him you are my good friend and also a very congenial person. I am sure you will like him, a very nice guy. I don’t need to tell you how much I’ll personally appreciate any courtesies you will show him. Affectionately, Feng Juan

【范文 3】 Dear Ann: I have good news to tell you: my husband and sons will be in London next week. I have always wanted you meet my family, and this is the ideal opportunity. My husband Mr. Hu Huai will call you after he arrives in London. So go to see him if it is convenient. I suggest the meeting because I hope you two will become friends, but if you are tied up and can not manage, Mr. Hu will understand that. Yours, Ming

5.5.3 常用词语举例

1) 很乐于写此信推荐某人 I am pleased to write a letter of recommendation for sb. I wish to say I am glad to give my evaluation of sb. 2) 希望推荐某人任某职 I wish to recommend sb. for the position of... 毫无保留地推荐某人任某职

I have no hesitation in recommending sb. for the post of... I recommend sb. without reservation for the position of...

3) 很荣幸能向您推荐像某人这样的人 It is a pleasure to recommend a man like sb. to you

4) 本人受托写此信推荐某人 I was asked to write a letter of recommendation for sb. 5) 乐于为您提供一份关于某人情况的非公开的材料 I am glad to give you in confidence a report on sb. 6) 此信特向您介绍某人，他⋯⋯ This note will introduce sb. who... 7) 持此信者为某先生，他⋯⋯ The bearer of this letter is Mr... who... 8) 如您能为某人提供任何方便我将不胜感激，他⋯⋯ I will appreciate anything you can do for sb. who... 9) 很高兴能介绍您与某人相识

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I am glad of having the opportunity to bring you and sb. together. 10) 希望您能结识某人。 I want you and sb. to know each other (to meet). 11) 您一定会喜欢某人的。 I am sure you will like sb. 12) 您一定会愿意与某人在一起。 You will enjoy sb’s company. 13) 你们肯定合得来。 You are bound to enjoy each other’s company 14) 我本人将非常感激您对某人的一切照应。 I will personally appreciate any courtesy you will show sb. 15) 您一定会发现他是一个⋯⋯的人 I feel confident that you will find he is a... 16) 他于⋯⋯到⋯⋯在我单位做⋯⋯工作。 He came to our unit in... as a... and remained with us until... 17) 在我单位工作期间，他是一个⋯⋯的员工。 During the time he was with us he proved himself to be a... 18) 他绝对可靠。 He could always be relied on. 19) 现答复您⋯⋯的信件的询问，罗先生于⋯⋯至⋯⋯期间在我处做工作。 With reference to your enquiry of..., Mr. Luo was employed by us as a clerk from... to.... 20) 我不得不实情相告：因工作不令人满意，我们最终将他解雇。 I regret to say that his work proved unsatisfactory and we eventually dismissed him.

CLASSROOM WORK 5-5 Write a reference for an ex-employee who has given your name as a referee. The person was, while in your employment, a popular and responsible worker, but you could not give him a promotion. He left you only because he wanted a better position. In your letter bring out these points. Useful phrases: 另有高就 leave to better one’s position 勤奋，谦逊，能干的人 an industrious, courteous and able person 自觉地努力工作 do one’s best, whether supervised or unsupervised

HOMEWORK 5-5 Write a letter of recommendation for your former colleague, Miss He. She first worked in your department as an teaching assistant and then as a teacher. She was bright and helpful. She was respected by her students. Useful phrases: 编写教案 organizing teaching materials 输入计算机 code the materials on the computer 赢得称赞 earn the praise of sb. 课堂经验 experience in the classroom 称职的教员 a qualified teacher

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让你满意 fulfill your expectations

5.6 感谢信 (“Thank You” Letter)

5.6.1 写感谢信应注意的事项及范例研读

1. 感谢信要写得真诚，不必很长，但是要有具体内容，不要给收信人以公式化、满篇客套话的印象。比较下面三封感谢信，看是否第三封最感人？为什么？

A. Thank you for letting the class visit your plant. It was a very interesting experience for us and we appreciate your assistance. Thank you again.

B. We want to express our sincere appreciation for our visit to your plant. It was the most exciting moment in the course, and the illustration of robotics was awesome. All of us in the class were really impressed by your unique talent as a manager. We are indeed grateful for your kindness in giving us this special treat.

C. We appreciated the visit to your plant last week to see robotics in action. The visit was a highlight of our course on technological innovation, since it gave us a practical illustration of the theory we are studying. We were also impressed by the methods you had used to introduce the robots. Thank you for the opportunity of seeing how to manage technological change effectively.

2. 感谢别人的款待、面试、录取等都可能需要书面致谢，因内容不同，这类感谢信写法也不同，注意阅读比较下面几篇范文。

【范文 1】 Dear Miriam and Paul, Thank you for having Tony and me for the weekend. We had a great time, especially at the dinner party Saturday night. We’d never had a real Thai dinner before, and now we can’t wait for our next one! Tony especially liked the frog legs with peanut sauce. In fact, when we got home, he went out into the yard to try to catch some frogs. He’s out there every night after work. I don’t know what he thinks we are going to do with them once they’re caught because I’m sure not going to cook them! We also enjoyed the tour around town on Sunday and our visit to the museum of modern art. Our walk along the river at sundown was the perfect end to a great day. We hope you’ll come to visit us soon. There’s a lot to do here, too, and we’ll plan a big weekend. There’s a wonderful museum with a large collection of Indian art that I’m sure you’ll find interesting. Didn’t you say you were free in November? Why don’t you come then? Thanks again.

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【范文 2】 Dear Ms. Chubbuck: I genuinely appreciate the time you gave me yesterday. You were most helpful. And you did a first-rate job of selling me on Graystone-Brune, Inc. As you requested, I have enclosed samples of the advertising campaign I developed as a class project. If you need anything more, please write me. I look forward to the possibility of discussing job possibilities with you before long.

【范文 3】 Dear Mr. Smith, Thank you for your letter of April 3, telling me that your college has accepted me as a ...in the 1993 academic year. It goes without saying that I’m delighted, and that I do expect to attend. Within the next few days, I shall be sending you the information you requested about my scholarship and about my dormitory needs.

【范文 4】 Dear Mr. Sukeman, I accept your offer of employment. After my first interview with you, I was convinced that Allison-Caldwell was the organization for me. It is good to know that you feel I am right for Allison-Caldwell. Following your instructions, I shall be in Atlanta on May 23, ready to begin a career with.

5.6.2 常用词语举例

1) 谢谢您的⋯⋯ Thank you for... 2) 我妻子也在此一并致谢。 My wife send her thanks too. 3) 我丈夫和我都希望⋯⋯ My husband joins me in hoping that... 4) 为⋯⋯致以衷心谢意 I send you my heartiest thanks for... 5) 衷心感谢⋯⋯ Thank you from the bottom of my heart... 6) 谢谢你的好意。 Thank you for your good wishes. 7) 谢谢你⋯⋯的信 I want to thank you for your letter of... 8) 我非常喜欢你在我生日那天送我的⋯⋯I like...very much you sent me on my birthday. 9) 你真会挑选礼物。 You have a genius for selecting the right gift. 10) 我深深地感谢你的款待。 I really appreciate your hospitality. 11) 我深深地感谢你的盛情。 I deeply appreciate your courtesy. 12) 永远对你心怀爱意和感激 My love and deepest gratitude, now and always. 13) 我希望能有报答的机会。 I hope to have the opportunity of reciprocating. 14) 我将永远带着感激之情记着你的好意。 I will remember your many kindnesses with gratitude.

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15) 你太好了，我不会忘记的。 It is more than kind of you. I won’t forget it. 16) 特写此信谢谢你招待的美餐。 This is to tell how much I enjoyed your dinner.

CLASSROOM WORK 5-6 Attempt a letter of thanks to a close relative (say, your aunt) who invited you and your mother to spend the weekend with her family and some of her friends. Useful phrases: 难忘的周末 a wonderful weekend to remember 星期天的野餐 the picnic on Sunday 有意思极了 great fun 很高兴见到你家人和你的朋友 enjoy seeing your family and friends 回请 repay you

HOMEWORK 5-6 Write a letter to your uncle to say “thank you”. He gave you a clock as a birthday gift, but he was too busy to be present at your birthday party. You enclosed some pictures you took on your birthday and told him how much you like his present and how useful it is. Useful phrases: 正好是我所需要 just know what I need 必须早起 have to get up early 坏了 break down 公事在身 be tied up by business 大周末在奶奶家见 see you on the long weekend in Granny’s house

5.7 求助信 (Letter for Asking a Favour)

5.7.1 写求助信应注意的事项

求助信件需要对方提供帮助，包括请人介绍情况，解释细节，提供方便等等。对方只是为写信人服务，因此这种信要注意： 1) 更简洁，千万不要罗嗦，浪费对方有限的耐心。 2) 简短虽然重要，但是并不是唯一的要求。尽量写清楚要对方做什么事及如何做的建

议。 3) 信的排版要易于读者抓住要领，要使重点一目了然。 4) 注意避免过于明显地以 “I” 为中心。

下面的三组信中，各组的第二封都遵循了上述 4 条要求，效果较好。阅读后给予评论。

【第一组】 A. Dear Mr. Borders: I am considering employing Arthur Seaburg in my company. I understand that he has

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worked for you in the past. Can you please give me information about his educational background, job responsibilities, work habits, ability to get in with others, organizational ability, health, initiative, reliability, and experience. He has named you as a source for a reference and we would appreciate it very much if you could supply the above information. B. Dear Mr. Borders: Could you please give me some information about Arthur Seaburg, who has applied for a job as a management trainee in our bottling company. He has worked in your office for the last two summers. Does he work well with people? Has he given evidence of organizational ability and initiative? Is he honest and reliable? We would be grateful for any other information which would help us determine his suitability for the management trainee position. Of course, your remarks will remain confidential.

【第二组】 A. Dear Ms. Borders: Mr. Rowe W. Hart has applied to us for employment and has given your name as a reference. He indicates that he worked under your supervision during the period 1976－79. We would be most appreciative if you would give us your evaluation of Mr. Hart. We are especially interested in his ability to handle responsibility, knowledge of office procedures, work habits, and morals. Thanking you in advance for your courtesy, I remain. B. Dear Ms. Borders: Will you help me to evaluate Mr. Rowe W. Hart, who is applying for work, as a reference, indicating that he worked for you from 1984－1991. In the job of office manager, Mr. Hart would be in charge of an office force of 12. The position demands leadership ability and working knowledge of human relations. Frankly, does he have these qualifications? Work on the job requires a thorough understanding of good office procedures. Ours is an expanding operation, and the office manager would need to adapt office procedures to meet company growth. Did Mr. Hart show this level of understanding of office administration in his work with you? Work in our office is not steady and frequently reaches heavy peaks. To meet these peaks, our office manager must be a hard and durable worker. Does Mr. Hart have the stamina and drive to handle such an assignment? The man for the job will have responsibility for a major part of our company’s equipment.

