Transcript
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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13
Final Individual Report: THE MALAYSIAN INSIDER ENGLISH
15/08/13
Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures
Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus
in collaboration with
Comments and feedback welcomed at:
tessa.houghton@nottingham.edu.my010 523 4575
or
Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer
Centre for Independent Journalismcijmalaysia@gmail.com
03-4023-0772/4024-9840
The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:tessa.houghton@nottingham.edu.myhttp://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:tessa.houghton@nottingham.edu.myhttp://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx7/29/2019 WtW Malaysian Insider English Final
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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for THE MALAYSIAN INSIDER ENGLISH.................................................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.
Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10
Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12
2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14
2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18
2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative
Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20
Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23
Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25
Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32
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Executive Summary of Key Results for THE MALAYSIANINSIDER ENGLISH
Introduction
Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.
But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?
The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.
The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.
Key Results
In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by The Malaysian Insider English, we found the followingtrends:
(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
The coverage of parties and coalitions was remarkably equally split between BN and PR,
with a very slight skew towards PR.
The vast majority of the coverage of political parties and coalitions was neutral in tone (over84%), but with regards to non-neutral material, BN received the most positive and negativecoverage, while PR were attacked the most often.
(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures
Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?
The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions was relativelyequal, but somewhat skewed towards BN.
The vast majority of the coverage of political parties and coalitions was neutral in tone (over81%), but with regards to non-neutral material, BN politicians were given the most positiveand negative coverage, while PR politicians were attacked the most.
Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?
Najib Razak was the most commonly used as a source, and overall, politicians from both BNwere used as sources much more (37.57%) than politicians from PR (24.67%), who were usedas sources less than independent and other political figures (37.76%).
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Najib Razak was most likely to be engaged in attack politics, followed by MahathirMohamad, Anwar Ibrahim, Lim Kit Siang, then Muhyiddin Yassin.
Overall, BN coalition politicians were engaged in attack politics significantly more often thaneither opposition politicians or independent politicians or political figures.
(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues were given significantly more coverage than Policy Issues.
The Non-Policy Issue of Ethnicity was the most covered issue overall.
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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
BN received the most coverage (32.12%), followed by PR, DAP, PAS & PKR.
Refer to Table 1 for figures.
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BN
PRDAP
PAS
PKR
UMNO
MCA
Other
MIC
SAPP
PBS
Gerakan
PSM
PBB
UPKO
PRS
SUPP
PRM
SPDP
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
32.12
17.8711.81
10.44
7.77
7.66
5.77
3.38
1.13
0.71
0.37
0.34
0.31
0.10
0.10
0.08
0.03
0.00
0.00
Volume
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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the volume dedicated to eachmajor coalition is remarkably equal.
Refer to Table 2 for figures.
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BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
47.70
47.89
1.02
3.38
Volume
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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (84%).
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3%8%
84%
5%
Attacked
Negative
NeutralPositive
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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage
BN was the most negatively covered (39.54%) party/coalition by a significant margin,followed by PR, MCA, DAP then UMNO.
PR was the most the attacked party/coalition (30.4%), followed by BN, DAP, MCA, thenUMNO.
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
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BN
PR
MCA
DAP
UMNO
PKR
PAS
Other
SAPP
MIC
Gerakan
PRS
PBB
PBS
PRM
PSM
SPDP
SUPPUPKO
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage
BN received the most positive (46.88%) and neutral (30.74%) coverage, followed by PR(28.65% and 16.46% respectively).
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
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BN
PR
DAP
PAS
PKR
UMNO
MCAOther
MIC
SAPP
PBS
PSM
Gerakan
PBB
UPKO
PRS
SUPP
PRMSPDP
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Positive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we can seethat BN received the most positive and negative coverage, while PR were attacked the mostoften.
It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category was overwhelmingly thelargest category.
Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PRTonal
Weighting
Positive 1 : 0.9 5%
Neutral 1 : 1 84%
Negative 1 : 0.7 8%
Attacked 1 : 1.4 3%
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Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
40.80
57.52
46.69
52.60
58.40
40.20
48.27
46.88
0.80
2.29
5.03
0.52
Coverage Volume
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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.
Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant margin (27.82%),
followed by Mahathir Mohamad, Lim Kit Siang, Anwar Ibrahim, then Ibrahim Ali, in that order. Refer to Table 5 for full figures.
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Najib Razak
Mahathir Mohamad
Lim Kit Siang
Anwar Ibrahim
Ibrahim Ali
Chua Soi Lek
Nurul Izzah
Muhyiddin Yassin
Rafizi Ramli
Khalid Samad
Karpal Singh
Lim Guan Eng
Khalid Ibrahim
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Nik AzizHadi Awang
Ng Yen Yen
Musa Aman
Jeffrey Kitingan
Teresa Kok
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
27.82
11.64
11.19
9.83
4.84
4.23
3.70
3.55
2.95
2.19
2.04
2.04
1.97
1.51
1.361.21
1.06
0.98
0.91
0.91
Coverage Volume
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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionswas relatively equal, but somewhat skewed towards BN.
