Zwingli and the Swiss Reformations –Switzerland was made up of 13 cantons – some were Protestant, others Catholic and others mixed –Two main preconditions.
Post on 30-Dec-2015
212 Views
Preview:
Transcript
• Zwingli and the Swiss Reformations – Switzerland was made
up of 13 cantons – some were Protestant, others Catholic and others mixed
– Two main preconditions for Swiss Reformation
• Popular opposition to mercenary service; Desire for reform since Councils of Constance and Basel.
• Reformation in Zurich – Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) humanist;
Chaplain with mercenaries in Battle of Marignano in Italy in 1515; led to criticizing mercenary armies because they threaten Swiss sovereignty and morality; Opposed indulgences and religious superstitions.
• competed for People’s Priest in Church of Zurich.
• Fought fornication scandal; challenged celibacy of clergy; first reforming act: No longer need to be celibate.
• broke Lenten fast; reject all practices not literally supported by scripture.
• city government sanctioned Scripture Test;
first examples of puritanical Protestantism.
• Marburg Colloquy – Landgrave Philip of Hesse (1504-
1567) wanted to unite Swiss and German movements; had bitter theological differences
• Zwingli advocate symbolic interpretation; only spiritually in bread.
– Thought Luther still stuck in Medieval theology.
• Luther advocate when Christ in spirit, he is also in body. No symbolism at all.
– Thought Zwingli was a dangerous fanatic.
– Tetrapolitan Confession – semi-Zwinglian views, prepared by reformers Martin Bucer, Caspar Hedioin 1530.
• Swiss Civil Wars – Two major battles at Kappel
• Protestant victory forces Catholic cantons to sever foreign alliances and recognize Protestant rights
• Zwingli wounded, executed, dismembered and scattered; Treaty allowed cantons to determine own religion.
– Heinrich Bullinger (1504-1575), son-in-law, becomes successor of Zwingli.
• Anabaptists and Radical Protestants – Fundamentalists want
faster reforms, more through Apostolic Christianity.
– Anabaptists: ancestors of modern Mennonite, Amish. Only baptize as adult because Jesus was baptized as an adult.
– Luther, Zwingli argued that congregation stood for infant’s place. Communal church vs. radical individualism
• Conrad Grebel and the Swiss Brethren – Conrad Grebel (1498-1526) founded Anabaptistism. – Schleitheim Confession: anabaptists are pacifist,
refusal to oath, no participate in secular governmentAuthorities viewed separatism as threat and sedition.
• The Anabaptist Reign in Munster • Lutherns, Zwinglians, and Catholics persecuted
anabaptists. • Munster becomes Anabaptism capital; Jan Matthys of
Haarlem, Jan Beukelsz of Leiden controlled Munster – Lutheran and Catholics forced to convert or leave city;
Adopted polygamy and becomes an Old Testament theocracy.
– Protestant and Catholic armies besiege the city and eventually execute leaders.
• Menno Simons (1496-1561) founded Mennonites, non-provocative separatist Anabaptist.
• Spiritualists – God speaks directly to you, in the
present. – Thomas Muntzer – died in a
peasant’s revolt.Sebastian Franck – critic of dogmatic religion; advocate of religious autonomy.
• Antitritinarians – Believed in commonsense, rational,
ethical religion. – Michael Servetus (1511-1553),
executed in Geneva for blasphemy – Lelio and Faustus Sozzini founded
Socinianism, opponenets of Calvinism and their belief in original sin and predestination.
• John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation
• Midway through the 16th century Calvinism replaces Lutheranism as dominant Protestant force in Europe; Established in Palatinate (Germany state in the Rhineland).
• Strong belief in predestination and an individuals responsibility to reorder society according to God’s plan.
• John Calvin (1509-64) son of secretary to bishop of Noyon; received benefices that paid for education and law degree. – In 1534 he makes his conversion,
surrenders benefices and joins the Reformation.
• Political Revolt and Religious Reform in Geneva
• City of Bern sent reformers Guillaume Farel (1489-1565) and Antoine Froment(1508- 1581) to Geneva. – Calvin arrives and Farel convince him
to stay; they present articles of governance and catechism but the people thought they were too strong; they restore traditional ceremonies and exile Calvin and Farel.
– Cavin goes to Strasbourg and writes the second edition Institutes of the Christian Religion – definitive moral statement of Protestant faith.
• Calvin’s Geneva – Genevan officials who liked Calvin
elected. They invited him to return and implemented his reforms.
– Predestination: offend nonbelievers but true Christians take comfort because they know their lives are determined by a loving God.
• Enforced moral discipline. Had to practice what you preach.
– Execution of Michael Servetus damaged Calvin’s reputation.
– Geneva becomes home to exiled Protestants from France, England, Scotland
• “woman’s paradise” because they beat
men who beat women.
• The Diet of Augsburg – Charles V focused on
expanding empire; eventually directs Diet of Augsburg which orders Lutherans to reconvert to Catholicism.
• Lutherans form the defensive Schmalkaldic League; banner becomes Augsburg Confession; Luther eventually writes Schmalkaldic Articles
• Led by Landgrave Philip of Hesse and Elector John Frederick of Saxony; stalemated with emperor who became distracted by France and Turks once again.
• The Expansion of the Reformation – Consistories – theologians and
lawyers replaced Catholic episcopates with Protestant churches.
– Christian II (r. 1513-1523) introduced Reformation to Denmark; promoted by Frederick 1; Christian III (r. 1536-1559) establishes it as the state religion.
– Gustavus Vasa (r. 1523-1560) of Sweden confiscated church property; Diet of Vesteras (1527) subjected clergy to royal authority. Supported by greedy nobility.
– Poland: no central political authority; all Protestant sects could practice. Model of toleration
• Reactions Against Protestants – Charles V tries to compromise with Protestants;
Imperial army defeats Schmalkaldic League; capture Frederick of Saxony and Philip of Hesse.
– German city of Magdeburg became center of Lutheran Resistance
• The Peace of Augsburg – Maurice of Saxony converts to
Lutheranism; Charles V confronted by fierce resistance, exhausted from decades of war, and recently defeated by protestant armies grants religious freedom in Peace of Passau.
– Peace of Augsburg• ruler of land determines religion. • Lutherans can keep seized church land.
Catholic prelates couldn’t take their lands and titles with them.
• Freedom to migrate to different region with different religion.
• Did not accept Calvinism and Anabaptism;
Calvinists planned revolutions to gain freedom.
top related