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Also, he will be responsible for some of the company’s expenditures. Thus, he must be morally reliable. Do you have knowledge of anything in Mr. Hart’s background which might make him a questionable risk for this assignment? We shall, of course, hold your answers in strict confidence. And we shall appreciate whatever help you are able to give Mr. Hart and us.

【第三组】 A. Dear Mr. Piper: We have seen your advertisement for a 120-acre tract on the Mississippi River in the July 1 Wall Street Journal. In reply we are writing you for additional information concerning said property. We would be pleased to know the depth of frontage on the river, quality of drainage (including high and lower evasions), and the availability of public roads to the property. If the information you supply us favorable to our needs, we shall be pleased to inspect the property. Hoping to hear from you by return mail. B. Dear Mr. Piper: Will you please tell me whether the 120-acre tract you advertised in the July 1 Wall Street Journal has deep frontage on the river? We are seeking such a site for a new plant, and it appears that your property could meet our needs. We need reasonably level, well drained ground. So will you please give me a description of the terrain of the tract? In your description, please include minimum and maximum elevations. Also, will you describe for me the public roads leading to the property? As all of our transportation is handled by truck, the availability of all-weather roads is important. Should your answers indicate that the site meets our needs, we shall want to inspect the property. As we wish to move fast on the building project, may I have your answer right away?

5.7.2 范文研读

以下几篇同类信件范例，写法各异，但由于注意上述几点要求，都产生了较好的交际效果。

【范文 1】 Dear Ms. Briggs: Will you please help the National Management Forum to decide whether it can meet at the Lakefront? The Forum has selected your city for its 1996 meeting, which will be held August 16, 17, and 18. In addition to the Lakefront, the convention committee is considering the De lane and the White House. In making our decision, we need the information requested in the following

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questions. Can you accommodate a group such as ours on these dates? Probably about 600 delegates will attend, and they will need about 400 rooms. What are your convention rates? We need assurance of having available a minimum of 450 rooms. Would you be willing to reserve for us the rooms we would require? What are your charges for conference rooms? We shall need eight for each of the three days, and each should have a minimum capacity of 60. On the 18th, for the one-half-hour business meeting, we shall need a large assembly room with a capacity of at least 500. Can you meet these requirements? Also, will you please send me your menu selections and prices for group dinners? On the 17th we plan our presidential dinner. About 500 can be expected for this event. As convention plans must be announced in the next issue of our bulletin, may we have your response right away? We look forward to the possibility of being with you in 1996.

【范文 2】 Dear Ms. Gomes: Will you please give me the benefit of your experience with Ms. Carpenter who reports that she worked for you from 1979 to 1989? Ms. Carpenter has authorized this inquiry in applying for a supervisory position in our bookkeeping department. I need the answers to these specific questions: 1) Does Ms. Carpenter have administrative ability? In this supervisory position she would

direct the work of four people. 2) Is she honest and reliable? This information is important, for the job involves handling

money. 3) Does she know bookkeeping? Although the work she would supervise is routine, she

should have a basic knowledge of accounting. 4) How does she get along with people? Our close-knit organization has no place for people

with personality problems. I shall be grateful for these answers and for any other information you feel I should have.

I assure you that this information will be held in strict confidence.

【范文 3】 Dear Mr. Dodgson: Will you do George Barton and me the favor of an evaluative report on him? He is an assistant shipping clerk with you, who wants to manage a branch office for our Auto Freight Lines. He has authorized this inquiry. Frankly, is he good material for a manager? A branch manager needs to know how to detail packing and hauling and how to handle an office with at least one stenographer. This position demands executive and sales ability, as it will be necessary for the manager to increase the business, along with creating and keeping

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the good will of the townspeople. Do you think that Mr. Barton can fulfill these requirements satisfactorily? Because the branch manager will have complete charge of the office, we also want to know about Mr. Barton’s reputation for honesty, temperance, good judgment, dependability, and health. So will you please give me a report on his personal qualities? In addition, do you know of anything that might make him unfit for this particular job? I shall be grateful for your candid answers. Of course, whatever you report will be held in close confidence.

【范文 4】 Dear Ms. Hrozek: Will you please send me the additional information we need in determining whether to send some of our executives to your Western Management Institute? We have your illustrated brochure and the schedule you mailed August 17. Specifically, We need the answers to these questions: 1) Do you give quantity discounts? We could send about six executives each session. 2) Is the program geared for people with diverse backgrounds? We have engineers,

accountants, scientists, and business administrators. Most have college degrees. Some do not.

3) Can college credit be given for the course? Some of our executives are working on degrees and want credit.

4) Please give me names and addresses of training directors of companies that have sent executives to the program.

We shall appreciate your answering promptly. And we look forward to the possibility of sending our executives to you in the years ahead.

5.7.3 常用词语举例

1) 某人在我处谋某职，他提出您做证明人。 Mr...., who has applied for a position with us as a..., has given your name as one of his

referees. 2) 我们对张先生的求职申请很重视，请介绍其能力和品德，不胜感激。 We are impressed with Mr. Zhang’s application and we should be grateful for your

comments on his ability and character. 3) 您提供的材料一定保密。 Any information that you care to give will be treated as strictly confidential. 4) 附一贴好邮票并写好地址的信封，请复函。 We have enclosed a stamped addressed envelope for your reply. 5) 谢谢您的帮助。 Thank you for your help in this matter. 6) 特写信求助。 I am writing to ask you a favour.

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7) 我答应他们给你写信询问你可否⋯⋯ I have promised them that I would write to you and ask if you could... 8) 若你可设法⋯⋯我感谢不尽。

If you could manage to do..., I would be extremely grateful. 9) 如果你答应做⋯⋯我真是欠你更多情义了。 If you promise to do..., I should be even more in your debt than I am now. 10) 犹豫再三还是提笔写此信要求您能允许我(做某事) After much hesitation I am writing to ask if you would allow me to do... 11) 若同意我的要求 If you agree to my request... 12) 请同意我做某事 be kind enough to give me your permission to do... 13) 我保证不会带来任何不便。 I can promise you that I will not cause any kind of inconvenience. 14) 恳请考虑此事。 I hope you will give this matter your sympathetic consideration. 15) 很不好意思写此信。 I greatly regret having to write this letter. 16) 我近来连遭不顺，债台高筑，只得⋯⋯ I have had a series run of bad luck. As a result, the debts have mounted up, so I have to... 17) 不知可否借用一些钱？ I wonder if you could possibly lend me some money. 18) 若答应，我一有钱就马上奉还。 Should you agree, I shall repay it the moment I am in funds again.

CLASSROOM WORK 5-7 Write a letter to the Manager of General Affairs Department asking him a favour: 1) 周末借用教室 use a classroom on this weekend 2) 教学楼关闭，无领导的书面批准不得使用。 The building is closed on the weekend and nobody could use the classrooms without a

written permission of sb. 3) 请帮忙行个方便 ask him to help avoiding the complication

HOMEWORK 5-7 1. Attempt a letter to a friend of your family asking him to find a job for your sister who is

an accountant. 1) 工厂关闭 Her factory closed down. 2) 她受过良好教育，工作勤恳。 She was well educated and hard-working. 3) 必须找寻新的工作。 She must find a new job. 2. Write a letter to the dean of a U.S. university for a scholarship:

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1) 我是上海新华大学学生 student at Xin Hua University, Shanghai 2) 想学习美国历史 American History 3) 搜集有关资料 gather information about 4) 获得奖学金的可能性 the possibility of a scholarship

5.8 贺信 (Letter of Congratulation)

在亲朋好友、上司等喜事临门时，经常需要写贺信，有时这样做只是出于礼节。但是，即便如此，也不可写几句套话应付了事。信无论常短，均要表现出自己由衷的喜悦

和祝贺，这样才能达到目的。

5.8.1 写贺信应注意的事项

1. 要用亲切自然的口吻，不要用程式化的公文。比如，客户荣升经理，下面这封贺信就显得摆着公事公办的冷面孔：

“I congratulate you on your promotion. I hope our co-operation will be more successful.” 2. 用词不要夸张，重复，以免给人以溜须拍马的印象，使对方看低自己。请读下面这封贺信，你觉得是否过分了：

“I think it is absolutely marvelous that you have been promoted to the manager. I really don’t know how to express my pleasure in such a short letter. It is really a wonderful achievement. You know I always admire you for your genius...”

5.8.2 范例研读

【范例 1】 Dear Xiao Liu: Congratulations upon having received your diploma from the famous university. I know this meant five years of hard work and worries. It is really an achievement you can be proud of. You know the whole family have followed your progress all these years and you can imagine how excited Mother was when she got your letter. You must be very tired after the strain of the past few months, and if you would like to go back to our hometown this summer, we will be happy to arrange the trip for you. You deserve a good rest. Think it over and let me know. Affectionately, Zhao Wen

【范例 2】 Dear Mr. Smith, My warmest congratulations to you on your promotion. It is a reward you richly deserve for your many years of splendid service to the company. Your colleagues always think very

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high of you and I am sure your promotion is great news for the whole company. In fact, I can’t think of any man who would have been a better candidate than you. My very best wishes to you!

【范例 3】 Dear Mr. Smith, I am delighted to hear that you were recently appointed chief editor of the local paper. I told you it would be only a matter of time before your unusual abilities were recognized. Now you see the day has come. I know it was your goal you had been working toward all these years. I hope you will make the paper an outstanding daily of the province.

【范例 4】 Dear John, I remember that tomorrow is your birthday and I must send you my greetings and a small gift—a white toy pig. It is just like you: snow-white, fat and short. I hope you will like it. Dear John, you have always been so kind to me and I will never forget what you have done for me during these years. With love and best wishes!

5.8.3 常用词组举例

1) 祝贺某人当选为⋯⋯(被任命/荣升/订婚/结婚/结婚纪念日/生日/通过入学考试/添丁/) congratulations on sb’s election as.../ appointment/ promotion/ engagement to sb./

marriage/ wedding anniversary/ birthday/ passing the entrance exam/ the birth of sb’s nice baby/

2) 我刚刚听到这个喜讯⋯⋯ I have just learned of the good news that... 3) 希望我是第一个对你表示祝贺的人。 Let me be the first to congratulate you. 4) 谨致最良好祝愿 I send my best wishes for... 5) 致以热烈祝贺 I am sending my warmest congratulations (My warm congratulations to you on your...) 6) 亲自向你表示祝贺 give you my congratulation in person 7) 祝贺⋯⋯ Congratulation upon having done... 8) 祝贺你⋯⋯ Congratulate you on... 9) 很高兴听到⋯⋯I am delighted to hear that... 10) 你的成功是多年辛勤的结果。 Your success has meant years of hard work. 11) 你取得了很大成绩。 You have made a fine record. 12) 你在将来工作中一定能作出突出成绩。 You will be a success in your future work. 13) 这是你应该得到的奖赏。 It is a reward you deserve. 14) 得知你被任命为部门经理。 I was told you were appointed manager of the department. 15) 这真是好消息。 It is great news.