Refer to Table 6 for figures.
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50.7242.48
6.80
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak was the most commonly used asa source by a significant margin (22.34%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim, EC Spokespeople,then Mahathir Mohamad and Lim Kit Siang.
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
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Najib Razak
Anwar Ibrahim
Election Commission Spokesperson
Mahathir Mohamad
Lim Kit Siang
Muhyiddin Yassin
Lim Guan Eng
Chua Soi Lek
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Khalid Ibrahim
0 5 10 15 20 25
22.34
11.40
8.22
7.29
6.36
4.02
3.83
3.46
2.99
2.15
Coverage Volume
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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Politicians from both BN were used as sources much more (37.57%) than politicians from PR(24.67%), who were used as sources less than independent and other political figures(37.76%).
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
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37.57
24.67
37.76BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category is used the most often (81%).
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6%
81%
8%5%
Positive
Neutral
Negative
Attacked
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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost negative coverage (30.69%), followed by Mahathir Mohamad, Ibrahim Ali, AnwarIbrahim, then Khalid Ibrahim, in that order.
Lim Kit Siang received the most attacks (27.12%), followed by Najib Razak and MahathirMohamad in second equal place, followed by Anwar Ibrahim then Nurul Izzah.
Refer to Table 8 for full figures.
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Najib Razak
Mahathir Mohamad
Ibrahim Ali
Anwar Ibrahim
Khalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
Chua Soi Lek
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Khalid Samad
Liow Tiong Lai
Teresa Kok
Bernard Dompok
Muhyiddin Yassin
Ng Yen Yen
Hadi Awang
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
Alfred Jabu
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Azmin AliBaru Bian
Chong Chieng Jen
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (41.98%) and neutral coverage (27.57%) by significant margins.
Anwar Ibrahim received the second most positive coverage, followed by Mahathir Mohamadand Lim Kit Siang in third equal place.
Refer to Table 8 for figures.
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Najib RazakLim Kit Siang
Mahathir Mohamad
Anwar Ibrahim
Ibrahim Ali
Chua Soi Lek
Muhyiddin Yassin
Nurul Izzah
Rafizi Ramli
Karpal Singh
Khalid Samad
Lim Guan Eng
Khalid Ibrahim
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Nik Aziz
Hadi Awang
Musa Aman
Ng Yen Yen
Jeffrey Kitingan
Dzulkefly AhmadTeresa Kok
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Positive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Overall, BN politicians were given the most positive and negative coverage, while PRpoliticians were attacked the most.
It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.
Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PRTonal
Weighting
Positive 1 : 0.6 6%
Neutral 1 : 0.9 80%
Negative 1 : 0.5 8%
Attacked 1 : 1.2 4%
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Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent/ Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
44.07
56.44
49.72
55.56
54.24
29.70
43.44
41.98
1.69
13.86
6.84
2.47
Coverage Volume
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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'
Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Najib Razak was most likely to be engaged in attack politics (25.19%), followed by MahathirMohamad, Anwar Ibrahim, Lim Kit Siang, then Muhyiddin Yassin.
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
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Najib Razak
Mahathir Mohamad
Anwar Ibrahim
Lim Kit Siang
Muhyiddin Yassin
Lim Guan Eng
Khalid Ibrahim
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Chua Soi Lek
Baru Bian
Hadi Awang
Hassan Ali
Jeffrey Kitingan
Musa Aman
Nazri Aziz
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
25.19
20.74
18.52
13.33
11.85
5.93
1.48
0.74
0.74
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Attack Volume
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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Overall, BN coalition politicians were engaged in attack politics significantly more often thaneither opposition politicians or independent politicians or political figures.
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
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58.52
39.26
2.22
BN
PR
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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues
3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
More coverage overall was given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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26%
74%
Policy Issues
Non-PolicyIssues
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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues
Of all policy issues covered, Vision Policies and Programmes were given the most attention,followed by the Economy & Development, then Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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29%
4%
20%5%
11%
14%
3%0%
13%
Policy Issues
VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion
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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues
Of all Non-Policy Issues, Ethnicity was given the most coverage, followed by SocioeconomicStatus, Electioneering, then Religion and Democracy & Human Rights in fourth equal place.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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38%
11%11%
18%
7%
3%
13%
Non-Policy Issues
Ethnicity
Religion
Democracy & Human Rights
Socioeconomic Status
Mudslinging
Gender
Electioneering
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Section 4: A Brief Methodology
Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)
Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 12554
Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 304
Average number of articles/day: na/d = 9.81
Data Collection
The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.
Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:
They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).
They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.
They were from within the TV news broadcasts.
They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).
Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level
(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.
Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.
Data Analysis
The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.
