বাংলা বানান প্রসঙ্গে রবীন্দ্রনাথ: তাৎপর্য ও প্রাসঙ্গিকতা Rabindranath Tagore on Bangla

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evsjv evbvb cÖm‡½ iex› ªbv_: Zvrch© I cÖvmw½KZv

†gvnv¤§` AvRg

mnKvix Aa¨vcK, evsjv wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq

mvims‡ÿc

evsjv evbvbiƒc wba©vi‡Yi cÖkœwU cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e Ôevsjv fvlvi Dcwb‡ekvqb-cÖwµqvÕi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| weªwUk

Dcwb‡e‡ki †K›`ª wnmv‡e evsjv AÂj Z_v KjKvZvi cÖwZôv, mv‡ne‡`i ms¯‹…Z Avwe®‹vi I ms¯‹…‡Zi Quv‡P evsjv

fvlv‡K †X‡j mvRv‡bvi `xN© Kvh©µg, evsjvPP©vKvix wnmv‡e ms¯‹…Z cwÐZ‡`i GK‡PwUqv cÖwZôv, kvmKc‡ÿi cÖZ¨ÿ

ZË¡veav‡b mv‡ne I cwÐZ‡`i cÖvwZôvwbK PP©v Ges m‡e©vcwi gy`ªY-ms¯‹…wZi cÖZv‡ci g‡a¨ evsjv fvlvPP©vi

Jcwb‡ewkK avivi Pig cÖwZcwË AR©b Ñ GB `xN©-RwUj-cÖfvekvjx Kg©KvЇK GLv‡b Ôevsjv fvlvi Dcwb‡ekvqb-

cÖwµqvÕ wnmv‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q (`ª. †`‡ek 1990)| G Avg‡j Dcwb‡ekvqb-cÖwµqvi ¯vfvweK hyw³‡ZB

GKw`‡K evsjv fvlvi ÔnxbZvÕi ZË¡ cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj, Ab¨w`‡K GB ÔnxbÕ fvlv‡K ÔDbœZÕ I ÔgvwR©ZÕ Kivi Rb¨

ms¯‹…Z Avi Bs‡iwRi QuvP e¨envi Kiv n‡qwQj| evsjv fvlvi ms¯‹…Zvqb GKwU `xN© Jcwb‡ewkK cÖwµqv, hvi cÖZ¨ÿ

cÖZvc †Ui cvIqv hvq e¨vKiY I Awfav‡b| evbvbiƒc wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î A-ms¯‹„Z k‡ãI ms¯‹…‡Zi wbqg Av‡ivc

Kiv nq| ev` c‡o evsjv wjLbixwZi cyi‡bv bgybv Avi evsjvi wbR¯^ D”PviYfw½|

MZ cÖvq †`ok eQi a‡i evsjv evbvbixwZ mgš^‡qi KvR Pj‡Q| Zv‡Z g~j ZK©Uv Zrmg Avi A-Zrmg k‡ãi

wefvR‡bB AvewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evbvbwewa †_‡K ïiæ K‡i cieZ©xKv‡ji cÖfvekvjx hveZxq

evbvbwewa‡Z iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii cÖ¯Íve ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Abym„Z n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ evbvb-msK‡Ui myivnv nqwb| G †jLvq

†`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q, iex›`ªbv_ evsjv fvlvi Dcwb‡ekvq‡bi e¨vcv‡i AvMv‡Mvov ûuwkqvi †_‡K evbvbiƒc wba©vi‡Yi †Póv

K‡iwQ‡jb| Zv m‡Ë¡I msK‡Ui myivnv bv nIqvi g~j KviY, Zuvi cÖ Íve Lye AvswkKfv‡e cwVZ I Abym„Z n‡q‡Q|

Zuvi cÖ Ív‡ei g~jK_v: evsjv fvlvi ˆewkó¨-Abyhvqx D”PviY-Abymvix evbvb| evsjv evbvb-mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi †ÿ‡Î

iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖ Ív‡ei mgwš^Z I we‡kølYvZ¥K cvV A`¨vewa me‡P‡q Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

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evsjv fvlvi ms¯‹…Zvqb AwZ cy‡iv‡bv Ges Ae¨vnZ cÖwµqv| cÖvK…‡Zi Kv‡jI ms¯‹…Z †_‡K wecyj kã avi Kiv

n‡q‡Q| mybxwZKygvi P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi g‡Z, GB kãFY Avi aŸwb I iƒcMZ e`‡ji ga¨ w`‡q avi Kiv k‡ãi

AvZ¥xKiY wQj ga¨ I be¨fviZxq Avh©fvlv¸‡jvi weeZ©‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨:

OIA words had their natural change in MIA, and in that case they represented the original, basic

stratum of the language. But with the general recognition of Sanskrit as the undisputed

representative of an earlier stage of IA, borrowing from it freely began in MIA (especially in the

second and third stages); and thus fresh elements were added to the vernaculars, which became

naturalised, and were subjected to the subsequent phonetic modification of the dialect into which

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they were introduced. This process of borrowing from Sanskrit was repeated at various times in

the later history of IA; and this fact of Sanskrit interfering with the natural development of the

language by being always ready to supply new words by the hundred, and occasionally a new

form here and there, is a note-worthy thing in the development of middle and new Indo-Aryan.

(Chatterji 2002: 54)

GB cÖwµqvq M„nxZ bZyb ms¯‹…Z kã FYx fvlvi ˆewk‡ó¨i m‡½ m½wZ †i‡L µ‡g cwiewZ©Z n‡Z _v‡K| Av‡L‡i

k㸇jv fvlvi wbR¯ Dcv`vb wnmv‡e Rb‡Mvôxi evMh‡š¿i m‡½ Lvc †L‡q hvq| bgybv wnmv‡e Ph©vc‡`i

kãfvÐv‡ii D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| mybxwZKygv‡ii wnmv‡e Ph©vi nvRvi `y‡qK k‡ãi g‡a¨ 310wU ms¯‹…Z kã| wKš‘

Gi A‡bK¸‡jvB ‘equally tadbhava and tatsama in form’ (Chatterji 2002: 218-19)| KviY Gi eo AskB

cÖvK…‡Zi Kv‡j M„nxZ nIqvq evsjvi wbR¯ Dcv`vb n‡q †M‡Q| †m wnmv‡e, Zuvi g‡Z, Ph©vq LuvwU Zrm‡gi cwigvY

m‡e©v”P 100; kZKiv cuvP fv‡Mi g‡Zv| GB cwigv‡Yi m‡½ nicÖmv` kv ¿xi wnmv‡ei wgj Av‡Q (nicÖmv`

2000/we: 380-419)| kv ¿x Av‡iv †`wL‡q‡Qb, `yB-PviwU ev‡` Ph©vi ms¯‹…Z k㸇jv evsjvq Av‡Rv cÖPwjZ|

Ph©vi c‡i ms¯‹…Z kã av‡ii cwigvY †e‡o‡Q| PÐx`v‡mi kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨i GK wnmv‡e †`Lv hvq, AšÍZ evbv‡bi

w`K †_‡K Zrm‡gi msL¨v uvwo‡q‡Q kZKiv 12.5 fvM (Chatterji 2002: 219)| ga¨hy‡Mi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Kv‡e¨

ms¯‹…Z k‡ãi cwigvY †gvU k‡ãi cÖvq GK Z…Zxqvsk (Chatterji 2002: 220; Grierson 1903: 16)| Gi g‡a¨ Av‡Q

eû bvgkã, Av‡Q wn›`ya‡g©i Abykvmb Avi cy‡iv‡bv Kvwnwbi m‡½ hy³ kã| k㸇jvi D”PviY cÖvqkB cwiewZ©Z

n‡q‡Q, †Kv_vI †Kv_vI evbvbI| me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨vcvi nj, gvby‡li Rxebhvcb Avi PP©vi m‡½ hy³ n‡q

k㸇jv e¨vcKfv‡e gy‡Li fvlvq hy³ n‡q‡Q, ev AšÍZ †evaMg¨Zvi mxgvbvq G‡m‡Q| Gi AwaKvskB mij Avi

†QvU AvKv‡ii kã| Zv bv n‡j RbwcÖq †jvKMv_vq 33.2 fvM (Chatterji 2002: 220) ms¯‹…Z kã _vK‡Z cviZ

bv| gyKy›`ivg PµeZ©x, AvjvIj, Kvkxivg `vm ev fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvK‡ii g‡Zv Kwei Amvgvb¨ †jvKMÖvn¨Zv cÖgvY

K‡i, evsjv fvlvi cÖK…wZi m‡½ Lvc †L‡q hvIqv A½xf~Z ms¯‹…Z k‡ãi cwigvY we Íi|

Dcwb‡ekvqb-cÖwµqvi ms¯‹…Zvqb G‡Kev‡iB Avjv`v wRwbm| Av‡Mi AšÍZ wZbk eQ‡ii PP©vq evsjv kãfvÐvi I

evMfw½i †h aviv M‡o D‡VwQj, ÔAï×Õ Awfavq †m¸‡jv evwZj K‡i †`Iqv wfbœZvi g~j KviY| Av‡Mi M`¨

Kg‡ewk gy‡Li fvlvi m‡½ m½wZc~Y©| bZyb avivq wQj †Lv` gy‡Li fvlv‡KB e`‡j †djvi cÖ Íve| APwjZ ms¯‹…Z

Avg`vwbi cwigvY wQj Amn¨-iK‡gi †ewk| wQj evbvb, kãMVb, e¨vKiYwPý, eo †hŠwMK kã Ges `xN© ev‡K¨i

RwUjZv| Avi ‘this ornate, over-Sanskritised style evolved not by accident, but by design.’ (Das 1966:

123)

wVK KZUv ms¯‹…Z kã e¨eüZ n‡j Zv‡K gvÎvwZwi³ ejv hv‡e, Zv wba©viY Kiv mnR bq| wkwkiKygvi `vk

(1966: 123) Gi GKUv †K‡Rv e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Qb: evOvwj cvVK hLb wKQz co‡Z wM‡q †eva K‡i †h, †m evsjv co‡Q

bv, ms¯‹…Z co‡Q, ZLb Zv‡K AwZwi³ ej‡ZB n‡e| Dwbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a©i eû eB‡qi †ejvq GiKgUvB

N‡U‡Q| wn‡Zvc‡`k †MvjKbv_ kg©v Abyev` K‡iwQ‡jb 1801 mv‡j, Avi g„Zz¨Äq we`¨vj¼vi 1808 mv‡j| `yR‡bi

eB‡qi `yB Aby‡”Q` K‡i we‡kølY K‡i wkwkiKygvi `vk (1966: 42-43) †`wL‡q‡Qb, Zv‡Z ms¯‹…Z k‡ãi cwigvY

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h_vµ‡g 64 I 75 kZvsk| evwK kã Z™¢e| †Kv‡bv Aviwe-dviwm kã G As‡k e¨eüZ nqwb| nicÖmv` iv‡qi

cyiælcix¶v MÖ‡š’i cÖ_g c„ôvq ms¯‹…Z k‡ãi msL¨v kZKiv 88 fvM, hvi Lye mvgvb¨ AskB evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ

nq (Grierson 1903: 16)| cÖ‡evaPw›`ªKvq GB nvi Av‡iv †ewk Ñ wkwkiKygvi `vk (1966: 123) GK Ask wnmve

K‡i †c‡q‡Qb kZKiv 92wU| M`¨-c`¨ wbwe©‡k‡l cy‡iv‡bv evsjvi GK-Z…Zxqvs‡ki Zyjbvq GB msL¨v

wec¾bKfv‡e †ewk| yB-wZb-Pvi ev ZviI †ewk k‡ãi mgvm G M‡`¨i Av‡iK kã¯fve| G‡Z ms¯‹…Z †hŠwMK

kã cÖvqk ûeû cÖZ¨¶ixKiY K‡i †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| †hgb, ms¯‹…Z ÔKygyw`bxbvqKP›`ªvgÕ†K g„Zz¨Äq wj‡L‡Qb ÔKygyw`bx

bvqK P›`ªÕ| k㸇jv GLv‡b c„_K K‡i †jLv n‡q‡Q e‡U, wKš‘ GKÎ bv Ki‡j Gi †Kv‡bv A_© nq bv| e ‘Z,

msL¨vi wnmv‡e ev †hŠwMK k‡ãi cÖve‡j¨ GB cwieZ©‡bi fqvenZv mvgvb¨B †evSv hv‡e| cy‡iv‡bv evsjvq †hLv‡b

evsjv fvlvq AvZ¥xK…Z kã wnmv‡e `iKvwi ms¯‹…Z kã e¨eüZ nZ, bZyb ixwZ‡Z †mLv‡b APwjZ ms¯‹…Z k‡ãi

cwigvYB †ewk| K_vUv Gfv‡e ejv hvq: Av‡M e¨eüZ ms¯‹…Z kã Avm‡j evsjv fvlviB kã; Avi bZyb M‡`¨

Avg`vwb Kiv n‡q‡Q ms¯‹…Z kã| ïay ÔZrmgÕ Awfavq GB `yB cÖRvwZi k‡ãi Zvrch© Dcjwä Kiv hv‡e bv|

GB wecyj cwigvY kã Avg`vwbi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY cÖPwjZ kã-cwinvi| RR© wMÖqvm©b wj‡L‡Qb:

When the advent of English there arose a demand for prose literature, and the task of supplying it

fell into the hands of Sanskritridden pundits. Anything more monostrous than this prose dialect,

as it existed in the first half of the nineteenth century, it is difficult to conceive; books were

written excellent in their subjects eloquent in their thoughts, but in a language from which

something like ninety percent of the genuine Bengali vocabulary was excluded, and its place

supplied by the words borrowed from Sanskrit, which the writers themselves could not

pronounce. (Grierson 1912: 251)

wMÖqvm©b GLv‡b kZKiv beŸBwU ÔcÖK…Z evsjv kãÕ ej‡Z †Kvb me k‡ãi K_v e‡j‡Qb Zv ¯úó bq| Z‡e wZwb IB

K_vi wbðqZv w`‡Z cv`UxKvq wj‡L‡Qb, ‘this estimate is based on actual counting’| G K_vi mg_©b †g‡j

cÖg_ †PŠayixi gšÍ‡e¨| ÔAvgv‡`i fvlvmsKUÕ cÖe‡Ü wZwb wj‡L‡Qb, Ô†dvU© DBwjqv‡gi cwÐZ gnvk‡qiv †h M`¨

iPbv K‡i wM‡q‡Qb Zv‡Z dviwm Aviwei ¯úk©gvÎ †bB| Zuv‡`i H wZi¯‹iYx eyw×i cÖZv‡c evsjv fvlv †_‡K ïay †h

Aviwe-dviwm †ewi‡q †Mj ZvB bq, m‡½ m‡½ AmsL¨ Z™¢e K_vI mvwnZ¨ n‡Z ewn®‹…Z njÕ (cÖg_ 2009: 280)|

†hme kã weZvwoZ nq, Zv‡`i k~b¨¯’vb c~iY K‡i ms¯‹…Z kãvw` (†Mvjvg gyiwk` 1399: 187)| GgbwK

wµqvc‡`i †¶‡ÎI e¨vcKfv‡e GB NUbv N‡U‡Q| †Mvjvg gyiwk` (1399: 194) eR©b-MÖn‡Yi GKwU j¤v ZvwjKv

w`‡q wj‡L‡Qb, Ô†gvU K_v, Z™¢e, †`wk Ges Aviwe-dviwm wµqvc‡`i RvqMv wbj ms¯‹…Z wµqvc`Õ| wZwb cÖPwjZ

Ô¯vfvweK ixwZi weKí wn‡k‡e ms¯‹…Z ixwZi Avg`vwb‡KÕ e‡j‡Qb Ô†PóvK…Z ms¯‹…ZvqbÕ| Avi wkwkiKygvi `vk

(1966: 88) IB mg‡qi M‡`¨ j¶ K‡i‡Qb ÔQÙ-ms¯‹…Zvq‡bÕi QovQwo| fyj mv „‡k¨i gva¨‡g fyj kã MVb Ges fyj

A‡_© ms¯‹…Z k‡ãi e¨envi Ñ G `ywU QÙ-ms¯‹…Zvq‡bi g~j ˆewkó¨| G ai‡bi ms¯‹…Zvqb Av‡iv †ewk K‡i cÖgvY K‡i

†h, ms¯‹…Z kã e¨envi G hy‡M d¨vk‡b cwiYZ n‡qwQj|

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QÙ-ms¯‹…Zvq‡bi aviv me‡P‡q †ewk cÖfve †d‡j‡Q m¤¢eZ evbv‡bi †¶‡Î| Gi m‡½ Aek¨ D”Pvi‡Yi cÖm½I