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16) 我真高兴你终于如愿以偿了。 I am pleased you have achieved the goal. 17) 我为你自豪。 I am proud of you. 18) 这意味着你的能力得到了承认。 It means your abilities have been recognized. 19) 再次表示热烈祝贺 Once again, warmest congratulations! 20) 听到⋯⋯的消息我又惊又喜

I am thrilled and delighted to receive the announcement of...

CLASSROOM WORK 5-8 Write a letter of congratulation to a family member who has just finished his Ph.D. program and got a good job. 1) 要第一个表示祝贺 be the first to congratulate 2) 付出了艰苦劳动 mean industrious work 3) 将来会有好的前途 means bright future 4) 收入对家庭很重要，更重要是⋯⋯ high salary / be useful/ have been appreciated/

HOMEWORK 5-8 A friend with whom you have business relations will celebrate the tenth anniversary of his firm. Write a letter of congratulation. 【提示】1) 过去取得很大成绩 have had great achievements in the past ... years

2) 看重双方的合作 appreciate working with you 3) 希望继续合作成功 ...business relationship will continue... 4) 我的员工和我一起预祝贵公司更持久的兴隆 my staff wish you a more permanent prosperity

5.9 道歉信 (Letter of Apology)

如果做了不利于对方的事情，或无法满足对方的要求，或因故食言等等，都应该道歉，必要时做出书面道歉。

5.9.1 基本要求

1. 表现出认错的诚意是至关重要的。写道歉信和写其他应用文一样，开门见山先说明为什么事道歉，抚慰性的词语是不可少的，但是不必一味重复夸张地自责，否则反

而显得不诚恳。 2. 必须对自己的行为做出令人信服的解释。如果自己无理，不要强辨，最好实话实说，效果更佳。

3. 提出补救的措施，如给予赔偿等。

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5.9.2 范例研读

【范文 1】 Dear Ms. Watson: Subject: Your May 1 report on invoice 1348 Two dozen new and thoroughly tested Fireboy extinguishers should reach your sales floor in time for your Saturday promotion. They were shipped early today by Red Line Freight. We regret the inconvenience caused you and can understand your unhappiness. As your satisfaction with our service is important to us, we have thoroughly checked all the Fireboys in stock. In the past, we have assumed that all of them were checked for tight seals at the factory. We learned, thanks to you, that now we must systematically check each one. Already we have set up a system of checks as part of our normal handling procedure. When you receive the new Fireboys, will you please return the original group by motor freight? Of course, we shall pay all transportation charges. As you may know, the new Fireboys have practically revolutionized the extinguisher field. Their compact size and efficiency have made them the top seller in the field in a matter of only three months. We hope that they will play their part in the success of your sale.

【范文 2】 Dear Ms. Cangelosi: We regret to inform you that we cannot grant your request for a donation to the Association’ scholarship fund. There are so many requests for contributions made of us that we have found it necessary to budget a definite amount each year for this purpose. Our budgeted funds for this year are exhausted; so we simply cannot consider additional requests. However, we shall be able to consider your request next year. We deeply regret our inability to help you now and trust that you understand our position.

【范文 3】 Dear Mr. Segura, Meeting you and the other people at Northern was a genuine pleasure. All that I saw and heard impressed me most favorably. I was especially impressed to receive the generous job offer which followed. In considering the offer I naturally gave some weight to these favorable impressions. Even though I have accepted a job with another firm, these favorable impressions remain strong in my mind. Thank you for the time and courteous treatment shown me.

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【范文 4】 Dear Ms. Brown, Subject: Your October 1 inquiry concerning order No. A4170 Your Mecca sterling flatware properly monogrammed with an Old English B should reach you in a day or two. It is our evidence to you that Mecca’s century-old record for satisfaction is a genuine as the sterling itself. Because we value your satisfaction so much, we have carefully looked into the handling of your order. We found it was just one of those situations which even the most careful human beings occasionally get into. Two people read and checked the order, and two people overlooked the “Old English Monogram” specification. You will agree, I feel sure, that even in the best-run businesses such things happen. Even so, we are redoubling our efforts to continue to give the fast, dependable service Mecca customers have to expect over the years. We know that your Mecca sterling will enhance many a dinner party through the years ahead. And we wish you the best in enjoyment from your set.

【范文 5】 Dear Mrs. Smith: I was most upset to learn that my boy Bei Bei had kicked his ball through your sitting room window again this afternoon. I have warned him repeatedly not to play football on the piece of ground beside your house, especially since the last accident. Unfortunately, (Boys will be boys, you know.) he never remember what I told him not to do. I have to offer once again my sincere apologies. I will have the window repaired as soon as possible and this time I keep some money out of Bei Bei’s pocket money in the hope that he will learn a lesson. Apologizing once again.

5.9.3 常用词语举例

1) 你能原谅我昨天不可饶恕的举动吗？ Can you ever forgive me for my indefensible conduct yesterday? 2) 我仅有一个托词———必须承认是很牵强的——— My only excuse—a very poor one, I should say—is that... 3) 我知道我的要求也许太高，但我仍期望我不可饶恕的愚蠢不会破坏我们之间的友 情。 I know it is a great deal to ask, but I hope that my unforgivable stupidity has not ruined

our friendship. 4) 对于你经济上的困难我感到很遗憾，不过⋯⋯ I was very sorry to hear of your financial mess, but... 5) 没帮上忙，真心希望你能原谅。 I do hope you forgive me for being unable to help.

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6) 再一次对没能接受你的提议感到抱歉。 Apologising once again for being unable to accept your offer. 7) 明天一定要来喝杯茶以接受我个人的歉意。 Do come round for a cup of tea tomorrow to let me apologise personally. 8) 尽量弥补我带来的不便。 try to make up in some small measure for the inconvenience I have caused 9) 提出真诚的道歉 offer my sincere apologies 10) 这真是我的一个教训。 It really taught me a lesson. 11) 我将把你损坏的自行车拿去修理。 I will have sb. repair your damaged bike. 12) 你把我看成个能干的管理者，我真是受宠若惊，但是⋯⋯ I was greatly flattered that you should have thought of me for a capable manager, but... 13) 但是，我无缘接受⋯⋯因为我老板派我出差，我不得不去。 Unfortunately, I must decline ... because my boss is sending on a business trip that I just

can’t refuse. 14) 我知道我没有站得住脚的理由，但⋯⋯ I know I don’t have a cast-iron excuse for..., but... 15) 再次道歉。 Apologising once again. 16) 深感歉意的约翰 Yours in great distress, John

CLASSROOM WORK 5-9 Write a letter of apology to a friend who was unjustly suspected by you. 1) 担心你永远不会原谅我 be afraid you will never forgive me 2) 找不到某物使我气糊涂了 My anger at the disappearance of sth made me lose all sense of proportion. 3) 毁了我们多年的友谊 ruin our friendship for so many years 4) 对(其他在场的人)做出解释以弥补我对你的伤害 give a full explanation / make up for the hurt I have caused you

HOMEWORK 5-9 You owned a friend some money and couldn’t repay on time. Write a letter to explain your problem. 1) 原谅我无法⋯⋯ forgive me being unable to .... 2) 欠债 get into red 3) 暂时 in temporary 4) 为(我带来的不便)致歉 apologise for all the inconvenience

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5.10 辞职信 (Letter of Resignation)

5.10.1 写辞职信应注意的事项

1. 婉转地提出辞职理由。 2. 对人家过去曾善待自己表示感谢。 3. 希望辞职请求得到批准。

5.10.2 范例研读

【范文 1】 Dear Sally, You already know about our plans to settle in the Orkneys. We now find we shall be leaving Wantham because we are to move just before Easter. I must therefore give notice of my intention of resigning from the post at the Cranford Club from 5th April, 1995 I shall see all my friends before I go, but I should like formally to record my appreciation of the support and help I have received from the Club members during my three years of office. I wish the club all the best for the future.

【范文 2】 Dear Miss Angus, For some time now I have been aware of a clash of personalities on the committee. This is not in the best interests of the club, and I feel the simplest solution would be for me to step down from the office of Vice President. I accordingly tender my resignation with effect from Friday, 12th June.

5.10.3 常用词语举例

1) 不得不提出辞呈，我很难过。 Sadly, I must give notice of my intention of resigning from my post. 2) 走以前我要看望所有的同事。 I will see all my colleagues before I go. 3) 于三年来你对我的关照，我将铭记在心。 I should like formally to record my appreciation of the help I have received from you

during my three years here. 4) 祝我们的商行前程似锦。 I wish our firm all the best for the future. 5) 因此我提出辞呈，其生效日期为六月十二日，星期五。 I accordingly tender my resignation with effect from Monday, 12th June. 6) 我得到一个由⋯⋯安排的⋯⋯职位。 I’ve been offered a post as a... by... 7) 这正是我所期望的职位。 It is just the kind of post I have been hoping for. 8) 我必须提前四个星期确切地通知你。 I must give you four weeks’ clear notice. 9) 我希望于六月十二号星期五离开不会带来任何不便。 I hope it will be convenient for me to leave on Friday, 12th June.

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10) 与您共事我感到很愉快。 I have been very happy with you here. 11) 我将愉快地时时回忆起我在这里度过的四年。 I will remember my four years here with pleasure. 12) 我会想你们大家。 I know I shall miss you all. 13) 我提前一个月写信告诉你，我将辞去⋯⋯职务。 I am writing to give you one month’s notice of my intention to vacate the post of... 14) 最近，我感到我们办公室的人际关系不大和谐，最简便的解决办法就是我离开。 For some time I have been aware of clash of personalities in our office and I feel the

simplest solution would be for me to step down. 15) 遗憾我的水平不能达到你的要求，只好⋯⋯ I am sorry I was unable to measure up to your standard and I have to...

CLASSROOM WORK 5-10 Give sb. a notice of resigning. 1) 提出辞职理由：因故必须离开北京 have to leave Beijing because... 2) 希望一个月内找到新人 find a new...in a month 3) 不会忘记您的善待和帮助 never forget your kindness and help

HOMEWORK 5-10 Write a letter of resignation containing the following information: 1) 得到一个本人想求的教师职位 to be offered a post of... 2) 提前一学期告知，为离职做准备 give you a full term’s clear notice... 3) 过去和大家在一起工作感到很愉快

I’ve been happy here working together with you...

5.11 其他往来信函 (Other Kinds of Letters)

5.11.1 劝说信

劝说信通常以对方为中心写，重点放在用事实晓之以利，晓之以理，还要清楚地告诉对方应做什么以及怎样做于己有益。

【范文 1】 Dear Mr. Kraft, I have been authorized to ask you to join the Concerned Citizens Committee, which is planning a fund-raising fair for the handicapped in our city. We hope to raise enough money to provide a bus for the handicapped. The handicapped vitally need our support and we think our efforts will be improved by having people with business experience involved.

