मूल्य एवं मूल्यपरक शिक्षा : प्राथमिक शिक्षा एवं शिक्षक के संदर्भ में

* çk/;kid] f'k{kk ladk;] dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.klh 14 * çk/;kid] laLdfr fo|kihB] egkRek xka/kh varjjk"Vªh; fgUnh fo'ofo|ky;] o/kkZ

ewY; ,oa ewY;ijd f'k{kk % çkFkfed f'k{kk ,oa f'k{kd ds lanHkZ esa

vthr dqekj jk; * eukst dqekj jk; *

f'k{kk dsoy dk;Z{kerk dks c<+kus ek= dk lk/ku ugha gSA ;g tulk/kkj.k dh lgHkkfxrk dks

O;kid cukus rFkk O;fDr ,oa lekt dh lexz xq.koRrk ds mUu;u dk ,d izHkkoh midj.k Hkh gSA

tukf/kD; ds dkj.k ljdkj {ks=h;] lkekftd rFkk ySafxd vlekurkvksa dks nwj djus gsrq f'k{kk dh

xq.koRrk dks lq/kkjus ds laxfBr iz;kl djus ds fy, opuc) gS] D;ksafd rsth ls cnyrs ?kjsyw ,oa

oSf'od ifjizs{; dks ns[krs gq, dsoy ek=kRed foLrkj ls okafNr ifj.kke ugha izkIr gksaxsA

Ldwy f'k{kk dk vly mn~ns'; gS jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa ekuo {kerk dk Hkjiwj mi;ksxA blds fy,

t:jh gksrk gS lHkh dks Hkjld ,d leku f'k{kk feysA ;gh og ewy dkj.k gS ftlus f'k{kk ds izfr

dY;k.k dh nf"V dks cny dj vf/kdkj vk/kkfjr nf"Vdks.k iznku fd;kA bl izdkj bu pqukSfr;ksa ds

Øe esa f'k{kk dh uhao izkjfEHkd f'k{kk gS ftlesa izkFkfed ,oa mPprj izkFkfed f'k{kk nksuksa 'kkfey gSaA

izkjfEHkd f'k{kk rd lcdh igq¡p gks] blds fy, cPpksa dks fu%'kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj

vf/kfu;e&2009] 1 vizSy] 2010 ls ykxw gqvkA ukekadu vkSj gkftjh c<+kus ds lkFk&lkFk cPpksa ds

LokLF; Lrj dks lq/kkjus ds fy, fd, x, izeq[k mik;ksa& ^Ldwy esa jk"Vªh; e/;kg~u Hkkstu*&

dk;ZØe dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA ¼Hkkjr] 2015] i`"B la0 244½

tc ge f'k{kk ij ppkZ dj jgs gSa rks ewY; mlls vNwrk dSls jg ldrk gS\ ewY; f'k{kk dh

vkRek gS vkSj ewY;ijd f'k{kk dk nkf;Ro lcdk gS ifjokj dk Hkh] fo|ky; dk Hkh vkSj lekt dk

HkhA ifjokj vkSj lekt vukSipkfjd ewY;ijd f'k{kk dk nkf;Ro fuHkkrs gSa] fdUrq f'k{kd ds da/kksa ij

vkSipkfjd vkSj vukSipkfjd ewY;ijd f'k{kk dk nkf;Ro gSA f'k{kd fo|kFkhZ ds 'kkjhfjd] ekufld]

ckSf)d] laosnukRed] uSfrd vkSj v/;kfRed nkf;Ro ls eqDr ugha gks ldrk gSA ewY;ijd f'k{kk ds

Øe esa f'k{kd dh ftEesnkjh gS fd og fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks bruk l{ke cukos fd Nk= Lo;a ewY;ksa dh

ryk'kdj uSfrd fu.kZ; ys ldsaA ¼yks<+k] 2013 i`0 13½

vf/kxe

15

vc pkgs ge f'k{kk dks tUetkr 'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl djus dh izfØ;k ekusa] oS;fDrd fodkl

dh izfØ;k ekusa] lkekftd ifjorZu dh izfØ;k ekusa ;k okrkoj.k ds vuqdwyu dh izfØ;k ekusa] bu

lHkh nf"V;ksa ls f'k{kk thouewY;ksa ds lkFk xgjkbZ ls lEc) gSA ;gk¡ ;g vko';d gksxk fd

ewY;&ijd f'k{kk ij ppkZ ls iwoZ ^ewY;* D;k gS] ;g tku ysaA

ewY;

ewY; lekt }kjk Lohdr os ekud gksrs gSa tks lekt dk vax gksus ds ukrs bdkb;ksa] O;fDr;ksa