RwoZ| bZyb avi Kiv ms¯‹…Z k㸇jv ms¯‹…ZixwZ‡ZB †jLv n‡q‡Q| Zv‡Z D”Pvi‡Yi mgm¨v ˆZwi n‡jI evbvb-

mw¤§wZi w`K †_‡K wKQz myweavI n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ mgm¨v cÖMvp n‡q‡Q ZLbB, hLb cÖPwjZ ÔZrmgÕ k㸇jvi cÖPwjZ

iƒc‡K Avg‡j bv G‡b g~j ms¯‹…‡Zi m‡½ wgwj‡q evbvb wVK Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z`ycwi Z™¢e I Ab¨ †kÖwYi k‡ãi

†¶‡ÎI evbvb-ms¯‹…Zvq‡bi cÖeYZv wQj AwZ cÖej| mybxwZKygvi P‡Ævcva¨vq wj‡L‡Qb:

Under the tutelage of the Pandits well acquainted with Sanskrit, whose influence was great at the

beginning of the 19th century, when the modern literary style was established for prose (and

when printing was introduced), a rigid adherence to the correct orthography for Sanskrit words

naturally came in, brought in a needed uniformity for tatsama words, in the place of the chaos

which reigned before. But the scholastic tendency went beyond its legitimate area, and sought to

model the spelling of vernacular tadbhavas on their Sanskrit prototypes and on theories of

orthography. (Chatterji 2002: 220-21)

GB cÖeYZv D”Pvi‡Yi m‡½ evbv‡bi Mfxi dvivK ˆZwi K‡i‡Q – GgbwK ms¯‹…Z †_‡K bZyb Avg`vwb Kiv k‡ãi

†¶‡ÎI| KviY, ms¯‹…Z D”PviY-Abyhvqx GB evbvb wVK Kiv n‡q‡Q, wKš‘ evOvwji D”Pvi‡Y Zwχb k㸇jvi

D”PviYiƒc †M‡Q e`‡j| ‘As regards the pronunciation of these Sanskrit words, an extraordinary state of

affairs exists – paralleled, I believe, in no other language in the world.’ – G gšÍe¨ wMÖqvm©‡bi (Grierson

1903: 14)| ejv hvq, A-ms¯‹…Z k‡ãi †¶‡Î G msKU n‡q‡Q Av‡iv †ewk| d‡j evsjv k‡ãi D”PviY I evbv‡bi

mvgćm¨i †¶‡Î Avi evbvb wewae× Kivi †¶‡Î IB QÙ-ms¯‹…Zvqb ˆZwi K‡i‡Q `xN©‡gqvw` msKU, c‡ii `yk

eQ‡iI hvi myivnv nqwb|

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wek kZ‡Ki Z…Zxq I PZy_© `k‡K evOvwj fvlv-we‡køl‡K‡`i GKUv eo Ask evbvb cÖm‡½ wjß wQ‡jb|

†jLv‡jwL‡Z PwjZixwZ Z_v iex›`ªbv_-Kw_Z ÔcÖvK…Z evsjvÕi e¨vcK cÖmv‡ii †cÖ¶vc‡U cÖPyi bZyb kã Avi kãiƒc

e¨eüZ n‡Z _v‡K| d‡j Qvcvi RM‡Z evbvbmgm¨v cÖKU AvKvi aviY K‡i| †`ecÖmv` †Nvl‡K †jLv GK c‡Î

iex›`ªbv_ wj‡LwQ‡jb: Ôevsjv evbv‡bi wbqg wewae× Kivi Rb¨ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi KZ©…c‡¶i Kv‡Q Av‡e`b K‡iwQjyg|

Zvi KviY GB †h, cÖvK…Z evsjvi e¨envi mvwn‡Z¨ Aev‡a cÖPwjZ n‡q P‡j‡Q wKš‘ Gi evbvb m¤‡Ü †¯”QvPvi

µgkB cÖej n‡q DV‡Q †`‡L wPwšÍZ n‡qwQjygÕ (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 275)| Aek¨ KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evbvb-

ms¯‹vi-D‡`¨v‡Mi A‡bK Av‡M †_‡KB evsjv evbvb ms¯‹v‡ii bvbv e¨w³MZ cÖ Íve cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nw”Qj|

Gme cÖ Ív‡ei GKUv Ask evsjv eY©gvjvi ms¯‹vi-m¤úwK©Z| e½`k©b cwÎKvq 1878 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj

AÁvZbvgv †jL‡Ki Ôev½vjv eY©gvjv ms¯‹viÕ cÖeÜ| G cÖe‡Ü †jLK evsjv eY©gvjvi msL¨v Kgv‡bvi mywPwšÍZ

civgk© w`‡qwQ‡jb (ûgvqyb 2002: 608-29)| 1893 wLª÷v‡ã Rb¥f~wg cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ Ôev½vjv fvlvÕ cÖe‡Ü

B›`ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq evsjv eY©gvjvi Am½wZ wb‡q `xN© Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, Ôevsjv eY©gvjv e‡j GLb hv

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Pj‡Q Zv ms¯‹…Z eY©gvjvi AbyKiY| evsjv eY©gvjvq GLb †hgb wKQz Ab_©K eY© i‡q‡Q, †Zgwb j¶ Kiv hvq wKQz

Avek¨K e‡Y©i AfveÕ (wgZvjx 2010: 85)| B›`ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq wKQz eY© ev` w`‡q Ges wKQz mshy³ K‡i bZyb

eY©gvjvi cÖ Íve w`‡q‡Qb| cÖvq GKB ai‡bi cÖ Íve cvIqv hvq †hv‡MkP›`ª iv‡qi Ôev½jv A¶iÕ (ûgvqyb 2002:

630-37) cÖe‡Ü| wZwb evsjv eY©gvjvi e¨vcK ms¯‹vi †P‡q‡Qb| eY©gvjv ev wjwci ms¯‹vi PvIqvi GKUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

KviY QvcvLvbvi Kv‡Ri myweav-Amyweav| wKš‘ ¯fveZB Gi m‡½ evbvb-cÖm½ hy³ n‡q †M‡Q| ARiP›`ª miKv‡ii

Ôev½vjv UvBc I †KmÕ Ggwb GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© iPbv (ARi 1997)| cÖevmx cwÎKvq K‡qK wKw ͇Z cÖKvwkZ G cÖeÜ

e¨vcKfv‡e Av‡jvwPZ-mgv‡jvwPZ n‡qwQj (†bcvj 1997: [9-10])| cÖe‡Ü ARiP›`ª miKvi evsjv Ô563 cÖKv‡ii

iKgvwi UvBcÕ m~²fv‡e we‡kølY K‡i cÖkœ Zy‡j‡Qb, ÔAvgv‡`i ev½vjv UvBc I †K‡mi AvMv‡Mvov ms¯‹vi nIqv LyeB

`iKvi bq wKÕ (ARi 1997: 13)? wKš‘ ms¯‹vi Ki‡Z n‡j Av‡M hveZxq k‡ãi evbvb wVK K‡i †bIqv `iKvi:

Ôev½vjv UvB‡ci Avg~j ms¯‹vi Kwi‡Z nB‡j ev½vjv fvlvi g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ ms¯‹…Z, Z™¢e, †`kR Ges we‡`kx hveZxq

k‡ãi evYvb wVK Kwiqv jB‡Z nB‡eÕ (ARi 1997: 25)| eY© I evbvb-ms¯‹v‡i D‡`¨vMxiv G Kvi‡YB evsjv

evbvb-wba©vi‡Yi †¶‡ÎI f~wgKv †i‡LwQ‡jb|

iex›`ªbv_ VvKyi evbvb m¤ú‡K© cÖ_g ¯Zš¿ wbeÜ wj‡L‡Qb 1916 mv‡j| ˆekvL 1323 msL¨v cÖevmx‡Z cÖKvwkZ

G wbe‡ÜB wb‡Ri fvlvwPšÍvi m‡½ wgwj‡q evbvbiƒc wba©vi‡Yi †¶‡Î iex›`ªbv‡_i ¯úó Ae ’vb †NvwlZ n‡q‡Q| Zuvi

cÖavb j¶¨ wQj evsjvi D”PviYiƒc Avi evbvbiƒ‡ci g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨weavb| evsjv fvlvi †¶‡Î †m mvgÄm¨ b~¨bZg

ch©v‡qI †Kb iw¶Z nqwb, Zvi KviYI wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb wZwb:

†h mg‡q †dvU© DBwjqvg nB‡Z evsjv †`k kvmb ïiæ nBqvwQj †mB mg‡q evsjv fvlvi kvmb †mB †Kjøv nB‡ZB

Avi¤¢ nq| ZLb cwЇZ †dŠ‡R wgwjqv evsjv evbvb euvwaqv w`qvwQj| Avgv‡`i fvlvq †dvU© DBwjqv‡gi wefxwlKv

GL‡bv ZvB †MŠomšÍv‡bi †Pv‡Li Rj‡K A¶q Kwiqv ivwLqv‡Q| †mBRb¨ †hLv‡b Avgv‡`i wcZvg‡niv Ô†mvbvÕ

wjwLqv myLx wQ‡jb †mLv‡b Avgiv †mvYv †jLvBevi Rb¨ †eZ awiqv ewmqv AvwQ|

wKš‘ †dvU© DBwjqv‡gi eZ©gvb `Ðavix‡`i wRÁvmv Kwi Ñ ms¯‹…Z wbqgg‡ZI wK †mvYv KvY weï× evbvb? eY©b

nB‡Z hw` evbvb nq, Z‡e KY© nB‡Z wK KvY nB‡e? †id †jvc nB‡jI wK g~a©b¨ Y Zvi mwOb Lvov Kwiqv _vwK‡Z

cv‡i? (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 259)

†evSv hvq, evsjv fvlvi ¯vZš¿¨-¯vqËkvm‡bi cy‡iv‡bv cÖkœB evbv‡bi †¶‡ÎI cÖavb cÖkœ Ges weZK©‡¶Î AvKv‡i

Dcw ’Z n‡qwQj| iex›`ªbv‡_i AwffveK‡Z¡ KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi gva¨‡g †m cÖ‡kœi AvswkK myivnv nq| Z‡e

iex›`ªbv_mn mgmvgwqK‡`i fvlv „wó †h KjKvZvq IB mg‡q †ek cÖfve we Ívi K‡iwQj, Zvi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq

evbvb-m¤úwK©Z bvbv cÖeÜ-wbe‡Ü| wgZvjx fÆvPvh© Gme gZvg‡Zi mvi-msKjb K‡i‡Qb (wgZvjx 2010: 81-

143)| Zv‡Z †`Lv hvq, cieZ©xKv‡j KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evbvbwewa‡Z g~jbxwZ wnmv‡e M„nxZ cÖvq me wbqg

m¤ú‡K©B †Kv‡bv-bv-†Kv‡bv Ñ †¶Îwe‡k‡l A‡bK Ñ we‡kølK cÖ Íve Zy‡jwQ‡jb| ms¯‹…Z wewaweav‡bi AvIZvq evsjv

evbvb-wba©vi‡Yi cÖ ÍveI A‡b‡K w`‡q‡Qb| wKš‘ ev Íe cwi‡cÖw¶‡Zi Kvi‡YB wecixZ Nivbvi cÖ Íve‡Ki msL¨v wQj

A‡bK †ewk| wgZvjx fÆvPvh© (2010) Aej¤‡b G iKg wZbwU D`vniY wb‡P †`Iqv nj:

6

GK. †hv‡MkP›`ª ivq Zuvi cÖe‡Ü †idhy³ e¨Ä‡bi wØZ¡ eR©‡bi cÖ¯Íve w`‡qwQ‡jb (wgZvjx 2010: 88)|

`yB. †h‡¶‡Î k‡ãi g~j ms¯‹…Z bq, †m‡¶‡Î ms¯‹…Zwewa cwinv‡ii cÖ Íve w`‡qwQ‡jb †hv‡MkP›`ª ivq we`¨vwbwa

(wgZvjx 2010: 91)|

wZb. wemM© †hLv‡b D”PvwiZ nq bv, †mLv‡b Zv ev` †`Iqvi cÖ Íve K‡iwQ‡jb ex‡ik¦i †mb (wgZvjx 2010: 100)|

j¶Yxq, iex›`ªbv_mn wfbœ cÖ Íve DÌvcbKvix mK‡jB evbvbiƒc cwieZ©‡bi cÖ Íve w`‡q‡Qb ms¯‹…Z wbq‡gi weK‡íi

eiv‡Z| ev Íe cÖ‡qvR‡bi cwi‡cÖw¶‡ZB GB weK‡íi mÜvb Ki‡Z n‡qwQj|1

GiKg weK‡íi mÜvb A‡b‡KB KiwQ‡jb| evbvb ÔmijÕ I Ôhyw³MÖvn¨Õ Kivi Rb¨ eû cÖ Íve KjKvZvi

cÎcwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nw”Qj| wKš‘ Ôe¨w³MZÕ †mme wewa evbv‡bi mgiƒcZv ˆZwii cwie‡Z© bZyb wek„•Ljvi KviY

n‡q `uvovq| G Ae¯’vq cÖ‡qvRb wQj mvgwóK D‡`¨vM Ñ cÖvwZôvwbK cÖ Íve| iex›`ªbv_B evsjv evbv‡bi e¨envwiK

k„•Ljv Avbvi cÖ‡qvR‡b G ai‡bi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi iPbvewji MÖš’¯Z¡ wek¦fviZxi nv‡Z Avmvi ci

ÔevO&jv evbvb, we‡klZ PÕj&wZ fvlvi evbvb-m¤^‡Ü GKwU mvaviY ixwZ Aej¤b Ki&evi K_v nqÕ| cÖkvšÍP›`ª

gnjvbwek ÔPÕj&wZ fvlvi evbvbÕ cÖe‡Ü †m BwZnvm Rvwb‡q‡Qb (cÖkvšÍ 1997)| Zv‡Z †`Lv hvq, G Kv‡Ri cÖavb

`vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb mybxwZKygvi P‡Ævcva¨vq| Zuv‡K mvnvh¨ K‡iwQ‡jb PviæP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq| Ôwek¦fviZx KË©…K

cÖKvwkZ iex›`ªbv‡_i mg Í †jLv GB c×wZ Abymv‡i Qvcv n‡eÕ g‡g© Aby‡gv`b w`‡qwQ‡jb ¯qs iex›`ªbv_ VvKyi;

Avi ÔnicÖmv` kv ¿x gnvkqI GB ixwZwU‡K Aby‡gv`b KÕ‡i‡QbÕ (cÖkvšÍ 1997: 257)| ÔGKwU cÖwZôv‡bi Aax‡b

K‡qKRb fvlv I mvwnZ¨-we‡kl‡Ái ZË¡veav‡bÕ evsjv evbvbixwZi e¨vcKZi wbqg-k„•Ljv cÖeZ©‡bi GwUB cÖ_g

†Póv (wgZvjx 2010: 114)| G †Póv Kvw•ÿZ djjv‡f e¨_© nq (weRb 1997/1: 86); wKš‘ KjKvZv

wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evbvb-ms¯‹vi-cÖ Íve GK A‡_© G †PóviB m¤cÖmviY|

KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq‡K evsjv evbv‡bi k„•Ljv ’vc‡bi Kv‡R AMÖmi nIqvi cÖ Íve iex›`ªbv_B w`‡qwQ‡jb (weRb

1997/2: 192)| G cÖ Íve Aby‡gvw`Z nq; Avi Kv‡Ri cwiKíbv iPbvi `vwqZ¡I Zuvi nv‡ZB c‡o| mnKvix wbhy³

nb weRbwenvix fÆvPvh©| kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡b wZwb iex›`ªbv‡_i ZË¡veav‡b KvR Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| G KvR †kl nqwb| wKš‘

c‡i wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evbvbms¯‹vi mwgwZ KvR ïiæ Ki‡j weRbwenvix fÆvPvh© Zuvi Kv‡Ri dvBjcÎmn m`m¨ wnmv‡e

†m mwgwZi Kv‡R †hvM †`b (weRb 1997/2: 198)| A_©vr, iex›`ªbv_ †Kej KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evbvbms¯‹vi-

cwiKíbvi cÖ ÍveK bb, cwiKíbvKvixI e‡U| Avevi evbvbwewa ˆZwi nIqvi ci RbMÖvn¨Zvi Rb¨ Zuvi GKwU

Aby‡gv`bcÎI m‡½ Qvcv n‡qwQj|2 Gme Kvi‡Y GB evbvbwewa m¤ú‡K© huviv cÖwZwµqv Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb, Zuv‡`iI

ev`vbyev‡`i ev Avµg‡Yi cÖavb j¶¨ n‡qwQ‡jb iex›`ªbv_| AvµgYKvix‡`i g‡a¨ wQ‡jb igvcÖmv` P‡›`i g‡Zv

cwÐZ, whwb Zuvi cÖe‡Ü evbvbcÖm½ gyjZywe †i‡L e¨w³ iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖwZ D®§v cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb (weRb 1997/2:

210)| Avevi wQ‡jb †`ecÖmv` †Nv‡li (†`ecÖmv` 1997) g‡Zv m~² we‡kølK, whwb Zuvi hveZxq i¶YkxjZv,

cÖ_vbyMZ¨ Avi ms¯‹…ZvbyMZ¨ m‡Ë¡I mgKvjxb I cieZ©x evbvbwPšÍv‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb| cÖej mgv‡jvPbvi

gy‡L KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq Aímg‡qi e¨eav‡b cyw ÍKvwUi `ywU cwigvwR©Z-cwiewZ©Z ms¯‹iY cÖKvk Ki‡Z eva¨ nq|

7

wKš‘ †gv‡Ui Dci G wewai mg_©‡Ki msL¨vB wQj †ewk (wgZvjx 2010; weRb 1997/2)| ZvB †kl ch©šÍ evOvwj

e¨enviKvix‡`i Kv‡Q wewawU †gvUvgywU mvaviY m¤§wZ jvf K‡i‡Q|

GB m¤§wZjv‡fi †cQ‡b evbvbmwgwZi J`vh© Avi `~i „wóB cÖavb f~wgKv †i‡LwQj| Zuviv wewkó †jLK I

Aa¨vcK‡`i ga¨ †_‡K AšÍZ `yBk R‡bi wjwLZ gZ wb‡qwQ‡jb| ZvQvov ÔZrmgÕ k‡ãi e¨vcv‡i ms¯‹…‡Zi

cÖvavb¨I AÿzYœ wQj| weiæ×ev`x‡`i hyw³MÖvn¨ A‡bK gZ wØZxq I Z…Zxq ms¯‹i‡Y MÖnY K‡i †bIqvq we‡ivwaZv

LvwbKUv kwgZ n‡qwQj e‡j g‡b nq| cÖavbZ A-Zrmg k‡ãi †¶‡Î evbvb-wba©vi‡Yi K‡qKwU cÖeYZv GB wewa‡Z

wbw`©ó n‡q wM‡qwQj, hv cieZ©xKv‡ji evsjv GKv‡Wwg, evsjv AvKv‡`wg wKsev Avb›`evRvi cwÎKvi evbvbwewa‡Z

†gv‡Ui Dci Abym„Z n‡q‡Q (wgZvjx 2010)| ejv hvq, evsjv fvlv-e¨enviKvixiv Áv‡Z-AÁv‡Z G wewa †_‡K

cÖPwjZ evbvbixwZB AbymiY K‡i _v‡K| eZ©gvb cÖm‡½ ejv hvq, iex›`ªbv_ Zuvi fvlvwPšÍv-evbvbwPšÍv-D‡`¨vMmn

cy‡iv cÖwµqvwU‡Z Lye ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gyL¨ f~wgKvq nvwRi wQ‡jb|

3

evsjv evbvb-cÖ‡kœ cÖv_wgKfv‡e iex›`ªbv‡_i mwµqZvi g~j GjvKv wQj ÔcÖvK…Z evsjvÕi evbv‡b ey¨rcwËMZ we‡ePbv

cwinvi Kiv, A_©vr h_vm¤¢e D”PviY-Abyhvqx evbvbiƒc wba©viY| †jL¨-evsjvq PwjZixwZi cÖeZ©b Ges cÖavbZ

K_vmvwn‡Z¨ K_¨-evsjvi e¨vcK cÖPj‡bi †cÖ¶vc‡U wek kZ‡Ki wØZxq `kK †_‡K cÖPyi bZyb kã †jLvq e¨eüZ

n‡Z _v‡K| k㸇jvi evbvbiƒc wba©vwiZ bv _vKvq GK ai‡bi wek„•Lj cwiw ’wZ ˆZwi nq|3 G †cÖ¶vc‡U evbv‡b

mgZv Avb‡Z Ges ÔA-ZrmgÕ evbv‡b ÔZrm‡gÕi wewa cÖPjb †iva Ki‡Z iex›`ªbv_ mwµq nb| Zuvi mswkøó gZ-

gšÍ‡e¨i K‡qKwU wb‡P D×…Z nj:

GK. cwÐZgkvq ewj‡eb, evbv‡bi g‡a¨ c~e© BwZnv‡mi wPý eRvq ivLv DwPZ| †`Lv hvK, †gQwb K_vUvi g‡a¨ c~e©

BwZnvm KZUv eRvq Av‡Q| r, m Ges hdjv †Kv_vq †Mj? g-G GKvi †Kvb& cÖvPxb e¨env‡ii wPý| b-Uv †Kv_vKvi

†K| IUv wK grm¨Rxwebxi b| Z‡e RxweUv †Mj †Kv_vq| Ggb Av‡iv A‡bK cÖkœ nB‡Z cv‡i| m yËi GB †h, r

Ges m evsjvq Q nBqv †M‡Q Ñ GB Q-B r Ges m-Gi HwZnvwmK wPý, GB wPý evsjv evQv k‡ãi g‡a¨I Av‡Q|

cwieZ©bci¤úivq hdjv †jvc cvBqv c~e©e‡Y©i AKvi‡K AvKvi Kwiqv‡Q, †hgb jyß hdjv A`¨‡K AvR, Kj¨‡K

Kvj Kwiqv‡Q Ñ AZGe GB AvKviB jyß hdjvi HwZnvwmK wPý| Bnviv c~e©BwZnv‡miI wPý, GLbKvi

BwZnv‡miI wPý| gvQ k‡ãi DËi evsjv cÖZ¨q Dqv †hvM nBqv ÔgvQzqvÕ nq, gvQzqv k‡ãi msw¶ß e¨envi Ô†g‡QvÕ;

†g‡Qv k‡ãi DËi ¿xwj‡½ wb cÖZ¨q nBqv‡Q| GB wb cÖZ¨‡qi n«¯ B cÖvPxb `xN© CKv‡ii HwZnvwmK Ae‡kl|

Avgiv hw` evsjvi Aby‡iv‡a grm¨‡K KvwUqv KywUqv gvQ Kwiqv jB‡Z cvwi Ges Zvnv‡Z hw` BwZnv‡mi RvwZ bó bv

nBqv _v‡K, Z‡e evsjv D”Pvi‡Yi mZ¨ i¶v Kwi‡Z `xN© C-i ¯’‡j n«¯ B emvB‡jI BwZnv‡mi e¨vNvZ nB‡e bv|

gy‡L hvnvB Kwi, †jLv‡ZB hw` cÖvPxb BwZnvm i¶v Kiv wewa nq, Z‡e Ôgrm¨Õ wjwLqv ÔgvQÕ cwo‡j ¶wZ bvB|

(Ôevsjv e¨vKiYÕ; iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 112-13)

`yB. hZ kxNª cviv hvq GB K‡Vvi eÜb wkw_j K‡i †`Iqv DwPZ| e ÍyZ G‡KB e‡j f~‡Zi †evSv eIqv| GZKvj

a‡i ms¯‹…Z e¨vKi‡Yi mvnvh¨ bv wb‡q †h eû‡KvwU evOvwj wb‡Ri gvZ…fvlv e¨envi K‡i G‡m‡Q GZKvj c‡i AvR

8

Zv‡`i †mB fvlvB evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ‡e‡ki AwaKvi †c‡q‡Q| GB Rb¨ Zv‡`i †mB LuvwU evsjvi cÖK…Z evbvb wbY©‡qi

mgq Dcw¯’Z n‡q‡Q| (ÔkÖx‡`ecÖmv` †Nvl‡K wjwLZ cÎ 2Õ; iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 281)

wZb. evbvbUv e¨env‡ii wRwbm, kãZ‡Ë¡i bq| cyivZ‡Ë¡i †evSv wgDwRqg enb Kwi‡Z cv‡i, nv‡U evRv‡i Zvnv‡K

h_vmva¨ eR©b Kwi‡Z nq| GBRb¨B wjwLevi †ejvq Avgiv ÔbybÕ wjwL, cwÐZB Rv‡bb Dnvi g~j k‡ã GKUv g~a©b¨

Y wQj| GBRb¨B wjwLevi †ejv Mv¤¢&jv bv wjwLqv Avgiv Mvg&jv wjwL, cwÐZB Abygvb K‡ib Dnvi g~j kã wQj

Ky¤¢| Avgiv wjwLqv _vwK AuvZyi Ni, Zvnv‡Z Avgv‡`i Kv‡Ri †Kv‡bv ¶wZ nq bv Ñ cvwЇZ¨i †`vnvB gvwbqv hw`

Aš¿-µU& Ni evbvb Kwiqv AuvZyi Ni cwo‡Z nBZ Z‡e †h-kã cÖvPx‡bi Mf© nB‡Z evwni nBqv‡Q Zvnv‡K cybð

Mf©‡e`bv mB‡Z nBZ| (Ôevsjv evbvbÕ; iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 258)

Pvi. GK`v ms¯‹…ZÁ cwЇZiv cÖvK…ZR‡bi evsjv fvlv‡K AeÁvi †Pv‡LB †`‡LwQ‡jb| †mB AeÁvi Acgvb ytL

AvRI †`‡ki †jv‡Ki g‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q †M‡Q| Avgv‡`i mvwnZ¨fvlvi evbv‡b Zvi cwiPq cvB| evsjv fvlv‡K †h

nwiRb cO&w³‡Z emv‡bv P‡j bv Zvi cÖgvY †Kej fvlvZvwË¡K KyjwRi †_‡KB AvniY Kiv h‡_ó nq wb|

eY©cÖ‡j‡ci †hv‡M meY©Z¡ cÖgvY K‡i †`evi †Póv µgvMZB Pj‡Q| Bs‡iR I evOvwj g~jZ GKB Avh©es‡kv™¢e e‡j

huviv h‡_ó mvšÍ¡bv cvb wb Zuviv n¨vU‡KvU cÕ‡i h_vm¤¢e Pv¶yl ˆelg¨ †NvPvevi †Póv K‡i‡Qb Ggb D`vniY Avgv‡`i

†`‡k yj©f bq| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i evbv‡b †mB Pv¶yl †f` †NvPvevi †Póv †h cÖej Zvi nvm¨Ki `„óvšÍ †`Lv hvq

m¤cÖwZ Kvbcyi k‡ã g~a©b¨ Y‡qi Av‡ivc †_‡K| fq n‡”Q KLb KvbvB‡qi gv_vq g~a©b¨ Y mwO‡bi †LuvPv gv‡i|

(Ôevsjv evbvb 3Õ; iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 264)

G ai‡bi gš Íe¨ I we‡kølY iex›`ªbv‡_i iPbvq we Íi cvIqv hvq| Zv‡Z †evSv hvq, A-Zrmg k‡ãi evbvb-

wba©vi‡Yi †¶‡Î huviv ey¨rcwË †g‡b Pjvi c¶cvZx, Zuv‡`i weiæ‡× hyw³, ZK©, D`vniY, †køl, †KŠZyK BZ¨vw` me

ai‡bi A ¿ kvwb‡q iex›`ªbv_ GK wbišÍi jovB‡q wjß wQ‡jb| KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv evbvb-ms¯‹vi mwgwZ

GK A‡_© Zuvi GB mwµqZviB dj| cieZ©xKv‡ji Kvh©Ki cÖvq me cÖ Ív‡e GB mwgwZi g~jbxwZ¸‡jv †gv‡Ui Ici

†g‡b †bIqv n‡q‡Q| ZvB ejv hvq, ÔZ™¢e kã m¤‡Ü iex›`ªbv‡_i B”Qv A‡bKvs‡k cieZ©x evbvb-ms¯‹vi cÖqv‡mi

Øviv c~Y© n‡q‡QÕ| (cweÎ 2004: 133)

evbvb Ôe¨env‡ii wRwbmÕ| e¨enviKvixi cy‡iv‡bv Af¨ ÍZv bZyb wewa Pvjy Kiv ev mgZv-weav‡bi me‡P‡q eo

evav| ZvB G †¶‡Î cÖfvekvjx cÖvwZôvwbK D‡`¨v‡Mi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| iex›`ªbv_ G mZ¨ †g‡bB evbvbwewa

cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi kiY wb‡qwQ‡jb|4 ¸wUKZK †MŠY AvcwË m‡Ë¡I G evbvbwewa †g‡b Pjvi

†NvlYv w`‡qwQ‡jb wZwb|5 wKš‘ KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evbvb-ms¯‹vi mwgwZ †h iex›`ªbv‡_i Kvw•ÿZ ms¯‹vi

K‡iwb, Zv-I bvbv cÖm‡½ ejv n‡q‡Q| †`ecÖmv` †Nvl‡K iex›`ªbv_ wj‡L‡Qb:

†h-mKj Awemsevw`Z Z™¢e kã A‡bKLvwb ms¯‹…Z-†Nulv, Zv‡`i cÖwZ n ͇¶c Ki‡Z †M‡jI c‡` c‡` M„nwe‡”Q‡`i

Avk¼v Av‡Q| Giv D”Pvi‡Y cÖvK…Z wKš‘ †jL‡b ms¯‹…Z AvB‡bi `vwe K‡i| G m¤‡Ü wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evbvb-mwgwZ

KZKUv cwigv‡Y mvnm †`wL‡q‡Qb, †mR‡b¨ Avwg K…ZÁ| wKš‘ Zuv‡`i g‡bI fq Wi Av‡Q, Zvi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|

(iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 275)

9

†`ecÖmv` †Nvl iex›`ªbv‡_i Kv‡Q evbvb-ms¯‹vi mwgwZi ÔevovevwoÕ I ÔAb¨vq n ͇¶‡cÕi bvwjk Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb|

iex›`ªbv_ wKš‘ Rvwb‡q‡Qb, cÖwZc‡¶i we‡ivwaZv Gov‡bvi wPšÍv _vKvq hZUv `iKvi ZZUv ms¯‹vi Kiv nqwb| wZwb

†m `vwqZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb fwel¨r ms¯‹viK‡`i nv‡Z| Ôevbvb-wewaÕ cÖe‡Ü wj‡L‡Qb:

evbv‡bi wewacvj‡b AvcvZZ nq‡Zv †gv‡Ui Dc‡i Avgiv Ôeva¨Zvg~jKÕ bxwZ AbymiY K‡i GKvšÍ D”Q…•LjZv `g‡b

†hvM †`e| wKš‘ GB wØavMÖ¯Í ga¨c‡_ e¨vcviUv _vg‡e bv| AwP‡i Ggb mvnwm‡Ki mgvMg n‡e huviv wbtms‡Kv‡P

evbvb‡K w`‡q m¤ú~Y©fv‡eB D”Pvi‡Yi mZ¨ i¶v Ki‡eb| (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 273)

iex›`ªbv‡_i †¶‡Î evbv‡bi mZ¨ nj D”Pvi‡Yi mZ¨| †m mZ¨ AvswkKfv‡e cvjb Kivq evbvb mwgwZ Zuvi cÖksmv

†c‡q‡Q| wKš‘ cÖksmvevP‡bi †¶‡Î Zuvi mZK©Zv j¶Yxq| Zuvi g‡Z, KvR †kl nqwb, ïiæ nj gvÎ:

gy`ªvhš¿‡K w`‡q meB Qvcv‡bv hvq wKš‘ imbv‡K w`‡q †Zv meB ejv‡bv hvq bv| wKš‘ †h g~a©b¨ Y‡qi D”PviY cÖvK…Z

evsjvq G‡Kev‡iB †bB, Mv‡q c‡o Zvi AvbyMZ¨ ¯xKvi Ki‡Z hve †Kb? GB cvwЇZ¨i Awfgv‡b wkïcvj‡`i cÖwZ

†h AZ¨vPvi Kiv hvq †mUv gvR©bxq bq| cÖvK…Z evsjvq g~a©b¨ Y‡qi ¯’vb †Kv‡bvLv‡bB †bB Ggb K_v †h-mvn‡m

KZ©…c¶ †NvlYv Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb †m mvnm GL‡bv Av‡iv KZK ~i Zuv‡`i e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| GL‡bv †kl nq wb

KvR| (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 274)

Ôgvb evsjvÕ Avi ÔLuvwU evsjv e¨vKi‡YÕi g‡Zv evbvb-ms¯‹v‡ii †¶‡ÎI iex›`ªbv_ Avm‡j Avg~j ms¯‹viev`x|

wek„•Ljv Gwo‡q evbvb‡K avivevwnK ms¯‹v‡ii ga¨ w`‡q evsjv D”PviYixwZi mgiƒc K‡i †ZvjvB Zuvi cÖ Ív‡ei g~j

j¶¨| Kw_Z ÔZrmgÕ k㸇jvI Zuvi cÖ Ív‡ei AvIZvfy³| G Kvi‡YB evsjv eY©gvjvi Ô†eKviÕ eY©¸‡jv wb‡q wZwb

cÖkœ Zy‡j‡Qb|6 evievi e‡j‡Qb, D”Pvi‡Y ZrmgZ¡ eRvq bv _vKv m‡Ë¡I †Kej evbv‡bi †Rv‡iB eû kã ÔZrmgÕ