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We know you are a busy man, Mr. Kraft, but hope that you will find the time to join our committee. Please let me know your answer as soon as possible. Many a handicapped person in Rosemount sit at home day after day, depressed and lonely because it is difficult to get out. The Concerned Citizens Committee wants to correct this sad situation by providing a specially equipped bus for the handicapped. To raise money for the bus, we are planning a spring fair. Will you join our committee of community leaders and help to make the fair a success? Your experience in business would be a great asset in organizing the event. Can you drop me a note or telephone me (9234-5150) within the next week? We do hope that you will join us. When the handicapped of Rosemount can get out and around on their bus, they will be grateful to you.

【范文 2】 Dear Ms. Roberts: Would you be willing to share the success story of your rise to the presidency of Fairview Enterprises? Our college publication, FORUM, is preparing a series of articles on the rise to success of some local top executives. Knowing that you have had to overcome obstacles in your career, our committee believes you would be a source of inspiration for our student readers, and we are therefore asking your permission for an interview which will lead to the first article of the series. Please say yes. I am one of the reporters for FORUM and would be very pleased to interview you any time or place convenient for you. I enclose a stamped, self-addressed envelop for your reply or you may call me at 235-6743.

【范文 3】 Dear Mr. Ahmed: We are proud to announce the formation of a new and innovative international advertising agency: Business Promoters International. We are convinced that you will recognize our potential as an extremely effective international advertising agency. We are equally convinced that you will want to choose Business Promoters International to plan your international advertising campaigns. Let us tell you a little about our personnel. Our five promoters together represent approximately 45 years of advertising experience throughout the world: The Far East, Europe, the Middle East, Latin America, and the United States. Their language and cultural backgrounds are as varied: Spanish, French, Chinese, Arabic, and Greek. Of course, all speak and write English fluently. This multilingual aspect of Business Promoters International is a great plus when handling the delicate matter of translating advertising slogans from one language to another. To illustrate the importance of this, you need only recall the unfortunate

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translation of the Pepsi slogan, “Come alive with Pepsi,” which was translated by Taiwanese as “Pepsi brings your ancestors back from the grave.” Business Promoters International is committed to designing advertising tailored to your company’s marketing needs. We believe in what our name represents: promoting your business throughout the world. We look forward to the opportunity of working with you.

5.11.2 质疑或批评信

1. 写这类信尤其要注意方式、措辞，避免引起收信人的抵触情绪。比较阅读下面两封信，你是否觉得第一封写得较好？

【第一封】 Instructions were supplied with your new automatic coffee-maker warning that the base should not be immersed in water. Our repair people tell us that the mechanism in your machine had rust spots, which indicated that you had got it wet. Since misuse is ordinarily not covered by warranty, we should charge you for the repairs. Nevertheless we like to keep our customers satisfied, and therefore are replacing the damaged parts free of charge. You should remember in future, however, not to get water in the mechanism. Your coffee maker was shipped this morning by parcel post.

【第二封】 Your repaired automatic coffee-maker was shipped to you this morning by parcel post. It’s in tip-top shape. We have enclosed with the coffee-maker a copy of the instructions, which show how to clean it without immersing the base. Rust spots on the interior mechanism were the cause of your problem, a condition ordinarily not covered by the warranty. We want to keep you a satisfied customer, however, and are therefore not billing you for the labour, but only for the new parts. Remember to keep the mechanism dry and your coffee-maker should give you years of convenience─and good coffee. 2. 写批评、抱怨的信也要注意切题，不要因为愤怒而离题，只需说明白你的批评及原

因即可，说不相干的气话是无益的。 比如下面一组信，第一封的效果不如第二封。尽管写信人发泄了怒气，却不一定达 到了写信目的。

【第一封】 Dear Ms. Golby: As your records will show, on December 7 we ordered 24 Fireboy extinguishers (our order No. 7135). The units were shipped to us by Red Arrow Freight (your invoice No. 715C) and arrived at our loading docks December 15.

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At the time of delivery, our shipping and receiving supervisor noticed that all boxes were soaked with fluid. Further inspection showed that your workers had been negligent in checking the cap screws. As a result of their negligence, acid leaked and destroyed the chrome finish on all units. It is hard for me to understand a shipping system that permits such errors to take place. Pinnacle does not accept these fire extinguishers. Further, we want these damaged units taken off our hands and replaced with good ones. Because we will be inspected by the fire marshall Monday, we further insist that the replacements reach us by the date.

【第二封】 Dear Ms. Golby: Subject: Damage to Fireboy extinguishers, your invoice No. 715C The corroded condition of all the Fireboy extinguishers received today makes them unfit for use. At the time of delivery the condition of your shipment was called to the attention of the Red Arrow Freight Company driver by our shipping and receiving supervisor. Upon inspection, we found all boxes thoroughly soaked with fluid. Further investigation revealed that at least six of the extinguishers had leaked acid from the cap screws. As a result, the chrome finish of all units has been badly damaged. As we are under orders from the fire marshall to have this equipment in our plant by Monday, please get the 24 replacement units to us by that date. Also, will you please instruct me what I should do with the defective units? I am aware, of course, that errors like this will happen in spite of all precaution. And I am confident that you will take care of this problem with your usual courtesy.

【范文】 Dear Editor, I am writing this letter to complain about the Morrison County Highway Department neglecting to repair County Route 10 between the towns of Wadena and St. Cloud. Many cars have been seriously damaged by bumps in the road. In fact, people are even afraid to take Route 10 to St. Cloud for shopping because they fear for the welfare of their cars. Unfortunately, there are more serious problems than cars. People’s health has also been in danger. There have been several seriously ill patients, for example, who had to be moved from Riverview Hospital in Wadena to Franklin Memorial Hospital in St. Cloud. The condition of the Wadens St.Cloud Road has forced ambulances to take a longer route through the town of Brainerd. This has been an inconvenience, an added expense, and, at times, even a danger for these patients. They ask such questions as these: Can’t we do something about repairing Route 10 soon so we can return to our home in the most direct and comfortable way? Do we have to wait for a serious accident before getting Route 10 repaired?

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We all need this road repaired. Can’t the Highway Department do it soon? A Concerned Citizen of Wadena 3. 若对某事有疑问需写信询问，这种质疑信不是指责，注意口气要委婉和简明。

【范文 1】 Dear Mr. Duval: We have received your letter acknowledging our order #13492 for calculators and typewriters. However, there are several problems which we feel need to be clarified before we can give you the go-ahead on the order. First, you do not mention the questions of transport and insurance. Can we assume that you accept responsibility for both of these, and that your quoted price includes the cost? If not, could you let us know how you usually deal with these matters, and what the cost is likely to be? Second, we find your letter somewhat vague as to delivery dates. You mention that there may be strikes which are beyond your control. Obviously, strikes are even less within our control. We would like you to accept responsibility at least for any possible strikes in your company. We look forward to hearing from you on both these points.

【范文 2】 Dear Mr. Leman: As the time is approaching when I must make a job decision, may I please ask the status of my employment application with you? You may recall that you interviewed me in your office November 7. You wrote me November 12 indicating that I was among those you had selected for further consideration. Barrow, In., remains one of the organizations I would very much like to consider in making my career decision. I’ll appreciate very much an early response.

5.11.3 索赔信

索赔信内容一般包括：说明商品缺陷；解释清楚责任一方不在本人并提出要求。

【范文 1】 Dear Mr. Samuels: Subject: Malfunction of Stay-Cool model M. Serial No. 37471 You will want to know, I feel sure, that the Stay-Cool window air conditioner I ordered from you on May 7 is not performing well. Apparently, the difficulty is in the thermostat, for the unit will not maintain a consistent temperature. Although the compressor does cut on and off automatically from time to time, the

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room temperature fluctuates widely between changes. In addition, the unit arrived with a defective temperature control knob. It was severely cracked, and after short use it broke completely. I had not intended to do anything about so small a matter, but I feel certain that you will want to take care of this matter, also. As you have no repair representative convenient to me, I should be happy to install these two parts myself. So will you please send them to me? Should you wish, I shall gladly send you the defective ones. As the weather is becoming unbearable, I shall appreciate your promptness in mailing the parts to me.

【范文 2】 Dear Mr. Ferguson: Subject: Color fading of your Kota-Tuff carpeting, your invoice 314 dated Jan. 14, 1995 The Kota-Tuff carpeting you installed for us last January has faded badly and is an eyesore in our hotel pool area. The original forest green color now is spotted with rings of varying shades of white and green. The spotting is especially heavy in areas adjacent to the pool. Probably water has caused the damage. But your written warranty says the color will “withstand the effects of sun and water.” As the product clearly has not lived up to the warranty, we ask that you replace the Kota-Tuff with a more suitable carpeting. If you are unable to find a satisfactory carpeting, we request a refund of the full purchase price, including installation. I shall appreciate your usual promptness in correcting this problem.

5.12 备忘录 (MEMO)

5.12.1 注意事项及范例研读

备忘录是一个组织内部书面交流的形式。其特点是不拘泥礼节，重视信息准确、清楚。无论是写给上司、全体员工或同事等的备忘录大体形式都一样： 1) 收件人： To 2) 发件人： From 3) 事由： Subject 4) 日期： Date 5) 正文：（文后不需要结束语和签名） 但是，由于收件人不同，正文部分的写法、风格和口吻就很不一样。请阅读下面几份风格各异的范例。 1. 便笺式私人备忘录

若写此种形式的备忘录，则只需三言两语交代明白何事，要求收件人做什么即可。如下面这份备忘录就是写给一位同事的私人备忘录。

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【范文 1】 Memorandum

Date: Oct. 2, 1994 To: Wang Yu From: Zhu Yuan Subject: Can you come to supper at my house on Friday, Oct. 6th, or Oct. 8th or another day next week. Let me know which is more convenient. 2. 一般工作备忘录

若写一份备忘录向全体同事通报某事，不需要很正式。但这也属于正式公文，所以口气不宜像范文 1那么随便。

【范文 2】 MEMORANDUM

To: All Staff From: Pierre Aries Date: August 30, 1993 It is with deep regret that I announce the death of our office manager, Ms. Margaret Len. As many of you know, she had been ill for some time, and on Tuesday underwent emergency surgery. Unfortunately, this was unsuccessful and she died in her sleep the next day. Only a few days before this, she had been in contact with office personnel by phone, still very concerned about the new health benefit plan that she initiated last year. The health plan was a typical product of Ms. Len’s interest in employees’ well-being, and it made her much appreciated by all employees. She was equally appreciated by people outside the company for her active participation in community groups, especially the Public Library Volunteers and Literacy Volunteers. Within the firm, on the other hand, she will be best remembered for her loyalty to, and her concern for, all members of the staff. Anyone with a personal family problem, for example, could always count on her sympathy and support. I am sure, therefore, that all of you will join with me in sending condolences to her husband and family.