,oa ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk ewY;kadu djrs gSaA ;s ewY; lekt dh jh<+ gksrs gSaA ;s os fo'okl gksrs gSa ftUgsa

O;fDr fdlh nh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr esa fØ;k djus gsrq pqurk gSA dksbZ vkn'kkZRed] uSfrd vFkok

vk/;kfRed fl)kar tks fdlh nh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr esa gekjs thou dks izHkkfor djrs gSa vkSj ftu ij

gekjk O;ogkj vk/kkfjr gksrk gS] ewY; dgykrs gSaA ewY;] lekt nj lekt ,oa le; nj le;

cnyrs jgrs gSaA gekjk thou bu ewY;ksa ds bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerk jgrk gSA ;s ewY; lgh vkSj xyr ds

gekjs fu.kZ; }kjk gh fu/kkZfjr gksrs gSaA ewY; oks vUrghu fo'okl gksrs gSa] tks O;fDrxr vkSj

lkekftd :i ls Lohdr ,d fuf'pr O;ogkj dks fu/kkZfjr djrs gSaA ewY; dh rhu izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡

gksrh gSa& ¼1½ ;s thou ds izkjfEHkd o"kksZa esa fufeZr gksrs gSa vkSj 'kh?kzrk ls ifjofrZr ugha gksrs gSaA ¼2½

ewY; lgh vkSj xyr dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSaA ¼3½ ewY; Lo;a dks lR;&vlR;] oS/k&voS/k vFkok

lgh&xyr fl) ugha djrsA

vkyiksVZ ¼1905½ ds vuqlkj] ^^dksbZ Hkh lk/ku tks larqf"V mRiUu djrk gS] ewY; ds :i esa

igpkuk tkrk gSA** ¼jko] 2009] i`0 27&28½ bl izdkj ewY; O;fDr dh ilan&ukilan]

vko';drk] bPNk ,oa laLdfr }kjk fu/kkZfjr ekudksa dks n'kkZars gSaA ekuo ds fnu&izfrfnu ds thou

esa muds O;ogkj ,oa fØ;kvksa dks fu;af=r ,oa ekxZnf'kZr djus dk dk;Z ewY; gh djrs gSaA izR;sd

'kCn tks ge cksyrs gSa] oL= tks igurs gSa] ftl izdkj ls ge ,d nwljs ds lkFk vUr%fØ;k djrs gSa]

gekjs izR;{khdj.k vkfn esa ewY; iznf'kZr gksrs gSaA ewY; #fp] fodYi] vko';drk] bPNk ,oa ojh;rk

ds vk/kkj ij fufeZr gksrs gSaA ewY; esa Hkkoukvksa ,oa fØ;kvksa ds fparu] tkuus vFkok le>us dh

izfØ;k fufgr jgrh gSA yksxksa dk O;ogkj gesa muds ewY;ksa dks tkuus esa enn djrk gSA fdlh

O;fDr ij fdlh izdkj dk ncko vFkok Mj fn[kk, fcuk fdlh fuf'pr le; esa mlds }kjk fd;s

tkus okys O;ogkj vFkok fØ;k ds ek/;e ls mlds ewY;ksa dk vkdyu fd;k tk ldrk gSA

lkekU;r% ewY; O;fDr ds Lo;a ds p;u }kjk fu/kkZfjr gksrs gSaA ewY; eq[;r% fuEufyf[kr rhu

vk;keksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSaA ¼dqekj 2009] i`0 10½

vf/kxe

16

fp= la[;k 1 % ewY; ds ?kVd

1- O;fDr dk vkRe

2- vkRe ,oa vU; O;fDr ftuds lkFk os izfrfnu vUr%fØ;k djrs gSaA

3- lkekftd ekudA

ewY; ds çdkj ewY; eq[;r% nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa &

1- ;kaf=d ewY; tSls&#fp] ,s'o;Z] lef) vkfnA

2- vkfRed ewY; tSls&LokLF;] lEeku] ifo=rk vkfnA ¼jko] 2009 i0 28½

;kaf=d ewY; tgk¡ fojks/kkHkkl mRiUu djrs gSa] ogha vk/;kfRed ewY; 'kkafr ,oa lg;ksx ykrs

gSaA lu~ 1979 esa ch0vkj0xks;y }kjk 83 ewY;ksa dh ,d lwph cuk;h xbZA rRi'pkr MkW0 oh0ds0

xksdd us 1981 esa bu ewY;ksa dks ik¡p vk/kkjHkwr ekuoh; ewY;ksa ds :i esa oxhZdr fd;kA bl izdkj

;s ik¡p ekuoh; ewY; eq[; ewY;ksa dh Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA ;s ik¡p ekuoh; ewY; gSa& lR;] vPNk pfj=]

'kkafr] izse ,oa vfgalk ¼dqekj] 2009 i`0 17½

;s ik¡p ekuoh; vFkok eq[; ewY; lkoZHkkSfed :i ls lHkh /keksZa

}kjk Lohdkj fd;s tkrs gSa ijUrq budh rqyuk eas miewY; vf/kd izs{k.kh;

gksrs gSa] tcfd eq[; ewY; dh lgh igpku dj ikuk dHkh&dHkh dfBu

gks tkrk gS D;ksafd dHkh&dHkh dqN O;fDr budk fn[kkok Hkh djrs gSa]

tcfd okLro esa os bls ân; ls viukrs ugha gSaA

ewY; f'k{kk

lekt ds vkn'kksZa ,oa ewY;ksa ds vuq:i O;fDr;ksa dks

larq"V djus ,oa ,d mRre thou izkfIr gsrq f'k{kk O;fDr esa

ewY; fuekZ.k dh ,d izfØ;k gSA nk'kZfudksa] f'k{kkfonksa vkfn

lHkh us pfj= fuekZ.k o vUrfuZfgr xq.kksa ds fodkl vFkok

lefUor O;fDrRo ds fodkl gsrq f'k{kk dks egÙoiw.kZ crk;k

gSA bu ewY;ksa ds fodkl ,oa fuekZ.k gsrq izkphu le; ls gekjs

xq#dqyksa] vkJeksa ,oa orZeku fo|ky;ksa esa iFkd :i ls ewY;

f'k{kk nsus ij tksj fn;k tk jgk gSA

fp= la0 2 % ewY; ds çdkj

fp= la0 3 % ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk oxhZdj.k

vf/kxe

17

ewY; f'k{kk f'k{kkFkhZ ds pfj= ,oa O;fDrRo ds lokZaxh.k fodkl esa egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nsrh gSA

;g ckydksa esa ,d fuf'pr ,oa mi;qDr le; ij ewY;ksa dk fodkl djrh gS lkFk gh mlesa fo|eku

tUetkr vkRe&dsUnzh;rk dks fu%LokFkZrk] vifjiDork dks ifjiDork vkSj ckY;koLFkk dks ;qokoLFkk esa

ifjofrZr dj mUgsa ,d ewd Jksrk ls ,d 'kfDr'kkyh oDrk esa ifjofrZr djrh gSA

ewY; f'k{kk O;fDrRo ds gj i{k dks /;ku easa j[krs gq, ckSf)d] lkekftd] HkkoukRed] uSfrd

vkfn lHkh i{kksa ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSA blesa D;k lgh gS] D;k vPNk gS ;k D;k lqUnj gS

vkfn pquus dh ;ksX;rk fo|eku jgrh gSA ewY;ijd f'k{kk dk eq[; mn~ns'; ckSf)drk ds rhu

vk;keksa& KkukRed] HkkokRed vkSj fØ;kRed vk;keksa ds fodkl ls Hkh tqM+k gqvk gSA blds }kjk

vf/kxedrkZ u dsoy lgh vkSj vPNs ds ckjs esa tkurk gS cfYd lgh fØ;k;sa djus dh fn'kk esa

mi;qDr Hkko ,oa opuc)rk dk vuqHko djrk gSA ;g O;fDrxr ,oa ekuork ls tqM+s Toyar eqn~nksa

ij lekykspukRed fparu ,oa Lora= fu.kZ; dh ;ksX;rk fodflr djus okyh izfØ;k gSA

bl izdkj ewY; f'k{kk mRre ewY; ,oa pfj= dk fodkl djus dk mn~ns'; fy, gq, fu;ksftr

'kSf{kd fØ;kvksa ls ;qDr dk;ZØe gSA gekjh izR;sd fØ;k vkSj fopkj gekjs efLr"d ij ,d Nki