†m‡R Av‡Q| Zuvi G-m¤úwK©Z eû gZ-gšÍe¨ †_‡K GLv‡b GKwU gvÎ D×…Z Kiv nj:

evsjv fvlv D”PviYKv‡j ms¯‹…‡Zi m‡½ Zvi aŸwbi †f` †NvPv‡bv Am¤¢e wKš‘ †jLevi mgq A¶‡ii g‡a¨ †Pv‡Li

†f` †NvPv‡bv mnR| A_©vr wjLe GK coe Avi, evj¨Kvj †_‡K `ÐcÖ‡qv‡Mi †Rv‡i GB K…”Q«mvab mvwnwZ¨K

mgvRcwZiv Abvqv‡mB Pvjv‡Z †c‡i‡Qb| †mKv‡ji cwЇZiv ms¯‹…Z Rvb‡Zb GB msev`Uv †NvlYv Kievi R‡b¨

Zuv‡`i wPwVcÎ cÖf…wZ‡Z evsjv k‡ã evbv‡bi wech©q NUv‡bv Avek¨K †eva K‡ib wb| †Kej lZ¡ YZ¡ bq, n«¯ I `xN©

BKvi e¨envi m¤^‡ÜI Zuviv gvZ…fvlvi †KŠjxb¨ j¶Y mveav‡b eRvq ivL‡Zb bv| Avgiv evsjv fvlvq Zrmg k‡ãi

`vwe K‡i _vwK K…wÎg `wj‡ji †Rv‡i| evsjvq ms¯‹…Z k‡ãi D”PviY-weKvi N‡U wb Ggb `„óvšÍ AZ¨šÍ `yj©f| ÔRjÕ

ev ÔdjÕ, Ô†mŠ›`h©Õ ev ÔAiæM&YÕ †h Zrmg kã †mUv †Kej A¶i mvRv‡bv †_‡KB †Pv‡L †V‡K, IUv wKš‘ evOvwji

n¨vU‡KvU civ mv‡nweiB mgZyj¨| (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 265)

GB K…wÎg mv‡nweqvbv †h wZwb evbvb †_‡K `~i Kivi c¶cvZx, Zvi eû cÖgvY Zuvi †jLvq I cÖ¯Ív‡e Qwo‡q-wQwU‡q

Av‡Q| me wgwj‡q iex›`ªbv‡_i evbvb-ms¯‹vi-cÖ Ív‡ei wZbwU avc ¯úófv‡e kbv³ Kiv hvq| cÖ_g av‡c Zuvi j¶¨

cÖvK…Z evsjvi evbvb-iƒ‡c ms¯‹…Z-wbq‡gi msµgY †iva Kiv Ges G k㸇jvi D”PviY-Abymvix evbvb wbwðZ Kiv|

KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evbvbwewa‡Z G g~jbxwZ m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c iw¶Z nqwb e‡jB Gi Abymi‡Y Zuvi wØav wQj|

gYx›`ªKygvi †Nvl j¶ K‡i‡Qb, Ôwek¦we`¨vjq-cÖewZ©Z wbqg cvjb Kivi cÖwZkÖywZÕ w`‡jI Zuvi A‡bK gšÍ‡e¨i m‡½

10

G cÖwZkÖywZi mvgÄm¨ cvIqv hvq bv (gYx›`ª 1409: 25)|7 gYx›`ªKygvi Av‡iv j¶ K‡i‡Qb, iex›`ªbv‡_i wb‡Ri

e¨env‡i Ôms¯‹…‡ZZi k‡ã D”PviYvbyM evbvbÕ †jLvi †SuvK †`Lv hvq| Gi D`vniY, Ôn«¯-BKv‡ii cÖwZôv, O-†K

GKK gh©v`v`vb, eM©¨ R-Gi cÖvavb¨ ’vcb, g~a©b¨ Y-Gi wbe©vmb, wemM© wemR©b, I-Kv‡ii Avevnb, B-Kvi I-Kv‡ii

y-GKwU evsjv mwÜ cÖf…wZÕ| (gYx›`ª 1409: 25-26)

wØZxq av‡c wZwb nvZ w`‡q‡Qb ms¯‹…Z †_‡K Avmv k‡ãi fvÐv‡i| G k㸇jvi g‡a¨ e¨env‡ii w`K †_‡K

†h¸‡jvi †Kv‡bv-bv-†Kv‡bv ÔevsjvixwZÕ cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q, wZwb †m¸‡jvi cÖPwjZ iƒc‡KB ï×iƒc †NvlYvi c¶cvZx|

Ôfvlvi K_vÕ cÖe‡Ü G c¶cvZ wZwb †Kv‡bv ivLXvK bv †i‡LB cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb:

cwЇZiv evsjv fvlvi †¶‡ÎI evsjv fvlvi AvBb‡K Avgj †`b bvB| cwÐZgkvB hw` ms¯‹…Z ixwZi Dci fi w`qv

evsjvixwZ‡K AMÖvn¨ Kwi‡Z cv‡ib, Z‡e AvgivB ev †Kb evsjvixwZi Dci fi w`qv h_v ’v‡b ms¯‹…ZixwZ‡K j•Nb

Kwi‡Z ms‡KvP Kwi? Ôg‡bvmv‡aÕ Avgv‡`i j¾v wK‡mi? ÔmveavbxÕ ewjqv ZLwb wRe KvwU‡Z hvB †Kb? Ges

ÔAvðh© nBjvgÕ ewj‡j cwÐZgkvq ÔAvðh©vwšZ n‡qbÕ Kx Kvi‡Y? (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 8-9)

AvcvZ „wó‡Z g‡b nq, iex›`ªbv_ Zrm‡gi Rb¨ ms¯‹…Z wbqg †P‡q‡Qb| wKš‘ evsjvq Zrm‡gi †h cwigvY wZwb w ’i

K‡i‡Qb, Zv AwZ bMY¨| IB bMY¨ msL¨‡Ki Rb¨ wZwb †h GZ evK¨e¨q K‡i‡Qb, Zvi KviY, †mKv‡ji

ms¯‹…Zcš’x‡`i m‡½ Av‡cvmidv| Gi ¸iæZi cÖgvY, †hLv‡bB ÔcwЇZivÕ †Kv‡bv ms¯‹…Z-wbqg j•Nb K‡i‡Qb,

†mLv‡bB wZwb Djøvm cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| †Kv_vI Gi e¨wZµg †`Lv hvqwb| bgybv wnmv‡e †`ecÖmv` †Nvl‡K †jLv

cÖ_g cÎ †_‡K GKUv Ask D×…Z nj:

†i‡di ci e¨Ä‡bi wØZ¡ eR©b m¤^‡Ü wek¦we`¨jq †h wbqg wba©viY K‡i w`‡q‡Qb Zv wb‡q †ewk ZK© Kievi `iKvi

Av‡Q e‡j g‡b Kwi †b| huviv wbq‡g ¯v¶i w`‡q‡Qb Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ A‡bK e‡ov e‡ov cwЇZi bvg †`‡LwQ| ... AšÍZ

Zrmg k‡ãi e¨env‡i Zuv‡`i †bZ…Z¡ ¯xKvi Ki‡Z †Kv‡bv fq †bB, j¾vI †bB| ï‡bwQ Ôm„RbÕ kãUv e¨vKi‡Yi

wewa AwZµg K‡i‡Q, wKš‘ hLb we`¨vmvM‡ii g‡Zv cwÐZ K_vUv Pvwj‡q‡Qb ZLb `vq ZuviB, Avgvi †Kv‡bv fvebv

†bB| A‡bK cwÐZ ÔBwZg‡a¨Õ K_vUv Pvwj‡q G‡m‡Qb, ÔB‡Zvg‡a¨Õ K_vUvi IKvjwZ Dcj‡¶ AvB‡bi eB NuvUevi

cÖ‡qvRb †`wL †b Ñ A_©vr GLb IB ÔBwZg‡a¨Õ kãUvi e¨envi m¤^‡Ü `vwqZ¡-wePv‡ii w`b Avgv‡`i nvZ †_‡K P‡j

†M‡Q| wek¦we`¨vjq-evbvb-mwgwZ‡Z Zrmg kã m¤^‡Ü huviv weavb †`evi `vwqZ¡ wb‡q‡Qb, G wb‡q wØav Kievi

`vwqZ¡fvi †_‡K Zuviv Avgv‡`i gyw³ w`‡q‡Qb| GLb †_‡K KvwË©K, KË©v cÖf…wZ `yB Z-Iqvjv kã †_‡K GK Z

Avgiv wbwðšÍ g‡b †Q`b K‡i wb‡Z cvwi| ... GLb †_‡K fÆvPvh©¨ k‡ãi †_‡K h-djv †jvc Ki‡Z wbwe©Kvi wP‡Ë

wbg©g n‡Z cvie, KviY be¨ evbvb-weavZv‡`i g‡a¨ wZbRb e‡ov e‡ov fÆvPvh©¨eskxq Zuv‡`i Dcvwa‡K h-djv

ewÂZ Ki‡Z m¤§wZ w`‡q‡Qb| GLb †_‡K Avh©¨ Ges Abvh©¨ Df‡qB Ac¶cv‡Z h-djv †gvPb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,

†hgb AvaywbK gvÂy I Pxbv Df‡qiB †eYx †M‡Q KvUv| (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 276-77)

ïay evbvbiƒ‡ci cÖwZ c¶cv‡ZB bq, ejvi fw½i w`K †_‡KI GLv‡b iex›`ªbv‡_i „wófw½ cwi”Qbœ| mgKvjxb

cwiw ’wZi we‡ePbvq G‡K ejv hvq Zuvi GK Kvh©Ki †KŠkj Ñ ms¯‹…Z †_‡K avi Kiv k㸇jvi evbvb-cwieZ©b

wZwb cwÐZ‡`i w`‡qB Kiv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|

11

evwK k㸇jvi Rb¨ cÖ¯Íve K‡i‡Qb Z…Zxq avc| wZwb ÔZrmgÕ k‡ãi †¶‡ÎI evbv‡bi cwieZ©b Pvb; wKš‘

mgmvgwqK cwÐZKy‡ji h‡_ó mvq Zv‡Z †g‡jwb| ZvB G `vwqZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb cieZ©x‡`i nv‡Z| evsjv evbvbiv‡R¨

evievi Kvgbv K‡i‡Qb GK Ô†Kgvj cvkvÕi Afz¨`q:

A¶‡ii †`vnvB w`‡q hv‡`i Zrmg †LZve w`‡q _vwK, †mB mKj k‡ãi cÖvq †lvj AvbvB Acåsk| hw` cÖvPxb

e¨vKiYKZ©v‡`i mvnm I AwaKvi Avgvi _vKZ, GB QÙ‡ekx‡`i Dcvwa †jvc K‡i w`‡q mZ¨ evbv‡b G‡`i ¯^iƒc

cÖKvk Kievi †Póv Ki‡Z cviZyg| cÖvK…Z evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi †Kgvj cvkv nevi `yivkv Avgvi †bB wKš‘ Kv‡jvn¨qs

wbiewat| D³ cvkv G †`‡kI †`nvšÍi MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 275)

G wZb avc mgwš^Z K‡i cvV Ki‡j †evSv hvq, ey¨rcwË-Abymvix evbv‡bi †Póv‡K wZwb m¤¢ve¨ me Dcv‡q cÖwZnZ

Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|8 Zuvi GKUv hyw³ wQj evsjv fvlvi KyjwR-msµvšÍ| hw` AZxZ BwZe„‡Ëi w`‡K bRi w`‡ZB nq,

Zvn‡j evsjvi †¶‡Î ms¯‹…‡Zi Zyjbvq cÖvK…‡Zi hyw³B †ewk cÖ‡hvR¨ nIqvi K_v| KviY †Kej GB bq †h, cÖvK…ZB

evsjvi mv¶vr c~e©m~wi, eis aŸwbZvwË¡K w`K †_‡K cÖvK…‡Zi D”PviYfw½B evsjvi m‡½ mv „k¨c~Y©| wMÖqvm©b G

ev ÍeZv e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb Gfv‡e:

Now there is no doubt about the fact that it is from some Eastern form of this Magadhi language

(or Prakrit, as it is called) that Bengali is directly descended. The very same incapacities of the

vocal organs exist with Bengalis now, that existed with their predecessors eight hundred years

ago. A Bengali can not pronounce kshm any more than they could. He can not pronounce a clear

s, but must make it sh. … in other words, he writes Sanskrit, and reads and talks another

language. It is exactly as if an Italian were to write factum, while he says fatto, or as if a

Frenchman were to write the Latin sicca, while he says seche. (Grierson 1903: 15)

BD‡ivcxq fvlv¸‡jvi †¶‡Î GiKg N‡Uwb, †hgb N‡U‡Q evsjvi †¶‡Î| iex›`ªbv_ G‡KB evievi evbv‡bi

ÔAmZZvÕ e‡j eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, aŸwb-Abymvix evbvb KivB fviZxq bxwZ: ÔaŸwbmsMZ evbvb GK Av‡Q

ms¯‹…Z fvlvq Ges cÖvPxb cÖvK…Z fvlvq| Avi †Kv‡bv fvlvq Av‡Q wKsev wQj wK bv Rvwb †bÕ (iex›`ªbv_ 1402:

264)| G cÖm‡½ wZwb evievi cÖvK…‡Zi evbvbixwZi D`vniY w`‡q‡Qb:

ZLbKvi w`‡b cÖvK…Z‡K huviv wewae× K‡iwQ‡jb, Zuviv wQ‡jb cig cwÐZ| A_P cÖvK…‡Zi cÖwZ Zuv‡`i AeÁv wQj

bv| ms¯‹…Z e¨vKi‡Yi Pv‡c Zuviv cÖvK…Z‡K jyßcÖvq K‡ib wb| Zvi KviY fvlv m¤^‡Ü Zuv‡`i wQj mnR †evakw³|

Avgiv AvRKvj ms¯‹…Z wk‡L fy‡j hvB †h evsjvi GKwU ¯^KxqZv Av‡Q| Aek¨ ms¯‹…Z †_‡KB †m kãm¤ú` cv‡e,

wKš‘ Zvi wb‡Ri ˆ`wnK cÖK…wZ ms¯‹…Z Øviv Av”Qbœ Kievi †Póv AmsMZ| Avgv‡`i cÖvPxb cwЇZiv KL‡bv †m †Póv

K‡ib wb| Avwg †mKv‡ji cwÐZ‡`i evsjvq †jLv A‡bK cyiv‡bv cyuw_ †`‡LwQ| Zvi evbvb Zuviv evsjv fvlv‡K cÖvK…Z

†R‡bB K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuv‡`i lZ¡ YZ¡ Ávb wQj bv, G K_v ejv P‡j bv| (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 241)

D‡jøL¨ G AwffvlY wZwb w`‡qwQ‡jb ms¯‹…Z K‡jR KZ©…K ÔKwe mve©‡fŠgÕ Dcvwa`vb I Awfb›`‡bi Dˇi|

j¶Yxq, GLv‡b cÖvPxb cÖvK…‡Zi cvkvcvwk wZwb cy‡iv‡bv evsjv cyuw_‡KI mv¶x †g‡b‡Qb| ÔcÖvPxb MÖš’mK‡ji †h-

mg Í gyw ªZ ms¯‹iY AvRKvj evwni nq Zvnv‡Z evbvb-ms‡kvaKMY Kvjvcvnv‡oi e„wË Aej¤^b Kwiqv‡Qb| Zuvnviv

12

ms¯‹…Z evbvb‡K evsjv evbv‡bi Av`k© Kíbv Kwiqv h_v_© evsjv evbvb wbwe©Pv‡i bó Kwiqv‡Qb| ... AvaywbK evsjvi

Av`‡k© huvnviv cÖvPxb cyuw_ ms‡kvab Kwiqv _v‡Kb Zuvnviv cig Awbó K‡ibÕ (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 293)| Ñ

iex›`ªbv‡_i G gšÍ‡e¨i GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨envwiK Dc‡hvwMZv Av‡Q| Zv nj, Dcwb‡ek-c~e© bgybv‡K evsjv kãiƒc

I evbvbiƒc wba©vi‡Yi †¶‡Î c~e©m~wii gh©v`v †`Iqv|9 mybxwZKygvi P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi g‡Z, ‘The old spellings of

MSS are of very great help in tracing the history of the sounds, as they are frankly phonetic, when the

scribes were not troubled by the ghost of Sanskrit.’ (Chatterji 2002: 227)