【范文 3】 MEMO TO: Directors and all Sales, Finance, and Technical Staff From: Alain Nikro

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REPORT ON FIFTH ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL COMPUTER EXHIBITION, HONG KONG

The exhibit was extremely successful for us again this year, as it has been in the past. Our new models received an enthusiastic response and orders were high. There were, however, two problems we should address before they begin to adversely affect our business at the exhibition. First, the size of our stand at the exhibition was the same as last year’s (700 square feet), even though we added three new models to our line. This made our exhibit extremely crowded. Second, our exhibit was staffed only with sales representatives. Therefore, when customers─who are becoming increasingly—sophisticated had a technical question, the sales reps were usually unable to answer it. Therefore, I suggest the following. Next year we should increase the size of the stand to 900 square feet in order to accommodate the new models and to give customers sufficient room to examine them. We should also make sure that there is at least one technician at the exhibit at all times, to provide technical information and advice to customers. Please let me know your reactions to these suggestions. 3. 给上司的备忘录

若给领导写意见、建议，主要采用因果关系的写作方法。先开门见山地写明建议内容，然后列出理由：第一、第二、第三⋯⋯

【范文 4】 OFFICE MEMORANDUM

To: Director Date: Sept. 3, 1995 Subject: Reducing Staff I have several proposals for cutting down on office staff. First, I suggest that we eliminate the full-time position of order clerk, since there is not enough work to occupy him throughout the month. Orders and requests for sales information are heaviest at the end of the month; in contrast, there is little to do the first two weeks of each month. Therefore, I recommend that we hire temporary help for the last two weeks of each month and give the orders from the first of the month to the sales department to process. Second, now that our systems are completely computerized we no longer need a computer programmer on staff. It’s true, we will need computer programming services occasionally in future, for instance, when we revise our billing system. In such cases, however, we can hire a free lance programmer. Third, I suggest that I share my secretary with the assistant office manager, thus

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eliminating one secretarial position. Although this will increase the managerial workload, I feel we can handle it. Moreover, we can always hire temporary help to get us through particularly busy periods. If these suggestions are followed, we should be able to save approximately $26,000 in the coming year in salaries alone. In addition, I believe these changes will result in greater work efficiency. 4. 总结汇报性备忘录

若写一份内容繁杂的备忘录，除列出大标题外，还要列出小标题。下面这份备忘录就是一个范例。

【范文 5】 MEMORANDUM

To: William T. Chrysler, Director of Sales From: James C. Colvin, Manager Subject: Quarterly Report for Millville Sales District

SUMMARY HIGHLIGHTS After three months of operation I have secured office facilities, hired and developed three salesmen, and cultivated about half the customers available in the Millville Sales District. Although the district is not yet showing a profit, at the current rate of development it will do so this month. Prospects for the district are unusually bright.

OFFICE OPERATION In April I opened the Millville Sales District as authorized by action of the Board of Directors last February 7th. Initially I set up office in the Three Coins Inn, a motel on the outskirts of town, and remained there three weeks while looking for permanent quarters. There I found in the Wingate Building, a downtown office structure. The office suite selected rents for $340 per month. It has four executive offices, each opening into a single secretarial office, which is large enough for two secretaries. Although this arrangement is adequate for the staff now anticipated, additional space is available in the building if needed.

PERSONNEL In the first week of operations, I hired an office secretary, Miss Catherine Kruch. Miss Kruch has good experience and has excellent credentials. She has proved to be very effective. In early April I hired two salesmen Mr. Charles E. Clark and Mr. Adam E. Knapper. Both were experienced in sales, although neither had worked in apparel sales. Three weeks later I hired Mr. Otto Strelski, a proven salesman who I managed to attract from the Hammond Company. I still am searching for someone for the fourth subdistrict. Currently I am investigating two good prospects and hope to hire one of them within the next week.

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PERFORMANCE After brief training sessions, which I conducted personally, the salesmen were assigned the territories previously marked. And they were instructed to call on the accounts listed on the sheets supplied by Mr. Henderson’s office. During the first month Knapper’s sales totaled $17,431 and Clark’s reached $13,490, for a total of $30,921. With three salesmen working the next month, total sales reached $121, 605. Of the total, Knapper accounted for $37,345, Clark $31,690, and Strelski $52,570. Although these monthly totals are below the $ 145, 000 break- even point for the three subdistricts, current progress indicates that we will exceed this volume this month. As we have made contact with only about one half of the prospects in the area, the potential for the district appears to be usually good.

CLASSROOM WORK 5-12

Write to the students of a class a memo on the subject of how to write a memo. 1) 格式有简单，不太正式，包括⋯⋯ format: simple, less formal 2) 用途很多，如：提供信息，提出要求等 many uses: information, requests, etc. 3) 内容组织因目的而不同 the organization of the content depends on its purpose

5.13 电报、电传 (Telegram, Telex)

商业公务往来绝大部分使用电传，因为它具有以下优点： ⒈快速，一天可完成几次电传往返。 ⒉可靠，不会发生误投误传等差错。 ⒊简便，无需打字、校对、复印等工作。 ⒋能产生比信件更好的实际效应，更会受到重视。 电报和电传在拟电文的撰写技术上大致相同。但是电传一般较详细，难免要使用标点，而电报则更为短小。

5.13.1 电报

1. 拟电报稿的原则是简明，不拘语法和标点规范。一般应尽量做到以下四点： 用信息量大的词，以减少字数。如用 immediately代替 at once，用 await代替 wait for，等等。

多用缩略语。如用 PLS代替 please。 用短语代替句子。如 please reply by cable用 cable reply代替，I received your letter用 YL received等。

不讲究语法规范，在对方读得懂的前提下，省略任何成分都是允许的，更无需用冠词等。

2. 电报文稿范例研读

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【范文 1】 张先生病情大为好转，手术很成功，但仍需继续住院。支票务必今日寄来。 Zhang much better operation successful continued hospitalization important send check

today 【范文 2】 弟弟生病请速归或寄一千美元应急。 brother ill home quick or remit $1,000 urgently needed 【范文 3】 平安抵家 arvd home safely 【范文 4】 请预订 10月 5日至 10月 10日双人房间，共六个晚上。 double room Oct. 5 to 10 six nights 【范文 5】 预订直达广州特快卧铺一张 book express sleeper for 1 thru to Guangzhou

CLASSROOM WORK 5-13-1 Telegram the letter: Dear Mr. John Smith, We have received your letter telling us you will attend the annual conference. The conference is to open at November 20. The organizers hope you can arrive here one day earlier. We booked for you in Beijing Hotel a single room with private bath. Please tell us by cable when you will arrive here, we will meet you at the airport. Sincerely yours, Hu Jianing

5.13.2 电传

1. 拟电传稿注意事项 (1) 使用缩略语，但有时比普通电报用字多一些。请看下面这封电传稿： THKS YRLET 6 SEP. PLS NOTE PHIL WANG ARR LATE OCT 8. CAN YOU ARRNG HOTEL ACC CENTRAL TOKYO? AS AGREED, WILL DRAW UP FINAL DOCS FOR PHIL’S SIGNATURE AND YOURS, BUT THE SUM WILL HAVE TO BE CONF BY YR BNK IN TOKYO. THE CREDIT OF TEN THOUSAND DLRS WILL BE VAL UNTIL MAY 31, 1989. SINCE THIS IS OUR FRST ORDER FROM YOU WE HAVE FLWD OUR USUAL POLICY CONCERNING CREDIT DOCS. TRST YOU WILL BE SATISFIED WITH OUR NEW PRODUCT, AND SHALL BE PLSD TO MEET YOU WHEN YOU ARE OVER HERE NXT YR. KND REGARDS, 这封电传的意思如下： Thank you for your letter of Sept. 6. Please note Wang will arrive on Oct. 8. Can you arrange hotel accommodation in central Tokyo? As agreed on, we will draw up final documents for Wang’s and your signature. But the

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sum will have to be confirmed by your bank in Tokyo. The credit of $10,000 will be valid until May 31, 1995. Since this is our first order from you, we’ve followed our usual policy concerning credit documents. Trust you will be satisfied with our new product and we shall be pleased to meet you when you’re over here next year. Kind regards.

CLASSROOM WORK 5-13-2 1. Expand the following telex extracts, adding the words which have been omitted. A. REF YRTLX JAN 2, SHALL REVIEW ENGL LANG VERSION OF DRAFT ANN

REPORT AND DISCUSS IN ARNHEM JAN 22. B. PLS RES DBLE RM NIGHT MAY 20 WITH VIEW ON SQUARE AND INF HOTEL I

SHALL ARR LATE. C. FOR PURPOSES OF COMPANY SURV PLS LET ME HV FOLLOWING INFO CONC

OUR LEASE IN SYDNEY ASAP. D. WE CONF OURTEL NO 7654 RE SHIPMENT FOUR WOODEN CRATES CONT

CHEMICALS ON M/V DAWNSTAR FM ROTTERDAM NOV 25. E. PLS FWD ORIGINAL SET SHIP DOCS TO US BY REG MAIL IN ORDER FOR US

TO CONF CREDIT TERMS COMPLY WITH DUPL SET. F. WE BLV LETTER CALLING THIS MTG SHLD MAKE REF TO OFFER MADE TO

JAMES LST WEEK AND TO FACT U ARE EXP ANS BEFORE FRI. 2. Rewrite each message using as many abbreviations as you believe suitable. A. I WISH TO CONFIRM OUR TELEPHONE CONVERSATION OF TODAY

RESERVING A DOUBLE ROOM FOR THE NIGHT OF DECEMBER 30 IN THE NAME OF ASSAF.

B. WE CAN ASSURE YOU OF DELIVERY OF YOUR ORDER NO 876G DURING THE FIRST WEEK OF JUNE.

C. WE ARE AWAITING DELIVERY OF INSTRUMENTS PROMISED FOR NOVEMBER 20TH. WE MUST HAVE THIS CONSIGNMENT IN OUR HANDS BEFORE THE END OF THE WEEK, OR WE SHALL BE OBLIGED TO CANCEL THE ORDER. PLEASE INFORM US BY RETURN OF YOUR PROPOSED ACTION IN THIS MATTER.

D. FURTHER TO OUR MEETING OF 2ND APRIL, I AM PLEASED TO INFORM YOU THAT OUR HEAD OFFICE HAVE AGREED TO EXTEND YOU A PERSONAL LOAN OF UP TO DLRS 30,000 (THIRTY THOUSAND), TO BE REPAID OVER A PERIOD OF THREE YEARS, AT AN INTEREST RATE OF 14 PERCENT MAXIMUM.

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E. I AM WRITING ON BEHALF OF PHIL AZZULI WHO PLANS TO BE IN ROME NEXT WEEK. HE WILL ARRIVE ON THE MORNING OF NOVEMBER 10TH AT 8.30 AND WOULD LIKE TO ARRANGE A MEETING WITH YOU IN YOUR OFFICE THAT MORNING IN ORDER TO DISCUSS THE CAPIDOGLIO DOCUMENTS.