NksM+rs gSa vkSj ;g Nki vFkok Hkko gh fdlh fn, gq, le; vFkok ifjfLFkfr esa gekjh izfrfØ;k,¡ ,oa

O;ogkj fu/kkZfjr djrs gSaA bu O;ogkjksa ,oa izfrfØ;kvksa dk feyk&tqyk :i gekjs pfj= dks fufeZr

,oa fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA bu O;ogkjksa ,oa izfrfØ;kvksa dks ifjekftZr djrs gq, pfj= fuekZ.k izfØ;k

dks ,d ubZ fn'kk iznku djuk gh ewY; f'k{kk dk eq[; mn~ns'; gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku }kjk Hkh

izLrkouk ds vUrxZr pkj lkoZHkkSfed ewY;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS tks ewY; f'k{kk dks egRrk iznku

djrs gSaA ;s ewY; fuEufyf[kr gSa&

1- Lora=&fopkjksa] fo'oklksa] vkn'kksZa] Hkkoukvksa dks O;Dr djus dh Lora=rkA

2- leku voljksa dh lekurkA

3- cU/kqRo&O;fDr dk lEeku cuk;s j[krs gq, lEiw.kZ jk"Vª dh ,drk cuk;s j[kukA

4- U;k;&lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa jktuhfrd fdlh Hkh Lrj ij fdlh Hkh oxZ ds lkFk vU;k; uk gksus

nsuk ,oa ,d O;fDr dh Lora=rk dks nwljs ds ekxZ esa ck/kd u cuus nsukA

blds vfrfjDr lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 36 ls 51 rd iznRr ewy vf/kdkj ,oa vuqPNsn 51¼,½

esa iznRr ewy drZO; Hkh jk"Vªh; ewY;ksa dks iznf'kZr djrs gSa tks dgha u dgha eq[; vFkok miewY;ksa ds

gh :i gSaA ,d fuf'pr ,oa lgh fn'kk iznku djuk gh ewY; f'k{kk dk eq[; mn~ns'; gSA

vf/kxe

18

Hkkjr esa le;&le; ij xfBr fofHkUu vk;ksxksa ,oa lfefr;ksa dh fjiksVksZa esa Hkh ewY; f'k{kk

iznku djus ij fo'ks"k tksj fn;k tkrk jgk gSA

Lora=rk ds i'pkr xfBr loZizFke vk;ksx] jk/kkd`".ku vk;ksx ¼1948&49½ us ewY; f'k{kk

nsus ij tksj fn;kA vk;ksx us fo|ky;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk fo'ofo|ky;ksa] dkystksa ,oa egkfo|ky;ksa eas

izkr%dky izkFkZuk lHkk djus ij tksj fn;k] lkFk gh fofHkUu egkiq#"kksa ds fopkjksa dks i<+kus ij tksj

fn;kA ¼,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0] 2012] i`02½ eqnkfy;j deh'ku ¼1952&53½ us pfj= fuekZ.k dks f'k{kk

dk y{; fu/kkZfjr djrs gq, Li"V fd;k fd 'kSf{kd izfØ;k dk vafre y{; fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds O;fDrRo

,oa pfj= dk bl izdkj izf'k{k.k djuk gks rkfd os viuh leLr dq'kyrkvksa dks igpkuus ;ksX; cu

ldsa vkSj leqnk; dh vPNkbZ esa viuh ;ksX;rkvksa ds ek/;e ls viuk ;ksxnku ns ldsaA

dksBkjh vk;ksx ¼1964&66½ us ^^f'k{kk ,oa jk"Vªh; fodkl** ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq, dgk

fd gekjs ikB~;Øeksa esa lkekftd] uSfrd ,oa vk/;kfRed ewY; f'k{kk dh deh ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA

vk;ksx us bu ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk gsrq egku /keksZa ds uSfrd ewY; ,oa f'k{kkvkas dks tkuus ,oa lh[kus dk

ekxZ fn[kk;k] lkFk gh Jhizdk'k vk;ksx ds lq>ko ^^çR;{k uSfrd vuqns'ku** ij lgefr trk;h]

ftlds vuqlkj fo|ky;h f'k{kk esa lIrkg esa ,d ;k nks dkyka'k uSfrd f'k{kk ds fy, gksus pkfg,A

jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr ¼1986½ us vko';d ewY;ksa ds gzkl vkSj lekt esa c<+rh LokFkZijdrk

dh vksj /;ku vkdf"kZr fd;kA blesa lkekftd vkSj uSfrd ewY;ksa ds mRiknu gsrq f'k{kk dks