Jcwb‡ewkK cwiw ’wZ‡Z ms¯‹…Zvq‡bi cÖPÐ cÖZv‡ci g‡a¨ c~e©Zb ÔevsjvixwZÕ¸‡jv cix¶v K‡i †`Lv nqwb|

iex›`ªbv_ c~‡e©v³ gšÍ‡e¨ †m ev ÍeZvi K_vB g‡b Kwi‡q w`‡q‡Qb|

huviv evbv‡bi ms¯‹…Zvq‡bi c¶cvZx, Zuv‡`i cÖavb hyw³ ey¨rcwËi BwZnvm i¶v Kiv| G e¨vcv‡i Zuviv mvaviYZ

Bs‡iwRi bwRi w`‡q _v‡Kb, ms¯‹…‡Zi bq| iex›`ªbv_ wbcyY hyw³Rv‡j cÖwZc‡¶i G e³e¨ LvwiR K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi

hyw³i g~jK_v GB †h, Bs‡iwRi evbvbbxwZ Avi fviZxq evbvbbxwZ ci¯úi-we‡ivax: ÔBs‡iwR‡Z evbv‡b-D”Pvi‡Y

fvmyi-fv ª‡eŠ m¤úK©, ci¯ú‡ii gvSLv‡b cÖvPxb kãZ‡Ë¡i j¤^v †NvgUv| ... wKš‘ Avgv‡`i †`‡ki bwRi DjUv|

cÖvK…Z I cvwj, evbv‡bi Øviv wbf©‡q wb‡Ri k‡ãiB cwiPq w`‡q‡Q, c~e©cyiæ‡li kãZ‡Ë¡i b‡nÕ (iex›`ªbv_ 1402:

258)| A_©vr, iex›`ªbv_ ms¯‹…Z-cÖvK…Z-cvwji hyw³‡ZB evbv‡bi ms¯‹…Zvq‡bi we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Qb| GgbwK Bs‡iwR

fvlvi †¶‡Î Ab¨ hyw³ e¨eüZ n‡jI Zuvi Kv‡Q Zv ˆea n‡q hvq bv| ms¯‹…Z K‡j‡R †`Iqv e³…Zvq Zuvi G Ae ’vb

†LvjvLywj cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q:

huviv g‡b K‡i‡Qb evB‡i †_‡K evsjv‡K ms¯‹…‡Zi AbyMvgx K‡i ïw×`vb Ki‡eb, Zuviv †mB †`vl Ki‡Qb hv fvi‡Z

wQj bv| G †`vl cwð‡gi| Bs‡iwR‡Z kã aŸwbi Abyhvqx bq| j¨vwUb I MÖxK †_‡K D™¢~Z k‡ã evbv‡bi m‡½ aŸwbi

we‡iva n‡jI Zuviv g~j evbvb i¶v K‡ib| GB cÖYvjx‡Z Zuviv BwZnv‡mi ¯§„wZ †eu‡a ivL‡Z Pvb| wKš‘ BwZnvm‡K

i¶v Kiv hw` Aek¨KZ©e¨ nq Z‡e WviDBb-Kw_Z Avgv‡`i c~e©cyiæl‡`i †h A½wU L‡m †M‡Q †mwU‡K Avevi

ms‡hvwRZ Kiv DwPZ n‡e| (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 241-42)10

iex›`ªbv_ GLv‡b ÁvZmv‡i ev AÁv‡Z ÁvbZvwË¡K Dcwb‡ekvq‡bi GKwU m~² w`K wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ Zuvi Kv‡Q

mgm¨vwU wbQK ZË¡xqI bq| Bs‡iwR-divwmi D`vniY evsjvi †¶‡Î bv LvUvi Ab¨ KviY fvlvi BwZnvmMZ wfbœZv|

†`ecÖmv` †Nvl‡K †jLv wØZxq c‡Î wZwb Z‡Ë¡i cvkvcvwk HwZnvwmK wfbœZvi hyw³¸‡jvI LwZ‡q †`‡L‡Qb:

Avcbvi wPwV‡Z Bs‡iwR divwmi bwRi †`wL‡q Avcwb e‡jb IB mKj fvlvq D”Pvi‡Y evbv‡b mvgÄm¨ †bB| wKš‘

GB bwR‡ii mv_©KZv Av‡Q e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwi †b| IB-mKj fvlvi wjwLZ iƒc AwZ `xN©Kvj a‡i P‡j Avm‡Q,

GB cwiYwZi gy‡L Kv‡j Kv‡j †h-mKj AmsMwZ N‡U‡Q nVvr Zvi ms‡kvab ytmva¨| cÖvK…Z evsjv Qvcvi A¶‡ii

G‡jKvq GB m¤cÖwZ cvm‡cvU© †c‡q‡Q| GLb Ii evbvb wba©vi‡Y GKUv †Kv‡bv bxwZ Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e †Zv| ...

BD‡ivcxq fvlv¸wj hLb cÖ_g wjwLZ nw”Qj ZLb KvRUv Kx iKg K‡i Avi¤¢ n‡qwQj Zvi BwZnvm Avwg Rvwb †b|

Av›`vR KiwQ KZ¸wj Lvg‡Lqvwj †jv‡K wg‡j G KvR K‡ib wb, h_vm¤¢e Kv‡bi m‡½ Kj‡gi †hvM i¶v K‡iB ïiæ

K‡iwQ‡jb| ZvI Lye mnR bq, Gi g‡a¨I Kv‡iv Kv‡iv †¯”QvPvi †h P‡j wb Zv ej‡Z cvwi †b| wKš‘ †¯^”QvPvi‡K

†Zv Av`k© e‡j a‡i †bIqv hvq bv Ñ AZGe e¨w³MZ AwfiæwPi AZxZ †Kv‡bv bxwZ‡K hw` ¯xKvi Kiv KZ©e¨ g‡b

13

Kwi Z‡e D”PviY‡KB mvg‡b †i‡L evbvb‡K M‡o †Zvjv fv‡jv| cÖvPxb e¨vKiYKZ©viv †mB KvR K‡i‡Qb, Zuviv Ab¨

†Kv‡bv fvlvi bwRi wgwj‡q KZ©e¨ mnR K‡ib wb| (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 281-82)

iex› ªbv_ VvKzi GB ÔRwUjÕ KZ©‡e¨i w`‡KB evsjvfvlx‡`i AvnŸvb K‡i‡Qb| evbvb Zuvi Kv‡Q cvwÐZ¨ Rvwn‡ii

gq`vb bq, wbZvšÍB Ô†K‡RvÕ, Ôe¨envwiKÕ Ges fvlvfvlx‡`i Ômyweav-AmyweavÕi e¨vcvi| G Kvi‡YB evbvb-cÖm‡½

evievi wZwb wkïwk¶vi D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Ôevsjv evbvbÕ wk‡ivbv‡gi iPbv¸‡”Q GK RvqMvq wj‡L‡Qb:

evsjv fvlvi AwaKvsk evbvbB wb‡Ri aŸwbwe‡ ªvnx fyj evbvb| AvwfRv‡Z¨i fvb K‡i evbvb Avcb ¯^ag© j•N‡bi

†Póv Kiv‡Z wk¶v_©x‡`i c‡¶ †mUv cig `ytLKi n‡q‡Q| ... wkï‡`i cov‡bvq huv‡`i AwfÁZv Av‡Q Zuviv Rv‡bb

evsjv cvVwk¶vi cÖ‡ekc_ wK iKg `yM©g| GK hv‡bi iv¯Ívq Avi-GK hvb‡K Pvjvevi y‡ðóvekZ †mUv N‡U‡Q|

evOvwj wkïcv‡ji ytL wbe„wË wPšÍvq A‡bKevi †Kv‡bv-GK Rb evbvb-ms¯‹viK †Kgvj cvkvi Afz¨`q Kvgbv

K‡iwQ| `~‡i hveviB ev `iKvi Kx, †mKv‡ji cÖvK…Z fvlvi KvZ¨vqb‡K †c‡jI P‡j †hZ| (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 264)

ïay wkï bq, Avcvgi Rbmvavi‡Yi fvlv-e¨envi h_vm¤¢e RwUjZvgy³ KivI Zuvi fvlv-cÖK‡íi Ask| we‡klZ ï×

evsjv †jLvi Rb¨ ms¯‹…‡Zi eivZ wZwb wKQz‡ZB b¨vh¨ g‡b K‡ibwb| Zuvi g‡Z, Ôms¯‹…Z fvlv fv‡jv K‡i Rvbv bv

_vK‡j evsjv fvlv e¨env‡ii †hvM¨Zv _vK‡eB bv, fvlv‡K Ggb A¯vfvweK AZ¨vPv‡i eva¨ Kiv cvwÐZ¨vwfgvbx

evOvwji b~Zb KxwZ©Õ (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 281)| wZwb G Ae ’vi Aemvb †P‡q‡Qb| Ab¨w`‡K fvlvi e¨enviMZ

myweavi cÖwZ Zuvi Mfxi g‡bv‡hv‡Mi D`vniY ÔA¨vÕ aŸwb †evSv‡Z gvÎvhy³ GKvi e¨env‡ii cÖ¯Íve| evsjvfvlxiv G

cÖ Íve MÖnY K‡iwb| wKš‘ GB Amdj cÖ Íve †_‡K evsjv fvlvi Avf¨šÍi ˆewkó¨‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q cvV-mnvqK e¨e ’v

MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î Zuvi „wófw½ †evSv hvq| G †¶‡Î Zuvi Av‡iK cÖ Íve Ñ Ae¨q ÔwKÕ Avi me©bvg ÔKxÕ-†K Avjv`v Kiv

Ñ cÖvq me©Rbxb MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv †c‡q‡Q|11

Gme D`vniY †_‡K †evSv hvq, Ôe¨vKiY euvwP‡qÕ evbvb‡K h_vm¤¢e ÔmijÕ

I e¨envwiK w`K †_‡K ÔmyweavRbKÕ KivB wQj Zuvi j¶¨|12

evbvb‡K wZwb mij Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, wKš‘ evbvbiv‡R¨ wek„•Ljv Pvbwb| hvuiv cÖPwjZ evbvb A¶yYœ ivL‡Z Pvb, ev

ey¨rcwË-Abymvix evbv‡bi c¶cvZx, Zvu‡`iI Ab¨Zg hyw³ Ôk„•LjvÕ i¶v Kiv| Ab¨ hyw³ Ñ D”PviYvbyM evbvb

Avm‡j Am¤¢e| ‡`ecÖmv` ‡Nvl iex›`«bv_‡K ‡jLv Zvui c‡Î G g‡g© we Íi evK¨e¨q K‡i‡Qb (†`ecÖmv` 1997:

138-42)| g~j hyw³Uv A‡bKUv GiKg: cÖPwjZ evbv‡bi ms¯‹v‡i Ôk„•LjvÕ bó nq, wKš‘ evbvb ÔD”PviYvbyMÕ nq bv|

Ôevsjv evbvbÕ c Öe‡Ü iex›`ªbv_-mgw_©Z KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evbvb-ms¯‹vi m¤ú‡K© gYx›`ªKygvi ‡NvlI GKB

ai‡bi Awf‡hvM Zy‡j‡Qb| Zvui c«eÜ ‡_‡K GKUv Ask wb‡P D×…Z nj:

iex›`ªbv_ ¯^qs D”PviYvbyhvqx evbv‡bi c¶cvZx| hvuiv evbvb-ms¯‹v‡i eªZx n‡q‡Qb Zvuiv A‡b‡KB GB gZ mg_©b

K‡ib| d‡j †Kej Z™¢e ev ˆe‡`wkK kã bq, Zrmg kãI AvµvšÍ nj| ÔAf¨vm, myweav, mܨv, we`¨vÕ kã¸wji

cÖvK…Z iƒc †`LwQ ÔA‡f¨m, mywe‡a, m‡Ü, we‡`¨Õ| ms¯‹viK‡`i g‡Z G¸wj n‡”Q D”PviYvbyM evbvb| Avgv‡`i wKš‘

LU&Kv jvM‡Q| Avgiv †`LwQ ms¯‹…Z kã¸wji iƒcB weK…Z n‡q‡Q, wKš‘ D”PviYvbyM evbvb nq wb| D”PviYvbyhvqx

evbvb w`‡Z n‡j evbvb nIqv DwPZ wQj ÔIe&‡fk, ïwe‡a, †kv‡Ü, we‡ÏÕ| (gYx›`ª 1409: 26)

14

gYx›`ªKygvi †Nvl GLv‡b †h hyw³ e¨envi K‡i‡Qb, Zv †gv‡UB †UKmB bq| P~ovšÍ A‡_© D”PviY-Abymvix evbvb

Am¤¢e; KviY, †Kv‡bv fvlvi mg Í aŸwb Ges mnaŸwbi Rb¨ eY© _v‡K bv; msL¨v I e¨envwiK we‡ePbvq _vKvUv

ev¯Íem¤§ZI bq| hvuiv D”PviY-Abymvix evbv‡bi K_v e‡jb, Zvuiv GB e¨envwiK ev¯ÍeZv we‡ePbvq †i‡LB Zv

e‡jb| D×…Z As‡ki k㸇jv‡Z †gvUvgywU wZb ai‡bi D”PviYMZ RwUjZv Av‡Q| GKwU ÔAÕ-i ÔIÕ-fvevcbœ

D”PviY| ÔAÕ-i GB D”PviY †gv‡UB ÔIÕ-i D”PviY bq Ñ ÔIÕ-i g‡Zv| ZvB Ab¨ cvwicvwk¦©KZvq GKB k‡ãi ÔAÕ

AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, ÔAf¨vmÕ-Gi ÔAÕ Ôe`f¨vmÕ k‡ã ÔIÕ-i g‡Zv D”PvwiZ nq bv| G Kvi‡YB GB

ÔAÕ-i D”PviY evbv‡b †`Lv‡bvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| wØZxq RwUjZv ÔmÕ-Gi ÔkÕ D”Pvi‡Y| evsjvq †h GB aŸwb wZbwU

bq, g~jZ GKwU (k), Ges Ae ’vwe‡k‡l `ywU (m, k) Ñ †m e¨vcv‡i fvlvZvwË¡K‡`i g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv wfbœgZ †bB|

†jLvq GB wewa me©Rbxbfv‡e M…nxZ n‡j Dcwi-D³ k㸇jvi ÔmÕ-‡K ÔkÕ Ki‡Z †Kv‡bv Amyweav nZ bv| Zv

†h‡nZy nqwb, cÖPwjZ evbv‡b ÔmÕ ivLvB we‡aq| Z…Zxq RwUjZv nj, hdjvhy³ e¨Ä‡bi D”Pvi‡Y| evsjvq hdjvhy³

e¨Äb k‡ãi Avw`‡Z ÔA¨vÕ-iƒ‡c D”PvwiZ nq, Avi Ab¨ Ae ’v‡b mswkøó e¨ÄbwUi wØZ¡ D”PviY nq| GB wbqg‡K

evsjvi me©Rbxb D”PviYixwZ wnmv‡e MÖnY Kivi †Kv‡bv evav †bB| ZvB gYx›`ªKygvi †Nv‡li cÖ¯ÍvweZ evbvb¸‡jv

D”PviY-Abymvix evbvbixwZi cÖ ÍveK‡`i Kvw•ÿZ evbvb bq| Zvuiv eo‡Rvi PvB‡eb A‡f¨m, mywe‡a, m‡Ü, we‡`¨

cÖf…wZ‡K Awfav‡b wØZxq fyw³ wnmv‡e VvuB †`Iqv †nvK| iex›`ªbv_ hv‡K e‡j‡Qb ÔevsjvixwZÕ, Zv kbv³ K‡i

Ôh_vm¤¢eÕ D”PviY-Abymvix evsjv evbvb LyeB m¤¢e|

evsjv evbvb-cwiw ’wZ eis wek„•Lj †_‡K †M‡Q ey¨rcwË-Abymvix Avi D”PviY-Abymvix Ñ G `yB‡qi wgkÖ‡Yi

Kvi‡Y| ÔZrmgÕ k‡ãi Rb¨ GK wewa Avi Ab¨ k‡ãi Rb¨ Ab¨ wewa cÖYq‡bi d‡j RwUjZvI †e‡o‡Q, wek„•LjvI

†e‡o‡Q| GLv‡b †Kej GKwU D`vniY †`Iqv nj| KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evbvbwewa‡Z AZrmg k‡ã ÔlÕ Ges

ÔYÕ e¨envi wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q| evsjv fvlvi AšÍZ `yRb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fvlvweÁvbx G wbq‡gi we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Qb|

ev½vjv fvlvZ‡Ë¡i f~wgKv MÖ‡š’i Ômßg ms¯‹i‡Yi weÁwßÕ‡Z (1962) mybxwZKygvi P‡Ævcva¨vq wj‡L‡Qb:

Ô÷Õ AvRKvj Aï×fv‡e †hLv‡b †mLv‡b ÔóÕ-Gi ’v‡b e¨eüZ nB‡Z‡Q| ï× ev½vjv k‡ã Ges ev½vjvq c~Y©fv‡e

M…nxZ we‡`wk k‡ã ÔóÕ; Bs‡iRx k‡ãi ¯^Kxq ï× D”PviY †`LvBevi Rb¨ Ô÷Õ| Ôgvóvi, hxï-Lªxó, Lªxóvb, BwókbÕ Ñ

evsjv kã, Ôgv÷i, wRRm&-µvB÷&, wµðvb, †÷kbÕ Ñ Bs‡iwR kã| GB cv_©K¨ ivLv nBqv‡Q|

gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB‡qi mswkøó gZvgZ m¤ú‡K© Zvui iPbvewji m¤úv`K ûgvqyb AvRv` wj‡L‡Qb:

gyn¤§` Ave yj nvB KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evbv‡bi GKwU weavb gv‡bbwb; wZwb we‡`wk k‡ã U-eM©xq aŸwbi Av‡M

ÔmÕ Avi ÔbÕ e¨envi bv K‡i ÔlÕ Avi ÔYÕB e¨envi K‡i‡Qb; Ñ wj‡L‡Qb Ôó¨vÐvW©Õ| KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evbv‡bi

G-wewawU RbwcÖq n‡qwQj, Z‡e G-wewawU A‰eÁvwbK I fvlvi ¯^fvewe‡ivax| G-wewawU evsjv evbv‡bi m~·K RwUj

K‡i‡Q, we‡`wk kã‡K wPiKv‡ji Rb¨ we‡`wk K‡i ivLvi weavb w`‡q‡Q, Ges g‡b K‡i‡Q †h cÖwZwU gvbylB n‡e

fvlvweÁvbx| gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB G-wewawU gv‡bb wb e‡j Zuv‡K i¶Ykxj g‡b n‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ wZwb wVK KvRwU

K‡iwQ‡jb| AvgivI GLb G-wewawU eR©b Ki‡Z cvwi| (gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB 1994: c‡b‡iv)

15

G `yRb fvlvweÁvbx fvlvweÁv‡bi wKQy g~jbxwZi wfwˇZ evbvbwewai Askwe‡k‡li we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Qb| Zvu‡`i

we‡ivwaZv Avm‡j Zrmg-AZrm‡g wefvwRZ †h †Kv‡bv evbvbwewai †¶‡ÎB cÖ‡hvR¨| GB wefvRb e¨envwiKfv‡eI

†Mvj‡g‡j| KviY, G‡Z a‡i †bIqv nq, ÔcÖwZwU gvbylB n‡e fvlvweÁvbxÕ| evsjv ï× K‡i wjL‡Z †M‡j ms¯‹…‡Zi

Ávb `iKvi n‡e Ñ iex›`ªbv_ G Ae ’vi we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Qb c~e©vci| hw` a‡i †bIqv nq, ï×Zvi LvwZ‡i Zrmg

k㸇jv Avjv`v K‡i wP‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, Ges fvlvi cÖwZ kÖ×v I ggZvekZ e¨enviKvixiv Zv Ki‡eb, Zvn‡jI

mgm¨vi mgvavb nq bv| KviY, †KvbwU Zrmg Avi †KvbwU Aa©Zrmg ev Z™¢e Ñ Zv kbvw³i †¶‡Î †Lv` cwÐZ‡`i

g‡a¨B gZwe‡iva Av‡Q, Ggb k‡ãi msL¨v ixwZgZ cÖPyi| Avevi †h k㸇jv Zrmg e‡j wbtmsk‡q cÖgvwYZ,

†m¸‡jvi evbvbiƒ‡cI cÖvqkB gZwe‡iva †`Lv hvq| KviY, †Lv` ms¯‹…‡ZB cvIqv hvq evbv‡bi cÖPyi weKí|

gYx›`«Kygvi †Nvl G ai‡bi †ek wKQy D`vniY w`‡q‡Qb (gYx›`ª 1409: 122-34)| ms¯‹…‡Zi wewfbœ hy‡M Ges wewfbœ

MÖ‡š’ evbvbwfbœZv cvIqv hvq, Ggb k‡ãi wecyj D`vniY msKjb K‡i‡Qb †nvmvBb wi`Iqvb Avjx Lvb (2007)|

ms¯‹…‡Zi Abymi‡Y ÔZrmgÕ k‡ãi evbvb-wba©vi‡Y Av‡iKwU eo mgm¨v nq mvwaZ k㸇jvi †¶‡Î| we‡klZ †h

mvwaZ k㸇jv ms¯‹…‡Z wQj bv, evsjvq bZyb MwVZ n‡q‡Q, †m¸‡jvi †¶‡Î G mgm¨v cÖej| d‡j

cwienY/cwienb, wPÎv¼Y/wPÎv¼b cÖf…wZ evbv‡bi c‡¶ cÖvq mg¸iæ‡Z¡i hyw³ cvIqv hvq|

KZ¸‡jv g~jbxwZ wVK K‡i bv wb‡j G wek„•Ljvi Aemvb n‡e bv| iex›`ªbv_ wek„•Ljvi Aemvb †P‡q‡Qb|

KvbvBjvj M‡½vcva¨vq‡K †jLv c‡Î ÔcÖvK…Z evsjvÕi evbvb m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z wM‡q evbvbwewa cÖYq‡bi g~jZË¡wUI

wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb:

Avgv‡`i mvwn‡Z¨ cÖvK…Z evsjvi cÖPjb cÖwZw`b †e‡o D‡V‡Q| †mB evsjvq evbvb m¤^‡Ü †Kv‡bv AvBb †bB, ZvB

†¯^”QvPv‡ii AivRKZv P‡j‡Q| huviv n‡eb cÖ_g AvBbKZ©v Zuv‡`i weavb Awb›`bxq n‡ZB cv‡i bv, Zey D”Q…•LjZvi

euva †eu‡a †`evi KvR †Zv ïiæ Ki‡ZB n‡e| †mB R‡b¨ wek¦we`¨vj‡qiB kiY wb‡Z nj| Kvjµ‡g Zuv‡`i wbq‡gi

A‡bK cwieZ©b NU‡e m‡›`n †bB, wKš‘ †mB cwieZ©‡bi MwZ GKUv mywPwšÍZ c_ AbymiY hw` bv K‡i Zvn‡j

Ae¨e¯’vi AšÍ _vK‡e bv| b`xi ZU euvav Av‡Q Zey Zvi euvK cwieZ©b nq, wKš‘ ZU bv _vK‡j Zvi b`xZ¡B NyP‡e,

†m n‡e Rjv| (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 297)

GB g~jZ‡Ë¡ b`xi Dcgv fvlvi wbZ¨-cwieZ©bkxjZvi K_v e‡j| wKš‘ e¨envwiK Kvi‡YB wek„•Ljv‡K cÖkÖq †`Iqv

P‡j bv| `iKvi n‡e cÖvwZôvwbK D‡`¨vM| ÔG †¶‡Î cÖexY‡`i Af¨vm I AvPviwbôZvi cÖwZ m¤§vb Ki‡Z hvIqv

`ye©jZvÕ (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 278)| fvlvi cwieZ©bkxjZvi m‡½ wgj †i‡L evbvbixwZiI e`j NU‡Z _vK‡e| Z‡e

†m e`‡j g~jbxwZUv w ’i ivLv `iKvi| iex›`ªbv‡_i †¶‡Î GB g~jbxwZ, ejv hvq, `ywU Ñ D”Pvi‡Yi AbymiY, Avi

evsjv fvlvi ¯fv‡ei ¯xK…wZ|13

4

iex›`ªbv‡_i Kv‡Q evbvb-ms¯‹vi wQj GK avivevwnK cÖwµqv| D”Pvi‡Yi m‡½ evbv‡bi Ae¨vnZ mw¤§jbB Zuvi

Aviva¨| G Kvi‡YB cwÎKvq wMjevU© gv‡ii Bs‡iwR evbvb ms¯‹vi-welqK cÎ c‡o wZwb wMjevU©‡K evnev

w`‡q‡Qb| Zuvi evbvb-welqK iPbvq Bs‡iwR evbv‡b D”Pvi‡Yi m‡½ mvgÄm¨nxbZvi K_v evievi G‡m‡Q| KviY,

16

Zuvi g‡Z wZwb wb‡RI Gi fy³‡fvMx| wMjev‡U©i eivZ w`‡q wZwb GB msev` w`‡Z †fv‡jbwb †h, ÔBs‡iwR fvlvi

†hgb µgk cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q, †Zgwb gv‡S gv‡S Zvi evbvb ms¯‹vi N‡U‡QÕ| Av‡gwiKvi evbvb ms¯‹v‡i wZwb Djøvm

cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb|14

wj‡L‡Qb, ÔgvwK©b †`kxq evbv‡b through kã †_‡K wZb‡U †eKvi A¶i eR©b K‡i eY©web¨v‡m

†h cvMjvwgi Dckg Kiv nj Avgv‡`i ivR‡Z¡ †mUv MÖnY Kievi hw` evav bv _vKZ Zv n‡j †mBm‡½ evOvwji

†Q‡ji ARxY© †iv‡Mi †mB cwigvY Dckg n‡Z cviZÕ (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 268)| Zuvi g‡Z Bs‡iRiv †hgb

AvPviwbô, †Zgwb evOvwjI AvPviwbô| VvÆv K‡i e‡j‡Qb, ÔGB m¤‡Ü ivRvq cÖRvq g‡bvfv‡ei mvgÄm¨ †`Lv

hvqÕ| (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 269)

evsjv evbvb m¤ú‡K© huviv KvR K‡i‡Qb, Zuv‡`i AwaKvs‡ki m‡½ iex›`ªbv‡_i g~j cv_©K¨ GB †h, Avi †KD

iex›`ªbv‡_i g‡Zv K‡i evsjv fvlvi Dcwb‡ekvqb-cÖwµqvi †LuvR †bbwb| cyivZb evbv‡bi bwRi wnmv‡e

Dcwb‡ekc~e© evsjv Avi cÖvK…Z-Acås‡ki Øvi ’ nbwb| gvb¨ K‡i‡Qb Av‡ivwcZ ms¯‹…Z wewa| G e¨vcv‡i

iex›`ªbv‡_i Av‡iK g~jbxwZ nj, fvlvi e¨envi-Dc‡hvwMZvi w`KwU ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbv Kiv| wkïwkÿv †_‡K

ïiæ K‡i fvlvi cÖvZ¨wnK e¨env‡ii me©RbxbZv we‡ePbvq †i‡L wZwb evbvb wewae×Ki‡Yi Ici †Rvi w`‡q‡Qb|

Zv‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q D‡V‡Q evsjv fvlvi ¯vZš¿¨ I mve©‡fŠgZ¡| ejv hvq, Zuvi c×wZ AvbykvmwbK bq, eY©bvg~jK|

Zv‡Z wPiKvjxb wewai APjZv wQj bv, wKš‘ `xN©‡gqvw` g~jbxwZi J`vh© wQj|

iex›`ªbv‡_i evsjv evbvbbxwZ Zuvi gvbevsjvbxwZ I e¨vKiYbxwZi m‡½ IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e m¤úwK©Z|

UxKv

1. QvcvLvbvq ms¯‹…‡Zi e¨envwiK cÖZvc evsjv gy`ª‡Y Kx mgm¨v ˆZwi K‡i‡Q, Zvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb ARiP›`ª miKvi| mgm¨vi

mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Zuv‡K evsjv I ms¯‹…Z UvBc‡K Avjv`v ivLvi cÖ¯Íve Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q:

we`¨vmvMi gnvkq Ggb fv‡e b~Zb b~Zb hy³v¶i UvBc ˆZqvi KivBqv wQ‡jb, hvnv‡Z ms¯‹…Z fvlvI ev½vjv

UvB‡ci Øviv Abvqv‡m myôyfv‡e gyw`ªZ Kiv hvq| GK wX‡j yB cvLx-gviv we`¨vi Avwg wKš‘ †Nvi we‡ivax| Avi GB

GKgvÎ Kvi‡YB ev½vjv UvBc I †Km GBiƒcfv‡e ReoRs I ¸iæfvivµvšÍ nBqv iwnqv‡Q| K‡e †Kvb& ïf gyn~‡Ë©

GKwU ms¯‹…Z RwUj kã ev½vjv fvlvq e¨eüZ nB‡e wK bv-nB‡e, A_ev nqZ K¡wPr-KLb GKwU ms¯‹…Z †køvK D×vi

Kwiqv ev D×…Z Kwiqv cÖMvp cvwÐZ¨ Rvwni Kwi‡Z nB‡e, GB Kvi‡Y ms¯‹…Z fvlvq eûe¨eüZ hy³ UvBc¸wj †h

ev½vjv †Km †Rvov Kwiqv AvRI weivR Kwi‡Z‡Qb, Bnv †gv‡UB Kv‡Ri K_v bq| (ARi 1997: 24)|

2. †`ecÖmv` †Nvl‡K †jLv c‡Î iex›`ªbv_ Rvwb‡q‡Qb, Ôevsjv evbv‡bi wbqg wewae× Kievi Rb¨ Avwg wek¦we`¨vj‡qi

KZ©…c‡¶i Kv‡Q Av‡e`b K‡iwQjygÕ (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 275)| wek¦we`¨vjq Ôevsjv evbv‡bi wbqgÕ kxl©K †h cyw¯ÍKv †ei

K‡iwQj, Zvi f~wgKvq DcvPvh© k¨vgvcÖmv` gy‡Lvcva¨vqI GKB K_v Rvwb‡q‡Qb| evbvbmwgwZi m`m¨‡`i GKUv eo Ask

fvlv I evbvb wel‡q iex›`ªg‡Zi mg_©K wQ‡jb| Z ycwi, cyw¯ÍKvi wØZxq ms¯‹i‡Y Qvcv nq iex›`ªbv‡_i Aby‡gv`bcÎ: Ôevsjv

evbvb m¤^‡Ü †h wbqg wek¦we`¨vjq wbw ©ó Kwiqv w`‡jb Avwg Zvnv cvjb Kwi‡Z m¤§Z AvwQÕ (weRb 1997/2: 207)| ZvB

ejv hvq, GB evbvbwewai we‡ivax‡`i g‡a¨ huviv cy‡iv cÖwµqvwUi Rb¨ iex›`ªbv_‡KB `vqx †f‡e‡Qb, Zuviv †ewk fyj K‡ibwb|

17

3. gbx›`ªKygvi †Nvl j¶ K‡i‡Qb, evbvb-ms¯‹vi mwgwZi w¯’i K‡i †`Iqvi Av‡M ÔKiwQÕ kãwUi Ôevbvb wQj WRb-wZ‡bKÕ|

ÔK, KÕ, †Kv; i, i&, †id, m¤ú~Y© i ev †idwenxb; wP, w”P, wQ, w”Q Ñ GB eY©¸wji cÖvq meiKg web¨vm †`Lv †hZÕ| (gbx› ª

1409: 26)

4. fvlv-cÖm‡½ me©ÎB iex›`ªbv_ G Ô†K‡RvÕ w`‡Ki cÖwZ j¶ †i‡LwQ‡jb| Ôevbvb-wewaÕ cÖe‡Ü G cÖm‡½ wj‡L‡Qb:

cÖvPxb cÖvK…Z fvlv hLb wjwce× n‡q‡Q ZLb †m †h QÙ‡e‡k ms¯‹…Z fvlv, cwЇZiv Ggb Awfgvb iv‡Lb wb; Zuv‡`i

h_v_© cvwÐZ¨ cÖgvY n‡q‡Q evbv‡bi hv_v‡_©¨|

†mB mbvZb mÏ…óvšÍ MÖnY Kievi Dchy³ mgq G‡m‡Q| GL‡bv cÖvK…Z evsjvq evbv‡bi cvKv `wjj ˆZwi nq wb|

GB mg‡q hw` D”Pvi‡Yi cÖwZ m¤ú~Y© m¤§vb i¶v K‡i evbv‡bi e¨e¯’v n‡Z cviZ Zvn‡jI †Kv‡bv c¶ †_‡KB

bvwjk-dwiqv‡`i †h †Kv‡bv Avk¼v _vKZ bv Zv ewj †b, wKš‘ Zvi av°v nZ A‡bK Kg| (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 269-

70)

†`ecÖmv` †Nvl‡K †jLv cÖ_g c‡Î G Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi m¤¢ve¨ f~wgKv cÖm‡½ Zuvi e³e¨:

cÖvK…Z evsjvq Z™¢e kã wefv‡M D”Pvi‡Yi m¤ú~Y© AvbyMZ¨ †hb P‡j GB Avgvi GKvšÍ B”Qv wQj| wKš‘ hw` wbZvšÍB