F. I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY APPRECIATION OF THE WELCOME YOU AND YOUR COLLEAGUES EXTENDED TO BOTH MYSELF AND MR.CHISWICK DURING OUR VISIT TO LONDON LAST WEEK.

(2) 省略一切可省略的词，如冠词、介词、助词、代词等。

下面两封电传省略了冠词。 A. WE HAVE RECEIVED REPORT FROM OUR TECHNICIAN FOLLOWING

CONTROL OF PTL’S PHOTOCOPIER CARRIED OUT IN YR OFFICE LST WK. HE INFORMS US THAT YOU WILL NEED TO REPLACE PAPER-FEED TRAY PLUS ON/OFF KEY.

B. FOLLOWING OUR CORRESPONDENCE ON PROPOSED WARRNAMBOOL EXCAVATION, WE WISH TO ADV THAT WE REQUIRE OPINION OF ARCHITECT, ENGINEER AND RELEVANT GOVERNMENT AGENT.

原文是这样的： A. We have received a report from our technician following the control of the PTL’s

photocopier carried out in your office last week. He informs us that you will need to replace a paper-feed tray plus the on/off key.

B. Following our correspondence on the proposed Warrnambool excavation we wish to advance that we require the opinion of an architect, an engineer and the relevant government agent.

下面两封电传省略了介词。

A. OK TO GO AHEAD EASTERN PROJECT, BUT WE MUST KEEP TOTAL COSTS FIFTY THOUSAND PNDS. DRAFT REPORT WILL BE AVAILABLE OUR LONDON OFF MAY 27.

B. OUR SURVEY INDICATES TINTED GLASS MARKET INCREASE. WE THEREFORE PLAN TO LAUNCH PUBLICITY CAMPAIGN TWO MTHS. PLS CONTACT ME TO ARRANGE MTG OUR OFF ASAP.

原文是这样的： A. Ok to go ahead with the eastern project, but we must keep total costs under fifty thousand

pounds. A draft report will be available in our London office on May 27th.

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B. Our survey indicates tinted glass market on the increase. We therefore plan to launch a publicity campaign within two months. Please contact me to arrange a meeting in our office as soon as possible.

下面两封电传省略了代词。

A. THANKS TELEX RE YOUR VISIT TO PLANTS IN BELGIUM. PETER HALSTRUP IN CHARGE OF TRAVEL ARRANGEMENTS AND WILL BE IN TOUCH U SHORTLY. PLS REPORT DIRECTLY TO ON ARRIVAL.

B. HOPE TO HAVE DETAILED REPORT AVAILABLE BY END OF MTH AND WOULD APPRECIATE RECEIVING YOUR COMMENTS ON SAME. UNDERSTAND SOME CLAUSES NEED TO BE UPDATED.

原文是这样的： A. Thanks your telex about your visit to our plants in Belgium. Peter Halstrup is in charge of

your travel arrangements and he will be in touch with you shortly. Please report directly to me on arrival.

B. We hope to have our detailed report available by the end of the month and would appreciate receiving your comments on same. I understand some clauses need to be up-dated.

下面两封电传省略了助词 be。

A. AFRAID OUR INITIAL PROPOSAL NO LONGER VALID. AWAITING ADV FROM OUR N. Y. OFFICE. DIFFICULTY OBTAINING FUNDS.

B. PLSD TO CONF THAT SHIPMENT OF PLASTIC TUBES DESPATCHED FRIDAY. 原文是这样的： A. We are afraid our initial proposal is no longer valid and are awaiting advance from our

N.Y. office. The difficulty is obtaining funds. B. We are pleased to confirm that shipment of plastic tubes will be dispatched on Friday.

CLASSROOM WORK 5-13-3 1. Rewrite the following telex extracts, making omissions where suitable. A. WE HEREBY CONFIRM THAT THE TRAINING COURSE IS TO BE HELD IN

VIRGINIA TWICE YEARLY. PLEASE NOTIFY US OF THE PROPOSED NUMBER OF APPLICANTS FOR 1990.

B. WE TRUST THAT THE ABOVE INFORMATION IS WHAT YOU REQUIRE CONCERNING OUR PRODUCT. WE SHALL BE PLEASED TO SEND YOU

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SAMPLES OF THE ABOVE IF NECESSARY. C. I AM PLEASED TO INFORM YOU THAT THE SHIPMENT OF PLASTIC TUBES IS

ON THE WAY TO PERTH AND WILL ARRIVE ON APPROXIMATELY JUNE 26. D. IT IS UNLIKELY THAT JONES WILL ATTEND THE CONFERENCE IN

SEPTEMBER. WE SHALL SEND A REPLACEMENT. E. THE DRAFT PAPERS ARE IN PREPARATION AND WE HOPE TO HAVE THEM

AVAILABLE FOR OUR AGREEMENT BEFORE THE END OF THE MONTH. F. PLEASE NOTIFY US WHEN THE CONTRACT IS COMPLETED AND WE SHALL

ARRANGE A MEETING IN OUR OFFICES. WE HOPE TO HAVE THE PRESIDENT OF BRIXTON PRESENT AT THIS TIME.

2. Expand the following telex extracts, adding the words which have been omitted. A. REFER YRLET JAN 6 CONCERNIG SHIPMENT OF SPRINGS MANCHESTER. B. HEREBY CONF RESERVATION NAME OF REDFORD, NIGHTS 6-8 MAY. C. MEETING ARRANGED OUR OFFICE 6:30 TUES 7. D. ARE IN COMPLETE AGREEMENT AS TO CHANGES MADE IN ALTAL

CONTRACT AND HAVE ACCORDINGLY ARRANGED MEETING IN ROME WHERE WE HOPE TO HAVE TWO PARTIES CONCERNED PRESENT.

(3) 灵活的省略 拟电传稿如何省略并无定则。如前所述，只要对方不会误解，就可以省略多余的词。请阅读比较下面两组范文，每组的第一篇是全文，第二篇是电传。

【第一组】 A. WE WISH TO REMIND YOU THAT, ACCORDING TO OUR ACCOUNTS, YOU

HAVE NOT YET RENEWED YOUR SUBSCRIPTION TO FREEDOM OF FRANCE MAGAZINE FOR THE CURRENT YEAR. WE ARE OFFERING A SPECIAL DISCOUNT TO SUBSCRIBERS WHO HAVE BEEN RECEIVING OUR MAGAZINE FOR OVER THREE YEARS, AND FIND YOU ARE ELIGIBLE. YOU ARE CONSEQUENTLY ENTITLED TO A DISCOUNT OF TEN PERCENT OFF THE STANDARD PRICE. YOUR SUBSCRIPTION RATE FOR THIS YEAR WILL BE ONLY 270 FRANCS INSTEAD OF 300 FRANCS. WE WOULD APPRECIATE YOUR EARLY SETTLEMENT OF THIS AMOUNT.

B. ACCORDING TO OUR ACCOUNTS, HAVE NOT YET RECEIVED YOUR

RENEWAL FOR FREEDOM OF FRANCE MAGAZINE FOR 1988. YOU ARE ELIGIBLE FOR OUR SPECIAL TEN PERCENT DISCOUNT TO SUBSCRIBERS OF THREE YEARS STANDING, CONSEQUENTLY YOUR 1988 SUBSCRIPTION RATE REDUCED TO 270 FRANCS. WOULD APPRECIATE EARLY SETTLE- MENT.

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【第二组】 A. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ENQUIRY 28 APRIL. YOU WILL SEE FROM THE BROCHURE FORWARDED SEPARATELY THAT OUR LATEST DEVELOP- MENTS IN THE FIELD OF ELECTRONICS ARE OF CONSIDERABLE BENEFIT FROM THE POINTS OF VIEW OF ECONOMY AND PERFORMANCE. WE ARE IN A POSITION TO OFFER CREDIT UP TO 40,000 DLRS, DEPENDING ON THE S I Z E O F Y O U R O R D E R . I B E L I E V E T H E S E A R E E X T R E M E L Y ADVANTAGEOU STERMS AND SHALL BE HAPPY TO MEET WITH YOU AT

YOUR CONVENIENCE TO DISCUSS THE MATTER FURTHER. WE ARE PLANNING A DEMONSTRATION OF OUR EQUIPMENT DURING THE MONTH

OF MAY, AND WE HOPE YOU WILL BE ABLE TO ATTEND. WE ARE LOOKING FWD TOHAVING THE OPPORTUNITY OF MEETING YOU IN THE NEAR FUTURE.

B. THNKS YR ENQUIRY 28 APRIL. YOU WILL SEE FROM OUR BROCHURE THAT LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN ELECTRONICS FIELD ARE OF CONSIDERABLE BENEFIT RE ECONOMY AND PERFORMANCE. I BELIEVE OUR CREDIT TERMS ARE ADVANTAGEOUS AND SHALL BE HAPPY TO MEET YOU AT YOUR CONVENIENCE TO DISCUSS MATTER FURTHER. PLANNING A DEMONSTRATION OF EQUIPMENT DURING MAY AND HOPE YOU WILL ATTEND. LOOKING FWD TO MEETING YOU IN NR FUTURE.

(4) 使用 Reference Line 下面两组电传中，各组的第一份是全文，第二份是使用 reference line的电传。每组的第二份都表现出显著的优越之处。

【第一组】 A. WITH REFERENCE TO YOUR RESERVATION FOR A DOUBLE ROOM IN THE

NAME OF HARRY BELLAMY FOR THE NIGHTS OF JANUARY 6TH TO 10TH... B. RE: DOUBLE RESERVATION H. BELLAMY-JAN 6-10.

【第二组】 A. WE REFER TO YOUR LETTER DATED DECEMBER 2ND CONCERNING THE

YAMOHO/STANLEY DISPUTE. WE HEREBY CONFIRM THAT A MEETING IS PLANNED IN OUR OFFICE ON WEDNESDAY MORNING 8TH AUGUST AT 9 A.M.

B. RE: YRLET DEC 2-YAMOHO/STANLEY DISPUTE MEETING PLANNED OUR

OFFICE WEDNESDAY 8 AUG. 9 A.M.

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CLASSROOM WORK 5-13-4

Rewrite the following telex extracts using a reference line and more concise text: A. WE HV RECEIVED COPY OF THE CONTRACT CONCERNING DUBAL/SELIM

DEAL DATED JAN 31. (Maximum target: 10 words) B. HAVE BEEN TRYING TO CONTACT YOU WITHOUT SUCCESS REGARDING

OUR MEETING SCHEDULED FOR TUESDAY, 4 NOV. CONCERNING THE TEXTILE WORKERS’ STRIKE IN MELBOURNE. (Maximum target: 17 words)

C. WE ARE PLEASED TO ACKNOWLEDGE YOUR LETTER OF JANUARY 25TH

INFORMING US OF PROPOSED VISIT OF MR. SCHWARZ. WE HAVE ACCORDINGLY ARRANGED A MTNG OUR OFFICE FOR MORNING OF JAN 30 AT 9:00. HOPE TO HAVE ALL BUYERS AND DESIGNERS CONCERNED PRESENT AT THIS TIME. (Maximum target: 31 words)

D. CONCERNING OURTEL CON OF TODAY, WE HEREBY CONFIRM THAT

GOODS WILL BE DELIVERED NO LATER THAN END OF JUNE. WE SHALL BE FORWARDING THE CHEMICALS IN SPECIALLY PREPARED PACKAGING IN ORDER TO ENSURE THAT NO DAMAGE SHALL OCCUR IN TRANSIT. PLS CONTACT US IF YOU HAVE ANY FURTHER QUERIES. (Maximum target: 29 words)

E. THANK YOU FOR YR LETTER OF MAY 26 CONCERNING TRAVEL

ARRANGEMENTS FOR YR FORTHCOMING VISIT TO OUR PLANT IN BUENOS AIRES.