'kfDr'kkyh ;U= dh :i esa iz;ksx djus ij tksj fn;k x;k] lkFk gh Li"V fd;k x;k fd f'k{kk }kjk

vius yksxksa esa ,drk vkSj cU/kqRo dks c<+kus gsrq lkoZHkkSfed ,oa dHkh lekIr u gksus okys ewY;ksa dk

fodkl djuk pkfg,A f'k{kk uhfr dh dk;Z;kstuk ¼ih0vks0,0] 1992½ esa fo|ky;h f'k{kk ds

izR;sd Lrj ij ewY; f'k{kk ds fofHkUu vo;okas dks lefUor djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA

fo|ky;h f'k{kk ds fy, jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk ¼2000½ esa fo|ky;h ikB~;Øeksa

esa ewY; f'k{kk dks lefUor djus ij tksj fn;k x;kA ,drk ,oa cU/kqRo dks c<+kus gsrq fo|ky;ksa }kjk

lkoZHkkSfed ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk nsus ij t+ksj fn;k x;k] lkFk gh Li"V fd;k x;k fd laiw.kZ f'k{kk

O;oLFkk ,slh gksuh pkfg, rkfd ns'k ds ckyd ,oa ckfydk,¡ vPNk ns[ksa] vPNk djsa ,oa vPNh oLrqvksa

ls izse djsa vkSj ikjLifjd lg;ksx ds lkFk thou fuokZg djus okys ukxfjd cusaA

vf/kxe

19

jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk] ¼2005½ esa Hkh Li"V fd;k x;k fd f'k{kk ,slh gksuh pkfg,

fd fo|ky; dh izR;sd fØ;k eas ewY; fuekZ.k dh >yd fn[kkbZ nsA ikB~;p;kZ esa fHkUurk esa ,drk

,oa ekuoksa ds chp ikjLifjd Lora=rk ds izfr gekjh opuc)rk dks etcwr djus ij cy fn;k x;k

tks fd ewY;ksa dk fodkl dj ,d cgqlkaLdfrd lekt esa 'kkafr] ekuork] lgu'khyrk vkfn xq.kksa dk

fodkl dj ldsA

fp= la[;k 4 % f'k{kk esa ewY; ij ,sfrgkfld n`f"V

bl izdkj dsoy nk'kZfudksa ,oa f'k{kkfonksa }kjk gh ugha cfYd ljdkj }kjk Hkh Hkkjrh; f'k{kk

iz.kkyh esa ewY;ksa ds fodkl gsrq ewY; f'k{kk iznku djus ij t+ksj fn;k tkrk jgk gSA

çkFkfed f'k{kk

vius izkjafHkd nkSj esa izkFkfed f'k{kk dk dsanz xq#dqy vFkok vkJe gqvk djrs FksA vkt

izkjafHkd f'k{kk dh ftEesnkjh ljdkj dh gSA f'k{kk ds vfuok;Z dkuwu ¼2009½ dk 1 vizSy] 2010 ls

ykxw gks tkus ls 6&14 vk;q oxZ ds ckyd ,oa ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk vc eq¶r gks xbZ gSA vkSj rks

vkSj vc mUgsa nksigj dk Hkkstu] Mªsl] fdrkcsa] cSx] twrs lc dqN fu%'kqYd fn;k tk jgk gSA

fo|ky;ksa dh la[;k vkSj f'k{kd&Nk= vuqikr esa Hkh lq/kkj vk;k gSA tgk¡ izkFkfed Lrj ij bu

cPpksa dks fganh] xf.kr] dyk] lkekftd foKku dh f'k{kk nh tkrh gS] ogha fo|ky;ksa esa nh tkus okyh

vf/kxe

20

f'k{kk ds vUrxZr ewY; f'k{kk ij Hkh fo'ks"k tksj fn;k tk jgk gSA pwafd lekt esa ewY;ksa dk fo'ks"k