†mB wfwˇZ evbv‡bi cÖwZôv bvI nq Zey Ggb GKUv Abykvm‡bi `iKvi hv‡Z cÖvK…Z evsjvi wjL‡b evbv‡bi mvg¨

me©Î iw¶Z n‡Z cv‡i| ms¯‹…Z Ges cÖvPxb cÖvK…Z fvlv Qvov mf¨ RM‡Zi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv fvlviB wjLbe¨env‡i †eva

Kwi D”PviY I evbv‡bi m¤ú~Y© mvgÄm¨ †bB wKš‘ bvbv AmsMwZ‡`vl _vKv m‡Ë¡I G m¤^‡Ü GKUv A‡gvN kvmb

`uvwo‡q †M‡Q| KvR Pjevi c‡¶ †mUvi `iKvi Av‡Q| evsjv †jL‡bI †mB KvR Pvjvevi Dchy³ wbw ©ó wewai

cÖ‡qvRb gvwb, ... wek¦we`¨vjq-mwgwZi weavbKZ©v nevi g‡Zv †Rvi Av‡Q Ñ GB †¶‡Î hyw³i †Rv‡ii †P‡q †mB

†Rv‡iiB †Rvi †ewk G K_v Avgiv gvb‡Z eva¨| (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 275-76)

5. cÖZ¨¶Z G iKg wZbwU AvcwËi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq mswkøó iPbv¸‡jv‡Z| GK. Ô†LIÕ, Ôw`IÕ evbv‡bi †¶‡Î iex› ªbv‡_i

g‡Z Ô†L‡qvÕ Ges Ôw`‡qvÕ hyw³m½Z (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 262-63)| `yB. cÖ¯ÍvweZ ÔKvjÕ (Kv‡jv A‡_©) evbvb wZwb gv‡bb wb;

KviY, Zuvi fvlvq, ÔKv‡jv D”Pvi‡Yi IKvi cÖvK…Z evsjvi GKwU g~j Z‡Ë¡i m‡½ RwoZ| ZË¡wU GB †h yB A¶iwewkó

we‡klY c` GB fvlvq cÖvqB ¯^ivšÍ n‡q _v‡KÕ (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 271)| wZb. cÖ¯ÍvweZ †KvbI, KLbI, hLbB, ZLbB

cÖf…wZi e`‡j wZwb †Kv‡bv, KL‡bv, hLwb, ZLwb †jLv hyw³m½Z g‡b K‡ib (iex› ªbv_ 1402: 272-73)|

Ab¨Î wK‡kvix‡gvnb mvuZiv‡K wjwLZ GK c‡Î G cÖm‡½ Zuvi e³e¨: Ôwek¦we`¨vj‡qi evbvb-wewai m¤‡Ü ywUgvÎ AvcwË|

KL‡bv †Kv‡bv Avgvwi †Zvgvwi Av‡Rv cÖf…wZ k‡ã AšÍ¯i hy³ _vwK‡e| wØZxq, †Qv‡Uv e‡ov Kv‡jv fv‡jv cÖf…wZ we‡klY c‡`i

AšÍ¯i †jvc Kiv A‰ea n‡e e‡j g‡b KwiÕ| (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 300)

6. Ôevsjv D”PviYÕ cÖe‡Ü G cÖm‡½ wj‡L‡Qb:

wZb‡U m, y‡Uv b I y‡Uv R wkïw`M‡K wecv‡K †dwjqv _v‡K| GB wZb‡U m-Gi nvZ GovBevi Rb¨B cix¶vi c~‡e©

cwÐZgkvq QvÎw`M‡K civgk© w`‡qwQ‡jb †h, Ô†`‡Lv evcy, ÔmykxZj mgxiYÕ wjL‡Z hw` fvebv Dcw¯’Z nq †Zv

wj‡L w`I ÔVvÐv nvIqvÕÕ| GQvov `y‡Uv e-Gi g‡a¨ GKUv †Kv‡bv Kv‡R jv‡M bv| F 9 O T-¸‡jv †Kej mO mvwRqv

Av‡Q| †Pnviv †`wL‡j nvwm Av‡m, wKš‘ gyL¯’ Kwievi mgq wkï‡`i wecixZ fv‡ev`q nq| mK‡ji †P‡q Kó †`q

`xN©n«¯ ¯^i| (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 16)

18

7. gYx›`ªKygvi †Nvl G cÖm‡½ iex›`ªbv‡_i †h gšÍe¨wU D×…Z K‡i‡Qb Zv †bIqv n‡q‡Q †`ecÖmv` †Nvl‡K †jLv cÖ_g cÎ

†_‡K:

Zrmg kã m¤ú‡K© Avwg bgm¨‡`i bg¯‹vi Rvbve| wKš‘ Z™¢e k‡ãi AcwЇZi AwaKviB cÖej, AZGe GLv‡b

Avgvi g‡Zv gvby‡liI K_v Pj‡e Ñ wKQz wKQz Pvjvw”QI| †hLv‡b g‡Z wgjwQ †b †mLv‡b Avwg wbi¶i‡`i mv¶¨

gvbwQ| †Kbbv, A¶iK…Z AmZ¨fvl‡Yi Øviv Zv‡`i gb †gvnMÖ¯Í nq wb| wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evbvb-mwgwZi †P‡qI

Zv‡`i K_vi cÖvgvwYKZv †h Kg Zv Avwg eje bv| (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 277)

8. cweÎ miKvi iex›`ªbv‡_i evbvb-msµvšÍ †jLv‡jwL ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i wm×všÍ wb‡q‡Qb, ÔwZwb †kl ch©šÍ GKwU ev¯Íem¤§Z

Av‡cvmidv K‡i‡QbÕ (cweÎ 2004: 131)| ÔwKQz evbvb Av‡Mi g‡ZvB ivL‡Z n‡e, wKQz evbvb aŸwbmsMZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡iÕ

Ñ Zuvi g‡Z, GB e¨e¯’vi cÖwZB iex›`ªbv‡_i c¶cvZ| Zuvi G wm×všÍ evsjv evbv‡bi Pjgvb avivi †¶‡Î hZUv mZ¨,

iex›`ªbv‡_i †¶‡Î ZZUv bq| G ai‡bi wKQz gZ-gšÍe¨ iex›`ªbv‡_i iPbvq cvIqv hvq e‡U, wKš‘ P~ovšÍ wePv‡i mg Í k‡ãi

h_vm¤¢e aŸwb-Abymvix evbvbB wQj Zuvi j¶¨|

9. weRbwenvix fÆvPvh© cy‡iv‡bv evsjv cyuw_‡Z wKQz AbymÜvb Pvwj‡q wj‡L‡Qb:

evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g hy‡Mi BwZnvm Av‡jvPbv Kwi‡j Bnv †ek eySv hvq †h, †hgb iPbvc×wZ‡Z †Zgwb evbvb-

c×wZ‡ZI ms¯‹…‡Zi cÖfve Aí wQj| Aóv`k kZvãxi †kl fvM nB‡ZB GB cÖfve AwZkq e„w× cvq| Bnvi c~e©

ch©šÍ evsjv evbv‡b k„•Ljvi Afve wQj GK_v mZ¨, wKš‘ evbvb‡K †h D”Pvi‡Yi AbyMZ Kwievi †Póv wQj Zvnv

mn‡RB eySv hvq| (weRb 1977: 100)

Ab¨Î cy‡iv‡bv evsjv cyuw_i evbvb-k„•Ljv m¤ú‡K© wZwb wj‡L‡Qb:

cyivZb evsjv cyuw_i evbv‡b †Kv‡bv wbqg-k„•Ljv wQj bv GBiƒc GKwU aviYv Avgv‡`i g‡bi g‡a¨ e×g~j nBqv

wMqv‡Q| ... GKUy Awfwb‡ek mnKv‡i cix¶v Kwi‡j †`Lv hvB‡e cÖ_g „wó‡Z hvnv‡K Awbqg ewjqv g‡b Kiv nq

Zvnvi g‡a¨I K‡qKUv wbq‡gi m~Î Avwe®‹vi Kiv hvB‡Z cv‡i| †m wbqg Av`¨šÍ bxiÜ« I wbwe©Kí bv nB‡ZI cv‡i

wKš‘ Zvnvi ga¨ nB‡ZB ZrKvjxb wjwcKviMY †Kvb& aŸwb eySvB‡Z mvaviYZ †Kvb& eY© e¨envi Kwi‡Zb Zvnvi

GKUv wb‡`©k cvIqv hvB‡e| (weRb 1977: 51)

Dwbk-wek kZ‡K evsjv evbvb-wba©vi‡Yi cÖ‡kœ G Dr‡mi w`‡K we‡kl g‡bv‡hvM †`Iqv nqwb| Jcwb‡ewkK AwfÁZv evsjvi

BwZnv‡m †h me©v½xY †Q` ˆZwi K‡iwQj, GwU Zvi GK D`vniY|

10. evbvb-cÖm‡½ ivR‡kLi emy‡K †jLv GK c‡Î Abyiƒc e³e¨ cvIqv hvq:

cÖvK…Z evsjvi evbvb m¤^‡Ü Avgvi GKUv e³e¨ Av‡Q| Bs‡iwR fvlvi wjwLZ kã¸wj Zv‡`i BwZnv‡mi †Lvjm

Qvo‡Z Pvq bv Ñ Zv‡Z K‡i Zv‡`i aŸwbiƒc Av”Qbœ| wKš‘ fviZe‡l© cÖvK…Z G c‡_i AbymiY K‡i wb| Zvi evbv‡bi

g‡a¨ AeÂbv Av‡Q, †m †h cÖvK…Z, G cwiPq †m †Mvcb K‡i wb| evsjv fvlvq lZ¡Y‡Z¡i ˆewPΨ aŸwbi g‡a¨ †bB

ej‡jB P‡j| †mB Kvi‡Y cÖvPxb cwЇZivI cyuw_‡Z †jvKfvlv †jLevi mgq `xN©n«¯ I lZ¡YZ¡‡K mij K‡i

G‡bwQ‡jb| Zuv‡`i fq wQj bv cv‡Q †mRb¨ Zuv‡`i †KD g~L© Acev` †`q| AvR Avgiv fvi‡Zi ixwZ Z¨vM K‡i

we‡`kxi AbyKi‡Y evbv‡bi weo¤bvq wkï‡`i wPˇK Abvek¨K fviMÖ¯Í Ki‡Z e‡mwQ| (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 298)

11. G cÖm‡½ wZwb †`ecÖmv` †Nvl‡K GK c‡Î wj‡L‡Qb:

19

Ae¨q kã ÔwKÕ Ges me©bvg kã ÔKxÕ GB `yBwU k‡ãi mv_©KZv m¤ú~Y© ¯Zš¿| Zv‡`i wfbœ evbvb bv _vK‡j A‡bK

¯’‡jB A_© eyS‡Z evav N‡U| Ggb-wK, cÖm½ wePvi K‡iI evav `~i nq bv| ÔZywg wK Rv‡bv †m Avgvi KZ wcÖqÕ Avi

ÔZywg Kx Rv‡bv †m Avgvi KZ wcÖqÕ, GB yB ev‡K¨i GKUv‡Z Rvbv m¤^‡Ü cÖkœ Kiv n‡”Q Avi GKUv‡Z m‡›`n

cÖKvk Kiv n‡”Q Rvbvi cÖK…wZ ev cwigvY m¤‡Ü, GLv‡b evbv‡bi ZdvZ bv _vK‡j fv‡ei ZdvZ wbwðZ iƒ‡c

Av›`vR Kiv hvq bv| (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 284-85)

Rxebgq ivq‡K †jLv c‡Î Avevi cÖm½wU Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q:

cÖkœm~PK Ae¨q ÔwKÕ Ges cÖkœevPK me©bvg ÔwKÕ Df‡qi wK GK evbvb _vKv DwPZ| Avgvi g‡Z evbv‡bi †f` _vKv

Avek¨K| GKUv‡Z n«¯ B I Ab¨Uv‡Z `xN© C w`‡j Df‡qi wfbœ RvwZ Ges wfbœ A_© †evSevi myweav nq| ÔZywg wK

ivuaQÕ ÔZywg Kx ivuaQÕ Ñ ejv evûj¨ G y‡Uv ev‡K¨i e¨Äbv ¯^Zš¿| Zywg ivuaQ wK bv, Ges Zywg †Kvb& wRwbm ivuaQ, G

`y‡Uv cÖkœ GKB bq, A_P GK evbv‡b yB cÖ‡qvRb mvi‡Z †M‡j evbv‡bi LiP euvwP‡q cÖ‡qvR‡bi weNœ NUv‡bv n‡e|

hw` yB ÔwKÕ-Gi Rb¨ yB BKv‡ii eivÏ Ki‡Z wbZvšÍB bvivR _vK Zvn‡j nvB‡db Qvov Dcvq †bB| `„óvšÍ : ÔZywg

wK ivua&QÕ Ges ÔZywg wK-ivua&QÕ| (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 290)

12. †hgb, cÖ‡evaP›`ª †mb ÔsÕ Ges ÔOÕ-†K weKí wnmv‡e me©Î ï× †NvlYvi cÖ¯Íve w`‡q‡Qb:

KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq Zvi evbvbwewa‡Z ms¯‹…Z mwÜi wbqg D×vi K‡i msMxZ, AnsKvi cÖf…wZ ai‡bi k‡ã ½ ¼

hy³v¶‡ii RvqMvq Aby¯^vi w`‡q †jLv‡K wm× e‡j †NvlYv Ki‡jb| wKš‘ †jLv‡jwLi Kvievi hviv K‡ib Zv‡`i

mevB‡KB e¨vKiY Rvb‡ZB n‡e Ggb †Kv‡bv K_v †bB| Kv‡RB m½x, e½ Gme kãI msMx, esM wnmv‡e †jLv n‡Z

jvMj| KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wbq‡g G evbvb ¯^xK…Z bq| Avgvi wKš‘ gZ nj †h, Gme evbvb ¯^xKvi K‡i †bIqv

DwPZ| G‡Z åvwšÍ Kg n‡e Ges hy³v¶‡ii e¨enviI wKQz Kg‡e| Avgiv evsjvq s †K ÔOÕ-i ¯’jeZ©x e‡j a‡i wb‡Z

cvwi| cÖvPxb evsjv cyw_‡Z ÔeskÕ kã ÔeO&kÕ wnmv‡e wjwLZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| A_©vr s I O ci¯ú‡ii ¯’jeZ©x n‡q‡Q|

D”Pvi‡Yi †¶‡ÎI ZvB| †m Kvi‡Y hy³v¶‡i ÔOÕ-Gi RvqMvq s †jLv n‡Z cv‡i| mK‡j †Zv Avi e¨vKiY †R‡b

evbvb †j‡Lb bv, wKš‘ GiKg weavb _vK‡j evbvb fy‡ji `vq _vK‡e bv| (cÖ‡eva 1986: 3)

13. evsjv fvlvi ¯^fve Avwe®‹v‡ii cÖm½wU iex›`ªbv‡_i mvgwMÖK fvlvPP©vi †K›`ªxq we‡eP¨| cÖvK…Z evsjvi evbvb wewae×KiY

cÖm‡½ wZwb K_vUv ¯úó K‡i e‡j‡Qb| wj‡L‡Qb, G KvRUv ÔmybxwZKygv‡ii `‡ji| evsjv fvlv‡K evsjv fvlv e‡j ¯^xKvi

K‡i Zvi ¯fvemsMZ wbqg¸wj ZuvivB D™¢veb K‡i w`bÕ| (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 260)

14. Ôdivwm AvKv‡`wg Zvi weL¨vZ Awfavb cÖ_g cÖKvk Kievi mgq, cuvP nvRvi divwm k‡ãi, A_©vr ZLbKvi (1762)

divwm fvlvi †gvU kã m¤¢v‡ii cÖvq evi fv‡Mi GK fvM k‡ãi evbvb ms¯‹vi K‡iwQjÕ (gy¯Ívdv 1976: 48)| iex›`ªbv_

Aek¨ divwm fvlvi D`vniY e¨envi K‡ibwb Ñ Av‡gwiKvi evbvb-ms¯‹vi wb‡q K_v e‡j‡Qb|

g~jZ d«v¼wjb Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q I‡qe÷vi 1789 mv‡ji ci †_‡K evbvb I D”Pvi‡Yi ms¯‹vi ïiæ K‡ib| GKUv j¤v

cÖwµqvq µgk MÖnY-eR©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q GB ms¯‹vi M„nxZ nq, Ges Gi GKUv Ask bvbviƒ‡c (kã, evbvb, D”PviY I iƒc)

Bsj¨v‡Ûi Bs‡iwR‡KI cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q| (Baugh and Cable 2002: 369-72)