(5) 电传的格式 发往 GA 2345+ 接收人号 2345 LAYCO 发送人号 GODN 6587 接收人 ATTN: WILLIAM P. KUGERFELD, LAYTON CORP. 发送人 FROM: EDMOND FITZPATRICK, GOODWIN INC.,N.Y. 日期 DAE: OCTOBER 26, 1988 事由 REF: URTEL OCT 26 - ORD NO 638K 正文 ..................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... .......................................................... 结尾语 KND REGARDS, 发送人号 GODN 6587 接收人号 2345 LAYCO

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5.13.3 缩略语举例

【词语部分】 1) 你的来信 YL=your letter YRTLX=your telex OURLET=our letter 2) 你的来电 YC=your cable 3) 你的电传 YTLX=your telex 你的电话 YTEL=your telephone 4) 请转交 C/O=care of 5) 收到 RCV=receive 6) 未收到 UNRCVD=unreceived 7) 退回 RTN=return 8) 抱歉 S’RY=sorry 9) 你 U=you 你的 YR(UR)=your 10) 我们 V=we 11) 到达 ARR=arrive 12) 致以问候 BRGDS=best regards 13) 给 GV=give 14) 消息 MSG=message 15) 请 PLS=please 16) 谢谢 TKS=thanks 17) 和 N=and 18) 请接站 PLS MEET=please meet 19) 平安抵达 ARVD SAFELY=arrived safely 20) 暂定 DP=date provisional 21) 尽快 用 soonest或 ASAP代替 as soon as possible

【短句部分】 1) 会议 10月 20日开幕，旅馆已订 conference opening Oct 20 hotel booked 2) 会议由于准备不充分延期至 11月 15日抱歉 conference postponed until Nov 15 owing to inadequate preparation much regret 3) 会议提前一周请提前到达 conference made a week earlier arrival expected 4) 周六乘民航 260航班到达盼接 Arriving Saturday Oct 5 CAAC Flight 260 pls meet 5) 因天气行程耽搁估计星期五下午到达，其他均好 delayed by weather expecting arrive Fri afternoon all well 6) 签证办妥 10月 21日周一启程 visa obtained departure scheduled Mon Oct 21 7) 签证未办妥延期启程 delayed by entry visa departure postponed 8) 因事先有约不能出席抱歉 unable to attend owing to previous engagement much

regret 9) 感谢邀请但李教授心脏病复发不能出席盼将来仍有机会抱歉 many thanks for invitation but Prof Li unable to come owing to heart attack welcome

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future opportunities much regret 10) 托福通过成绩 620 Passed TOEFL exam marks 620 11) 已入学详请函告 entered University letter follows 12) 王住院手术 Wang in hospital for operation 13) 祝贺研讨会开幕 congratulations on starting seminar 14) 热烈祝贺展览会开幕 warm congratulations on opening exhibition 15) 祝贺实验成功 congratulations on success in your experiment 16) 祝早日康复 best wishes for speedy recovery 17) 祝新年快乐 a happy new year 18) 祝荣升⋯⋯职务 congratulations on your promotion to... 19) 预祝考入清华大学 good luck in your entering Tsinghua

第五章练习参考答案

CLASSROOM WORK 5-3-1 1.

Professor Zhu and Mrs. Zhu Request the Pleasure of the Company of

Dr. Dell and Mrs. Dell at Luncheon

to Meet the Visiting Scholar Mr. and Mrs. James Carter

on June 30 1994, at 11:00 a.m. at the Staff Restaurant

of University of Chemical Technology Beijing

Please Send reply to: Miss Wang Hui Tel: 4218855 2. 1)

Mr. and Mrs. James Carter Accept with Pleasure the Kind Invitation of

Prof. Zhu and Mrs. Zhu at Luncheon

to Meet the Visiting Scholar Mr. and Mrs. James Carter

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on June 30 1994, at 11:00 a.m. at the Staff Restaurant

of University of Chemical Technology Beijing

2) Mr. and Mrs. James Carter

Regret That Owing to Mrs. Carter’s Illness They Are Unable to Accept

the Kind Invitation of Mr. and Mrs. Zhu

at Luncheon to Meet the Visiting Scholar Mr. and Mrs. James Carter

on June 30 1994, at 11:00 a.m. at the Staff Restaurant

of University of Chemical Technology Beijing

CLASSROOM WORK 5-3-2 1. Dear Tang Yue, Will you come to luncheon on Friday, June the fifth, at 11:00 A.M.? We will go to that small restaurant as usual. And afterward we will go to the theater. I am looking forward to seeing you, so don’t say “No”. Cordially yours Wei Jie 2. Dear Wei Jie, I really hate to disappoint you, but I won’t be able to be with you on Friday, June the fifth because of an important business meeting that I must take part in. You know I am the assistant to the manager now. I do hope to spend a wonderful afternoon with you. Could you plan a later date for it? Just tell me when and I’ll be there. I’m sorry I can not say “yes”! Affectionately yours Tang Yue

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CLASSROOM WORK 5-3-3 Mr. John Smith, I take great pleasure in writing to you and inviting you to pay a visit to our Polymer Physics Laboratory in Beijing University of Chemical Engineering early this year, from January 10, to February 9, 1995, for implementing actions outlined in our agreement reached upon on September 4 last year. During your forthcoming stay in China, technical presentations and discussion, and business visits will be arranged for you. Focus will be made on the following three projects of...: 1) 2) 3) As agreed upon, all your expenses on traveling and accommodations during your stay here will be borne by your university. Thanks for your kind cooperation and looking forward to meeting you soon. Sincerely yours, Zhang Wen (Mr.) Dean of Department of Polymer HOMEWORK 5-3 Dear Mr. John Smith, It is my pleasure to invite you to visit the Applications Research and Development Department, University of Chemical Engineering, Beijing. We look forward to your seminar on “...”, and Mr. Zhang Wen, the Manager of our Department, will host discussions between you and our engineers to assess interests in our co-operative program. We hope that your company’s extensive experience in this area together with our technology will result in a significant advance in ... We have a strong interest in .... Therefore, we also anticipate more opportunities through our co-operation in .... The length of your visit will be one month depending on the program, and we understand that your travel expenses will be paid by your Company. We expect you to visit in May 1995 at your convenience, but request that you advise us on the exact date as soon as you have made a decision. We look forward to meeting you, and wish you a safe and wonderful trip. Sincerely yours, He Xue (Miss) Vice Manager

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CLASSROOM WORK 5-4 Dear Professor Smith, You must have read my letter sent by mail and my paper enclosed in it under the title “Blast Furnace Coal Injection”, which briefly introduced our research work in this field. I am writing at this time to apply for the status as a visiting scholar in your laboratory because you are successful in the area I have been engaged in. If possible, I would like to work there for a period of one year starting from January. But with my limited means I can hardly afford all the expenses needed for my life and study during my stay in your country, I, therefore, would also like to know whether your school could possibly provide me some financial help. I hope my college education and working experiences will merit your consideration. Thank you in advance. I am looking forward to hearing from you. HOMEWORK 5-4 Dear Sir, I am writing to you to inquire about working opportunity in your laboratory as a visiting scholar for a year starting from January 1996, and also about the possibility of getting any financial help from you for my life and study during this period. I am an engineer in a computer company in Beijing. I had a year’s work experience as visiting scholar in Japan. In 1993 I was doing research work in the laboratories of a Japanese company and in there I acquainted myself with some of the advanced computer techniques. Since I came back from Japan in Oct. 1993, I, together with my colleagues, have successfully solved some problems that I didn’t settled during my stay in Japan. I believe being interested in my working experiences and achievements you will take my application into consideration. May I hear from you soon? Sincerely, Hu Yining (Mr.) Enc. : my vita Name: Hu Yining sex: male Address: 4-301 Building 11, Chaoyang District Beijing, 100029 Telephone Number: 421-8855 Extension 2306 Date of Birth: March 21, 1970 Age: 25

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Education: 1978-1982 Primary Primary School Attached to China Atomic Energy Institute Primary School Attached to Tsinghua University, Beijing 1982-1988 Secondary The Second Middle School Attached to Tsinghua University, Beijing The Middle School Attached to Tsinghua University, Beijing 1988-1992 College Computer Science Department, Tsinghua University Experience: 1988-1992 Fada Computer Company, While I was at school I worked in the company in the holidays, mainly as a programmer. Jan. 1993-Dec. 1993 Visiting Scholar, in Japan 1994-1995 Programmer, Fada Computer Company Hobbies and Interests:

Music: I enjoy playing the guitar and the flute Sports: I played football for the department team for three years

Referees: Mrs. Ma Bin, Manager, Fada Computer Company Mr. Shao Guang, Maths teacher, The Middle School Attached to Tsinghua University

CLASSROOM WORK 5-5 Dear Sir, It’s a pleasure to recommend a man of Zhang Wen. He came to our college in January 1991 as an office worker and remained with us until March 1995, when he left to better his position. During that time he proved himself an industrious, courteous and able member of my staff. He was popular with colleagues and students alike and could always be relied upon to give his best, whether supervised or unsupervised. I recommend him without reservation for the job he is applying for. HOMEWORK 5-5 Dear Sir, I am pleased to recommend to you Miss He Xue who is seeking employment as a teacher of English in your school. I have known Miss He since she came to our department in 1990. She first worked as an assistant for one of our professors organizing teaching materials and coding them onto the computer. Her efficiency and diligence drew our attention and we asked

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her to give lectures for the freshmen on English literature. Her work earned the praise of all the students. You may believe that with her years’ experience in the classroom, she is a very qualified teacher. Besides, she is a cheerful and helpful young lady who is always ready to help others. I know she will fulfill your expectations. CLASSROOM WORK 5-6 Dear Aunt Li, Thank you very much for your kindness. My mother sends her thanks too. We just had a wonderful weekend with so many amazing people. Especially the picnic on Sunday made it a wonderful weekend to remember. It was great fun indeed. I did enjoy seeing your family again. Thank you again for your courtesy in inviting us and for looking after us so well. I hope I can repay you in the same way some day. With best wishes,

Xiao Li HOMEWORK 5-6 Dear Uncle , At last I’ve found a quiet moment (Bei Bei snores away in his bed) to write and enclose some photos( taken on my birthday). I must say thank you very much for that beautiful alarm clock. You seemed to know what I just needed, did you? Guess what I’ve been involved in—the morning exercises! I am learning “Tai Ji” every morning in the street garden. They start at six a.m. I was often late before I had your alarm clock (My old one broke down. Of course, it was again Bei Bei’s mischief.) Now I am able to go to the street garden on time but I always have to go back home before the lesson is over—Bei Bei is awake very early in the morning. By the way, I understand you were tied up and could not come to my birthday party. Don’t say sorry. Looking forward to seeing you on the long weekend in Granny’s house. Love, Xiao Yuan CLASSROOM WORK 5-7 Dear Mrs. Cao: We are planning a party on Saturday, March 19, 1995 in Room 120, Main Building, to meet our new foreign teacher Mr. Smith. I understand the Dean’written permission is required

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if one wants to occupy the classroom on weekend. However, a friend of mine told me you can avoid this complication by giving the building-keeper a “NODDING” only. I believe what he said was true. I should be grateful if you would confirm that we should not be breaking the school rules by adopting the simple expedient. We don’t want to do anything wrong, but, on the other hand we would like to avoid unnecessary bureaucracy if we can.