LFkku gS vkSj fo|ky; lekt dk y?kq :i gS] blfy, lkekftd thou thus ds fy, ewY; vR;ar

vko';d gSa fdUrq vkt ds HkkSfrdoknh ;qx esa tgk¡ LokFkZijrk] yksHk] bZ";kZ vkfn dk cksyckyk gS] ,sls

lekt esa bu cqjkb;kssa ls vNwrk jguk ,d pqukSrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa f'k{kdksa dk ;g nkf;Ro gks tkrk

gS fd os fo|ky; esa i<+us okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ewY;ksa dk fodkl izkjafHkd f'k{kk ls gh 'kq: djsa rkfd

fo|ky; ls fudyus okys fo|kFkhZ ,d lH; ,oa ftEesnkj ukxfjd cudj ns'k dh lsok djsaA

ewY; fu/kkZj.k esa fo|ky; f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk

ewY;ksa ij FkksFkh O;k[;k nsdj ewY;ksa dk fodkl ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ftl izdkj rSjuk

fl[kkus ds fy, izf'k{kd dks Lo;a ikuh esa mrj dj rSjkdh fl[kkuh iM+rh gS] mlh izdkj ewY; f'k{kk

iznku djus okys f'k{kd esa ;g ;ksX;rk gksuh pkfg, fd og fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks thou&ty esa mrjus vkSj

vius ewY;ksa }kjk mudk lkeuk djus gsrq Lo;a ds O;ogkj }kjk izsfjr djsaA muesa iz;ksxkRed

;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl djsa ftlls fo|kFkhZ thou dh izR;sd ifjfLFkfr ds fy, rS;kj jgsaA

fuEukafdr fcUnqvksa ds ek/;e ls f'k{kd vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ewY; dk izlkj dj ldrk gS&

¼I½ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks izsfjr djds

f'k{kd vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, vkn'kZ gksrk gSA vr% f'k{kdksa dks vius O;ogkj] fopkj vkfn

ds ek/;e ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks izsj.kk iznku djuh pkfg,] ftlls os thou dh izR;sd ifjfLFkfr dk

lkeuk dj ldsa vkSj vius mnh;eku Hkfo"; dk fuekZ.k dj ldsaA

¼II½ egkiq#"kksa dh thofu;ksa }kjk mnkgj.k izLrqr djuk

f'k{kd vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks egkiq#"kksa ds fopkj ,oa vkpj.k dks vkRelkr djus ds fy, izsfjr djsaA

¼III½ fofHkUu uSfrd xq.kksa dk fodkl djuk

fo|ky;h f'k{kdksa dks vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa 'kkafr] izse] /keZfujis{krk] ,drk] lg;ksx] lkaLdfrd]

lao/kZu] ltukRedrk] jk"Vªh; ,drk ,oa cU/kqRo vkfn xq.kksa ds fodkl gsrq fujarj iz;kl djrs jguk pkfgA

¼IV½ f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks mRiknd ,oa l`tukRed fØ;kvksa esa layXu djuk

fo|ky; ds f'k{kdksa dks lrgh Kku ls gVdj ewyHkwr vkn'kksaZ] ewY;ksa gsrq vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds

varfuZfgr xq.kksa&voxq.kksa dk Kku izkIr dj mUgsa ltukRed ,oa mRiknd fØ;kvksa esa layXu djuk pkfg,A

vf/kxe

21

¼V½ ikB~;srj fØ;kvksa ij cy

fo|ky;ksa esa ikB~;Øe dk iw.kZ Kku nsus ds lkFk&lkFk ikB~;srj fØ;kvksa tSls lewg dk;Z]

gLrdkS'ky vkfn dk Hkh izf'k{k.k iznku djuk pkfg,A

¼VI½ vkRe&lEeku dk Hkko fodflr djuk

fo|ky;h f'k{kdkasa dks vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds O;fDrxr xq.kksa dk lEeku djrs gq, muesa

vkRe&lEeku o vkRe&izdk'ku ds Hkko fodflr djus pkfg,A blds fy, mUgsa vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks

ghunf"V ls u ns[krs gq, mUgsa Js"Brk iznku djuh pkfg,A

¼VII½ vius fopkj izdV djus ds volj nsuk

f'k{kd dks fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds LokuqHko izdV djus ds volj iznku djuk pkfg,A bl gsrq lIrkg

esa ,d fnu ds fØ;kdyki ,sls gksa ftuesa fo|kFkhZ vius fopkj çdV djsaA

¼VIII½ f'k{kdksa }kjk iw.kZ leiZ.k Hkko ls f'k{kk nsuk

f'k{kd dks iw.kZ leiZ.k Hkko ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks f'kf{kr djuk pkfg, vkSj muds vUrfuZfgr