Bs‡iwR QvovI wnw›` evbv‡bi cÖm½ iex›`ªbv_ evievi †U‡b‡Qb| wnw›`i D”PviY-Abymvix evbv‡bi cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb wZwb;

GKB m‡½ fvlvq-evbv‡b ms¯‹…Zvq‡bi bZyb cÖeYZvi wb›`vI K‡i‡Qb (iex›`ªbv_ 1402: 260)|

20

mnvqK MÖš’ I cÖeÜ

ARiP›`ª miKvi 1997, Ôev½vjv UvBc I †KmÕ, evbvb weZK©, †bcvj gRyg`vi m¤úvw`Z, 2q ms¯‹iY, cwðge½ evsjv

AvKv‡`wg, KjKvZv

†Mvjvg gyiwk` 1399, KvjvšÍ‡i evsjv M`¨, Avb›` cvewjkvm© cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, KjKvZv

†`ecÖmv` †Nvl 1997, Ôev½vjv fvlv I evYvbÕ, evbvb weZK©, †bcvj gRyg`vi m¤úvw`Z, 2q ms¯‹iY, cwðge½ evsjv

AvKv‡`wg, KjKvZv

†`‡ek ivq 1990, Dcwb‡e‡ki mgvR I evsjv mvsevw`K M`¨, c¨vwcivm, KjKvZv

†bcvj gRyg`vi (m¤úvw`Z) 1997, evbvb weZK©, 2q ms¯‹iY, cwðge½ evsjv AvKv‡`wg, KjKvZv

cweÎ miKvi 2004, evsjv evbvb ms¯‹vi: mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv, 1g †`ÕR ms¯‹iY, †`ÕR cvewjwks, KjKvZv

cÖ‡evaP› ª †mb 1986, Ôevsjv fvlv cÖm‡½Õ, cÖm½ evsjvfvlv, cwðge½ evsjv AvKv‡`wg, KjKvZv

cÖg_ †PŠayix 2009, cÖeÜmsMÖn, 3q gy`ªY, myPqbx cvewjkvm©, XvKv

cÖkvšÍP›`ª gnjvbwek 1997, ÔPÕj&wZ fvlvi evbvbÕ, evbvb weZK©, †bcvj gRyg`vi m¤úvw`Z, 2q ms¯‹iY, cwðge½ evsjv

AvKv‡`wg, KjKvZv

weRbwenvix fÆvPvh© 1977, evM_ ©, 3q ms¯‹iY, wRÁvmv, KwjKvZv

weRbwenvix fÆvPvh© 1997/1, Ôevsjv evbvb mgm¨vÕ, evbvb weZK©, †bcvj gRyg`vi m¤úvw`Z, 2q ms¯‹iY, cwðge½ evsjv

AvKv‡`wg, KjKvZv

weRbwenvix fÆvPvh© 1997/2, ÔKwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq cÖewZ©Z ˆeÁvwbK cwifvlv I evbvbwewai †Mvovi K_vÕ, evbvb weZK©,

†bcvj gRyg`vi m¤úvw`Z, 2q ms¯‹iY, cwðge½ evsjv AvKv‡`wg, KjKvZv

gYx›`ªKygvi †Nvl 1409, evsjv evbvb, †`ÕR 4_© ms¯‹iY, †`ÕR cvewjwks, KjKvZv

wgZvjx fÆvPvh© 2010, evsjv evbvbwPšÍvi weeZ©b, cybg©y`ªY, cviæj cÖKvkbx, KjKvZv

gy Ívdv b~iDj Bmjvg (m¤úvw`Z) 1976, D”Pwk¶v Ges e¨envwiK Rxe‡b evsjvfvlvi cÖ‡qvM, evsjv wefvM, Rvnv½xibMi

wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv

gyn¤§` Ave yj nvB 1994, iPbvejx, cÖ_g LÐ, ûgvqyb AvRv` m¤úvw`Z, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv

iex›`ªbv_ VvKyi 1402, evsjv kãZË ¡, Z…Zxq ¯Zš¿ ms¯‹iY, cybg©y`ªY, wek¦fviZx MÖš’bwefvM, KjKvZv

mybxwZKygvi P‡Ævcva¨vq 1962, ev½vjv fvlvZ‡Ë¡i f~wgKv, 7g ms¯‹iY, iƒcv A¨vÐ †Kv¤úvbx, KjKvZv-†ev¤^vB-w`wjø

nicÖmv` kv¯¿x 2000/we, iPbv-msMÖn, wØZxq LÐ, 2q gy`ªY, mZ¨wRr †PŠayix, †`ecÖmv` fÆvPvh©, wbwL‡jk¦i †mb¸ß I mywgÎv

fÆvPvh© m¤úvw`Z, cwðge½ ivR¨ cy¯ÍK cl©r, KjKvZv

ûgvqyb AvRv` (m¤úvw`Z) 2002, evOjv fvlv, 1g LÐ, 2q ms¯‹iY: 2q gy ªY, AvMvgx cÖKvkbx, XvKv

†nvmvBb wi`Iqvb Avjx Lvb 2007, evsjv kã eY© evbvb, bvj›`v, XvKv

Baugh, Albert C. and Cable, Thomas 2002, A History of English language, reprint, Routledge, London

Chatterji, Suniti Kumar 2002, The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language, 3rd

impression, Rupa & Co,

New Delhi

21

Das, Sisirkumar 1966, Early Bengali Prose: Carey to Vidyasagar, Bookland Private Ltd., Calcutta

Grierson, G. A. 1903, Collected and Edited, Linguistic Survey of India, vol. v, Indo-Aryan Family, Eastern Group,

part I, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, Varanasi, patna

Griearson, Sir George 1912, The Indian Empire, Calcutta

ms‡hvRb

G cÖe‡Üi g~j¨vqbKvix (wiwfqy¨qvi) †hme civgk© w`‡q‡Qb, †m Abyhvqx cÖe‡Üi ïiæ‡ZB fvlvi Dcwb‡ekvq‡bi GKUv KvR-

PjwZ msÁv †hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| hw`I Avm‡j Dcwb‡ekvqb K_vUv †h fvlvi BwZnv‡mi „wó‡KvY †_‡KB e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q,

ivR‰bwZK ev A_©‰bwZK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K bq, †m K_v cy‡iv cÖe‡ÜB Lye cwi®‹vifv‡e ejv Av‡Q| Av‡iv `yB-GKUv k‡ãi

cwieZ©b K‡iwQ| wKš‘ Zuvi DÌvwcZ wecyj cÖkœ GB †jLvi Rb¨ Lye †hŠw³K g‡b nqwb| mvgvb¨ K‡qKwU D`vniY w`‡jB

e¨vcviUv †evSv hv‡e:

K) cÖe‡Üi mvi-ms‡ÿc As‡ki cÖ_g Aby‡”Q` m¤ú‡K© wZwb gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb: evsjv evbvbiƒc wba©vi‡Yi msKU Dcwb‡ek

Avg‡ji bq, eis ÔJcwb‡ewkKZvi Av‡MB IB mgm¨v wQjÕ| K_v mZ¨| wKš‘ †mKv‡j Qvcvi e‡›`ve¯Í wQj bv e‡j, Avi

evbv‡bi cÖwgZKi‡Yi †Kv‡bv D‡`¨vM †bqv nqwb e‡j, mgm¨vUv wbw`©ó AvKvi cvqwb|

L) 1-wPwýZ As‡ki cÖ_‡g Avwg wj‡LwQ: Ôevsjv fvlvi ms¯‹…Zvqb AwZ cy‡iv‡bv Ges Ae¨vnZ cÖwµqvÕ| wiwfqy¨qvi cÖkœ

Zz‡j‡Qb: ÔKZ cyiv‡bvÕ? G cÖkœ AcÖvmw½K| KviY, Gi ciciB we¯ÍvwiZ D`vniYmn †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q, Ph©vc` †_‡K GB

ms¯‹…Zvqb ïiæ n‡q‡Q|

M) Gi c‡ii ev‡K¨ Avwg wj‡LwQ: ÔcÖvK…‡Zi Kv‡jI ms¯‹…Z †_‡K wecyj kã avi Kiv n‡q‡QÕ| G RvqMvq wiwfqy¨qvi

wj‡L‡Qb: Ôms¯‹…Z †_‡K avi Kiv gv‡b wK? evsjv GKwU engvb cÖwµqvÕ| Ôavi KivÕ, A_©vr ÔFY †bqvÕ fvlvi †ÿ‡Î GKwU

cÖwZwôZ aviYv| Avi ms¯‹…Z †_‡K avi Kivi bvbvw`K G cÖe‡Ü D‡jøwLZ Av‡Q| ZvB bZzb K‡i †`Lv‡bvi cÖ‡qvRb nqwb|

Ôevsjv GKwU engvb cÖwµqvÕ ej‡Z wZwb wK eywS‡q‡Qb: evsjv fvlvi ms¯‹…Z k㸇jv ïiæ †_‡KB wQj? hw` Zv eywS‡q

_v‡Kb, Zvn‡j ej‡ZB n‡e, Zuvi Abygvb BwZnvmm¤§Z bq|

N) 2-wPwýZ As‡ki ïiæ‡Z Avwg wj‡LwQ: Ôwek kZ‡Ki Z…Zxq I PZz_© `k‡K evOvwj fvlv-we‡kølK‡`i GKUv eo Ask evbvb

cÖm‡½ wjß wQ‡jbÕ| GLv‡b wiwfqy¨qvi wj‡L‡Qb: ÔKwZcq bvg-cwiPq cÖ‡qvRbÕ| cÖe‡Üi IB As‡k Ges Ab¨Î A‡b‡Ki bvg

Av‡Q Ges A‡b‡Ki iPbvsk D×…Z n‡q‡Q| ZvB Avjv`v K‡i bvg-cwiPq †`qvi cÖ‡qvRb nqwb|

GiKg A‡bK¸‡jv cÖ‡kœi DËi Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ cÖe‡Ü Av‡M †_‡KB we`¨gvb _vKvq bZzb K‡i ms‡hvR‡bi cÖ‡qvRb

nqwb|

`yB. wiwfqy¨qvi me‡P‡q †ewk cÖkœ Zz‡j‡Qb mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi cÖgy‡Li †jLv †_‡K D×…Z Ask¸‡jv

m¤^‡Ü| †hgb, mybxwZKygvi †_‡K D×…Z cÖ_g Bs‡iwR D×…wZi †klvsk m¤ú‡K© gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb: ÔGB gšÍe¨ HwZnvwmK I

Zzjbvg~jK fvlvZvwË¡‡Ki, AvaywbK evbvb ZvwË¡‡Ki bqÕ| Av‡iK RvqMvq wj‡L‡Qb: Ôevbvb cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ cost-benefit

ZË¡ weRwoZ Ñ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi G Z‡Ë¡i K_v Rvb‡Zb e‡j g‡b nq bvÕ| G ai‡bi A‡bK¸‡jv gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb wZwb|

22

G gšÍe¨¸‡jv †h‡nZz Zuv‡`i m¤ú‡K© huviv evsjv fvlvi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fvlvZvwË¡K e‡j ¯^xK…Z, †m‡nZz G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K©

Avgvi †Kv‡bv e³e¨ †bB| wKš‘ cost-benefit ZË¡ m¤ú‡K© GKUv K_v ejv `iKvi| wiwfqy¨qvi g‡nv`q †ek K‡qKevi

cÖavbZ iex›`ªbv_ cÖm‡½ K_vUv Zz‡j‡Qb| Zuvi Gme gšÍe¨ we¯§qKi| evsjv fvlvi ZveZ Av‡jvPK-we‡køl‡Ki g‡a¨ yRb Ñ

k¨vgvPiY M‡½vcva¨vq Avi iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Ñ Kw_Z cost-benefit m¤ú‡K© me‡P‡q †ewk mZK© wQ‡jb| Zuviv cÖvq mg¯Í

wm×všÍ wb‡q‡Qb Dc‡hvwMZvi wePv‡i| †mB Dc‡hvwMZvi kbv³Ki‡Y †ni‡di _vK‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ iex›`ªbv_ G e¨vcv‡i mZK©

wQ‡jb bv Ñ Ggb gšÍe¨ m‡Z¨i †NviZi j•Nb|

wZb. wiwfqy¨-gšÍ‡e¨ wZwb wj‡L‡Qb: Ôevsjv evbvb m¤ú‡K© AR¯ª iPbv MZ 20 eQi a‡i †jLv n‡”Q| AwaKvsk iPbv

AšÍ`„©wónxb I mgm¨vi eûgvwÎKZv Abyave‡b Aÿg| GB iPbvI †m iKg GKwU MZvbyMwZK iPbv| Aby‡”Q` wefvR‡b †Kv‡bv

†hŠw³K †eva jÿ¨ Kiv hvq bv| GB iPbv evsjv evbvb Áv‡bi †ÿ‡Î wKsev iex›`ª evbvb fvebv m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv bZzb „wóf½xi

cÖgvY †`q bvÕ|

G cÖm‡½ Avgvi e³e¨ nj, Avgvi cÖeÜwU ÔmywjwLZÕ wK bv, †m m¤ú‡K© mvdvB-gšÍe¨ †`qv †kvfb n‡e bv| wKš‘ Avwg cÖeÜwU

¸wQ‡q †jLvi †PóvB K‡iwQ| cÖ_‡g HwZnvwmK †cÖÿvcU, wØZxq av‡c mgm¨v wPwýZKiY, Z…Zxq av‡c cÖvwZôvwbK I e¨w³MZ

D‡`¨vM Avi PZz_© av‡c Ab¨‡`i mv‡c‡ÿ ev wfbœ ¯‹z‡ji mv‡c‡ÿ iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖ¯Ív‡ei hv_v_©¨ we‡kølY| ZeyI cÖeÜwU

ÔA‡MvQv‡jvÕ g‡b n‡ZB cv‡i| wKš‘ ÔbZzbZ¡ewR©ZÕ wKQz‡ZB bq| evsjv fvlvi evbvb wb‡q †jLv cÖeÜ ev MÖš’¸‡jv Avwg

h_vm¤¢e wbt‡k‡l †`‡LwQ| hw` Avgvi ejvi K_v¸‡jv †mLv‡b cvIqv †hZ, Zvn‡j G cÖeÜ †jLvi `iKvi nZ bv| Avwg g~jZ

`ywU e³e¨ cÖwZcv`b Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ| GK. iex›`ªbv_ evsjv fvlvi Dcwb‡ekvq‡bi e¨vcv‡i AvMv‡Mvov ûuwkqvi †_‡K evbvb

Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| cieZ©x we‡kølKiv Zuvi gZ AvswkKfv‡e cvV K‡i‡Qb| Avgvi jÿ¨ wQj, iex›`ªbv‡_i mswkøó iPbv †_‡K

Zuvi gZvg‡Zi Zvrch© m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Kiv| yB. Avgvi Aci cÖ¯Íve: evsjv evbv‡bi wek„•Ljv ~i Kivi Rb¨ iex›`ªbv‡_i

gZvgZB GLb ch©šÍ me‡P‡q DcKvix Avi Kvh©Ki| Avwg G e¨vcv‡i wbwðZ †h, Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †jLvq GB yB cÖ¯Íve †bB|

Avgvi ch©v‡jvPbv Kv‡iv cQ›` bvI n‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ G‡K ÔMZvbyMwZKÕ ejv b¨vh¨ nqwb|

Pvi. wiwfqy¨qvi Awf‡hvM K‡i‡Qb, Avwg ivR‡kLi emy Avi †KZKx Kzkvix WvBm‡bi iPbv cwowb| G gšÍe¨ wVK bq|

ivR‡kLi emy KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq evbvb KwgwUi mfvcwZ wQ‡jb| G KwgwUi wm×všÍ evsjv evbv‡bi me©vwaK RbwcÖq avivwU

wba©viY K‡i w`‡q‡Q| G cÖe‡Ü †m aviv ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| Ab¨Î ivR‡kLi emy †h wfbœgZ w`‡q‡Qb, Zv G

cÖe‡Ü Av‡jvwPZ I Abym„Z ¯‹z‡ji m‡½ mvgÄm¨c~Y© bv nIqvq e¨eüZ nqwb| Avm‡j iex›`ªbv_‡`i avivi wecix‡Z me‡P‡q

¸iæZ¡c~Y© gZvgZ nvwRi K‡i‡Qb cÖ_‡g †`ecÖmv` †Nvl, Avi c‡i gYx›`ªKzgvi †Nvl| `yR‡bi iPbvB G cÖe‡Ü e¨eüZ

n‡q‡Q| †KZKx Kzkvix WvBm‡bi Ôˆe`‡»¨i mc‡ÿÕ cÖeÜwU e¨envi Kwiwb G Rb¨ †h, Zuvi gZ¸‡jv †NvwlZfv‡e †`ecÖmv`

†Nv‡li cybive„wËgvÎ|