Yours sincerely, Wang Yu Monitor, Class 941

HOMEWORK 5-7 1. Dear Mr. Smith: After much hesitation I am writing the letter to ask you a fovour. My sister Li Feng who worked in a toy factory as a sales manager lost her job last month owing to the closing down of her factory. Her previous boss was kind enough to give her a sum of money in compensation, but she must find a new job. She had been a senior accountant for three years before she left that factory. She was hard working, reliable and of excellent character. I wonder if you could possibly secure a similar position for her in your firm. I believe you will find her a good employee. If you could manage to help, she and her family would be extremely grateful, and I should be in your deeper debt.

Yours Sincerely, Li Hai

2. The Dean Department of History New York University N.Y., U.S.A Dear Sir, I, the undersigned, am a junior student at Xin Hua University, Shanghai, China. I am desirous of going to the United States to study in American history, especially modern American History. Before I graduate next year, I am now beginning to gather information

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about one of the American universities, which will be suitable to my purpose best not only in my prospective courses of study but also with reference to the possibility of a scholarship. I am told that most American universities offer scholarships to the visa students, but I don’t know how I can apply for one. I make bold to write to you requesting your kindness in supplying me as much information as lies within your knowledge. A copy of my records of all subjects I have completed at the university and three recommendation letters by my supervisors will be sent to you soon. I am looking forward to your reply. Yours respectfully Lin Ming CLASSROOM WORK 5-8 My dear son, I am so pleased to hear you have received your doctorate in philosophy and have immediately been offered a good position. I am sending this letter off right away in the hope that Mom may be the first to congratulate you. I understand your success means your industrious work in the past few years and also means your bright future. I know the high salary will no doubt be useful for our family, but I am sure the real satisfaction comes in realizing your efforts and abilities have been appreciated. Once again, heartiest congratulations! Love, Mom HOMEWORK 5-8 Dear John, We have heard that you will celebrate the tenth anniversary of your firm this weekend. It is a source of pride to have had such achievements in the past ten years. It gives me great pleasure to say how much we have appreciated working with you over the past few years. I sincerely hope that our pleasant business relationship will continue for many years to come. Our staff have joined me wishing you a more permanent prosperity. Yours faithfully, CLASSROOM WORK 5-9 Dear John, I really don’t know how to write this letter because I am afraid you will never forgive me. To tell you the truth, my anger at the disappearance of that tape made me lose all sense of proportion. I was so upset that I didn’t realize what I was talking to you. I didn’t mean what I

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said, I bet. How can I suspect you? I had not realized my stupidity until you left my room in rage. I do hope you will forgive me and yesterday’s event will not ruin our friendship for so many years. If you think anyone else heard my outburst, I shall be grateful for an opportunity of giving them a full explanation and hope it will make up for the hurt I have caused you. HOMEWORK 5-9 Dear John: I am writing to ask you to forgive me being unable to return the money this month. During the past few months I have had bad luck and got into red. But believe me, this position is only temporary. At the end of the year I shall be get back that sum of money and I will repay you the moment I receive the money. Should you agree? I apologise for all the inconvenience I caused you. CLASSROOM WORK 5-10 Dear Sir, Now we have to leave Beijing earlier than we expected because my husband’s new boss hopes he begins to work as soon as possible. I know I must give you at least four weeks of notice of my resigning. I hope you will find a new assistant in a month. I have been very happy during my stay with you all these years and I will never forget the kindness and help you gave me. I wish the firm the best for the future. HOMEWORK 5-10 Dear Dean, I have been offered a post of a teacher of English by Haihe University. As you know, it is just the place where I have been hoping to work. As agreed on, I must give you 18 weeks’ (a full term) clear notice and I hope it will be convenient for you to arrange the new term’s work at the end of this term. I have been working in the department for ten years and I shall remember you and all the other colleagues. CLASSROOM WORK 5-12 TO: 30A Students FROM: Your teacher SUBJECT: Writing a memo. This is a model of a memo, which is the form of written communication commonly used within a department organization.

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The format is simple and less formal than that of a business letter. It includes date, file numbers, subject, and names “to” and “from”. Memos have many uses. e.g. information, requisitions, requests, directives, policy statements, commendations—to name a few. The organization of the content of a memo depends on its purpose. For example, a simple requisition might include only a detailed description, quantity, and unit price of the material needed, and the signature of the person authorized to order. Other memos are short reports complete with a statement of the problem, and account of the investigation, and conclusions and recommendations. The content, regardless of length or organization, should be written in clear, concise, coherent sentences. CLASSROOM WORK 5-13-1 无参考答案。 CLASSROOM WORK 5-13-2 1. A. Concerning your letter of January 2nd, I shall review the English language version of the

draft Annual Report and discuss this in Arnhem on January 22nd. B. Please reserve a double room for the night of May 20th with a view on the square and

inform the hotel I shall be arriving late. C. For the purposes of a company survey, please let me have the following information

concerning our lease in Sydney as soon as possible. D. We confirm our telex Number 7654 concerning shipment of four wooden crates

containing chemicals in M/V Dawnstar from Rotterdam November 25th. E. Please forward original set of shipping documents to us by registered mail in order for us

to confirm credit terms comply with duplicate set. F. We believe letter calling this meeting should make reference to offer made to James last

week and to fact you are expecting an answer before Friday. 2. A. I WISH TO CONF OUR TEL CON OF TODAY RES A DBLE RM FOR THE OF DEC

30 IN THE NAME OF ASSAF. B. WE CAN ASSURE YOU OF DEL OF YR ORDER NO 876G DURING THE FRST WK

OF JUN. C. WE ARE AWAITING DEL OF INSTRUMENTS PROMISED FOR NOV 20. WE

MUST HV THIS CONSIGNMENT IN OUR HANDS BFOR END OF THE WK, OR WE SHLL BE OBLIGED TO CANC THE ORDER. PLS INF US BY RETURN OF YR

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PROPOSED ACTION IN THIS MATTER. D. FUR TO OUR MTNG OF 2 APR, I AM PLSD TO INF YOU THAT OUR H. O. HAVE

AGREED TO EXTEND YOU A PERSONAL LOAN OF UP TO 30 THOUSAND DLRS TO BE REPAID OVER A PERIOD OF THREE YRS AT AN INT RATE OF 14 PERCENT MAX.

E. I AM WRTNG ON BEHALF OF PHIL AZZULE WHO PLANS TO BE IN ROME NXT WK. HE WILL ARR ON THE MORN OF NOV 10 AT 8.30 AND WLD LIKE TO ARRNG A MTNG WITH U IN YOUR OFF THAT MORNING IN ORDER TO DISC THE CAPIDOGLIO DOCS.

F. I WLD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY APPRECIATION OF THE WELCOME YOU AND YR COLLEAGUES EXTENDED TO BTH MYSELF AND MR. CHISWECK DUR OUR VISIT TO LOND LAST WK.

CLASSROOM WORK 5-13-3 1. A. HEREBY CONFIRM THAT TRAINING COURSE TO BE HELD VIRGINIA TWICE

YEARLY. PLEASE NOTIFY PROPOSED NUMBER OF APPLICANTS FOR 1990. B. TRUST ABOVE INFORMATION WHAT YOU REQUIRE CONCERNING OUR

PRODUCT. SHALL BE PLEASED TO SEND SAMPLES OF ABOVE IF NECESSARY.

C. PLEASED TO INFORM THAT SHIPMENT OF PLASTIC TUBES ON WAY TO PERTH AND WILL ARRIVE APPROXIMATELY JUNE 26.

D. UNLIKELY JONES WILL ATTEND CONFERENCE SEPTEMBER. SHALL SEND REPLACEMENT.

E. DRAFT PAPERS IN PREPARATION AND WE HOPE TO HAVE AVAILABLE FOR YOUR AGREEMENT BEFORE END OF MONTH.

F. PLEASE NOTIFY US WHEN CONTRACT COMPLETED AND WE SHALL ARRANGE MEETING OUR OFFICES. HOPE TO HAVE PRESIDENT OF BRIXTON PRESENT AT THIS TIME.

2. A. WE REFER TO YRLET OF JAN 6 CONCERNING THE SHIPMENT OF SPRINGS TO

MANCHESTER. B. WE HEREBY CONF RESERVATION IN THE NAME OF REDFORD FOR THE

NIGHTS OF 6-8 MAY. C. A MEETING IS ARRANGED IN OUR OFFICE AT 6.30 ON TUESDAY 7. D. WE ARE IN COMPLETE AGREEMENT AS TO THE CHANGES MADE IN THE

ALTAL CONTRACT AND HAVE ACCORDINGLY ARRANGED A MEETING IN ROME WHERE WE HOPE TO HAVE THE TWO PARTIES CONCERNED

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PRESENT. CLASSROOM WORK 5-13-4 A. RE: DUBAL/SELIM CONTRACT - JAN 31 RCVD COPY OF ABOVE. B. RE: TEXTILE WORKERS’ STRIKE-MEETING 4 NOV. HV BEEN TRYING TO CONTACT YOU CONCERNING ABOVE, WITHOUT

SUCCESS. C. RE: URLET JAN 25-PROPOSED VISIT MR. P. SCHWARTZ HAVE ARRANGED MEETING OUR OFFICE JAN 30 AT 9:00. HOPE TO HAVE

ALL PARTIES CONCERNED PRESENT. D. RE: OURTELCON CONCERNING CHEMICALS DELIVERY HEREBY CONF DEL NO LATER END JUNE. SHALL FWD CHEMICALS IN

SPECIALLY PREPARED PACKAGING TO AVOID DAMAGE. PLS CONTACT US WITH ANY QUERIES.

E. RE: YRLET MAY 26 - YR BUENOS AIRES ITINERARY