xq.kksa dks mTkkxj djrs gq, mudk ekxZn'kZu djuk pkfg,A

¼ IX½ vuq'kklu cuk;s j[kuk

vuq'kklughu Nk=ksa dks dsoy nf.Mr ugha djuk pkfg,] cfYd mudh ;ksX;rk dks tkudj

mUgsa vU; ltukRed fØ;kvksa esa layXu fd;k tk, rkfd muds udkjkRed O;ogkjksa dks iuius dk

volj u fey ik,A

¼ X½ iw.kZ euq"; cuus dh f'k{kk

fo|ky; esa f'k{kk ,slh gksuh pkfg, ftlls fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds 'kkjhfjd] pkfjf=d] vk/;kfRed]

ckSf)d fodkl }kjk mudks iw.kZ ekuo cukus dk iz;kl fd;k tk,A izkFkfed Lrj ij f'k{kd

bUnz/kuq"k ds lkr jaxksa dh Hkk¡fr vius O;fDrRo esa bu lkr xq.kksa ds jax dks Hkjrs gq, ewY;ijd f'k{kk

ds mn~ns';ksa dks viuh d{kk esa izkIr dj ldrk gSA

fuEu eq[; fcUnqvksa ij /;ku nsrs gq, ge ewY; f'k{kk ds mn~ns';ksa dks izkIr dj ldrs gSa&

vf/kxe

22

fp= la[;k&5 f'k{kd ds xq.k

fu"d"kZ

mijksDr foospuk ls Li"V gS fd ewY; fuekZ.k izfØ;k esa f'k{kk dk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA

ckyd ds izkjafHkd thou esa gh bldh uhao rS;kj djuh gksrh gSA bl fuekZ.k izfØ;k ds eq[; ik= ds

:i esa ?kj] fo|ky;] iM+ksl] [ksy lkFkh gksrs gSaA blesa Hkh vlyh Hkwfedk ifjokj vkSj fo|ky; gh

fuHkkrs gSaA ewY; fuekZ.k dh bl iquhr izfØ;k dk fuoZgu ?kj esa ifjokj ds lnL; rks fo|ky; esa

f'k{kd fuHkkrs gSaA fofHkUu izdkj ds lEizs"k.k ,oa fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ewY; fodkl esa fo|ky;h f'k{kdksa dh

Hkwfedk c<+ tkrh gSA vr% fo|ky;h f'k{kdksa dh ftEesnkjh u dsoy f'k{kk iznku djus esa gS cfYd

fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds pfj= fuekZ.k] fofHkUu uSfrd ewY;ksa ds fodkl dh nf"V ls mudh Hkwfedk dkQh+

egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrh gSA fo|ky;ksa ls fudyus okys Nk= jk"Vª ds dq'ky ,oa ftEesnkj ukxfjd cu

vf/kxe

23

ldsa vkSj Hkkjr o"kZ dks iqu% mldh [kksbZ izfr"Bk vftZr djk ldsa] ;gh ^ewwY; ijd f'k{kk* dk vHkh"V

gSA

lanHkZ xzUFk &

lwpuk ,oa izlkj.k ea=ky; ¼2015½] Hkkjr% okf"kZd lanHkZ xzUFk] ubZ fnYyh% izdk'ku foHkkx]

lwpuk ,oa izlkj.k ea=ky;A

yks<+k] egkohjey ¼2013½] uSfrd f'k{kk% fofo/k vk;ke] fganh xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqjA

Hkkldjkpk;Zqy] okbZ ,aM jko] Mh-iqYyk ¼2009½] n jksy vkWQ VhplZ bu LVsªaFkfuax oSY;w

,tqqds'kuA

FkkeldqV~Vh] ih-th-,aM tktZ] eSjh ¼,M½- g~;weu jkbV~l ,aal oSY;w bu ,tqds'ku] fMLdojh

ifCyf'kax gkml izk-fy-] ubZ fnYyhA

dqekj lrh'k ¼2009½] bUdysd'ku vkWQ+ g~;weu osY;wt bu ,tqds'ku]

,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- ¼2012½] ,tqds'ku QkWj oSY;wt bu LdwYl&, ÝseodZ] ubZ fnYyhA