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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables
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TABLE 1
Party Percentage
BN 32.118
DAP 11.808
Gerakan 0.34112
MCA 5.7728
MIC 1.1283
PAS 10.443
PBB 0.10496
PBS 0.36736
PKR 7.767
PR 17.869
PRS 0.078719
PRM 0PSM 0.31488
SAPP 0.70848
SPDP 0
SUPP 0.02624
UMNO 7.662
UPKO 0.10496
Other 3.3849
TABLE 2
Party Percentage Coalition Percentage
BN 32.118
BN 47.704459
Gerakan 0.34112
MCA 5.7728
MIC 1.1283
PBB 0.10496
PBS 0.36736
PRS 0.078719
SPDP 0
SUPP 0.02624
UMNO 7.662
UPKO 0.10496
PR 17.869
PR 47.887DAP 11.808
PAS 10.443
PKR 7.767
PRM 0
Independent 1.02336PSM 0.31488
SAPP 0.70848
Other 3.3849 Other 3.3849
TABLE 3
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 27.2 39.542 30.738 46.875 144.355
DAP 20.8 8.8235 12.029 7.8125 49.465
Gerakan 0.8 0.3268 0.34821 0 1.47501
MCA 7.2 9.8039 5.5397 2.6042 25.1478
MIC 0 0.65359 1.2979 0 1.95149
PAS 4 5.5556 11.396 7.8125 28.7641
PBB 0 0 0.12662 0 0.12662
PBS 0 0 0.44318 0 0.44318
PKR3.2 6.8627 8.3887 2.6042
21.0556
PR 30.4 18.954 16.461 28.646 94.461
PRS 0.8 0.3268 0.031656 0 1.158456
PRM 0 0 0 0 0
PSM 0 0 0.37987 0 0.37987
SAPP 0 0.98039 0.72808 0.52083 2.2293
SPDP 0 0 0 0 0
SUPP 0 0 0.031656 0 0.031656
UMNO 4.8 6.8627 8.0089 3.125 22.7966
UPKO 0 0 0.12662 0 0.12662
Other 0.8 1.3072 3.9253 0 6.0325
Parties &Coalitions
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TABLE 4
BN
Attacked 40.8
Negative 54.7315
Neutral 46.692442
Positive 52.6042
PR
Attacked 58.4
Negative 40.1958
Neutral 48.2747
Positive 46.8752
Attacked 0.8
Negative 2.28759
Neutral 5.03325
Positive 0.52083
Independent &
Other
TABLE 5
Politician/Political Figure
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0
Alfred Jabu 0.15117
Ambiga Sreenevasan 1.5117
Anwar Ibrahim 9.8262Azmin Ali 0.075586
Baru Bian 0
Bernard Dompok 0.15117
Chong Chieng Jen 0
Chua Soi Lek 4.2328
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0.75586
Elizabeth Wong 0
G. Palanivel 0
Hadi Awang 1.2094
Hassan Ali 0.15117
Hishamuddin Hussein 0.45351
Ibrahim Ali 4.8375
James Masing 0
Jeffrey Ki tingan 0.90703
Karpal Singh 2.0408
Khalid Ibrahim 1.9652
Khalid Samad 2.192
Lim Guan Eng 2.0408
Lim Kit Siang 11.187
Liow Tiong Lai 0.60469
Mahathir Mohamad 11.64
Maximus Ongkili 0
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.68027
Muhyiddin Yassin 3.5525
Musa Aman 0.98262
Najib Razak 27.816
Ng Yen Yen 1.0582
Nik Aziz 1.3605
Nizar Jamaluddin 0.075586
Nurul Izzah 3.7037
Rafizi Ramli 2.9478Rosmah Mansur 0.30234
Siti Mariah Mahmud 0
Taib Mahmud 0.075586
Teresa Kok 0.90703
Tian Chua 0.22676
Tony Pua 0.37793
William Mawan 0
Wong Ho Leng 0
Wong Soon Koh 0
Yong Teck Lee 0
Percentage(mention)
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27 THE MALAYSIAN INSIDER ENGLISH
TABLE 6
Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek
MCA 5.89569
BN 50.718246
Liow Tiong Lai
Ng Yen Yen
G. Palanivel MIC 0
Alfred Jabu PBB 0.226756Taib Mahmud
Maximus Ongkili PBS 0
James Masing PRS 0
William Mawan SPDP 0
Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
UMNO 44.44463
Hishamuddin Hussein
Mahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Musa AmanNajib Razak
Bernard Dompok UPKO 0.15117
Chong Chieng Jen
DAP 16.55356
PR 42.479452
Karpal Singh
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Teresa Kok
Tony Pua
Wong Ho Leng
Dzulkefly Ahmad
PAS 6.273616
Hadi Awang
Khalid Samad
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Nik Aziz
Nizar Jamaluddin
Siti Mariah Mahmud
Anwar Ibrahim
PKR 19.652276
Azmin Ali
Baru Bian
Elizabeth Wong
Jeffrey Ki tinganKhalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
Rafizi Ramli
Tian Chua
Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 1.5117
6.80271
Hassan Ali Independent 0.15117
Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 4.8375
Rosmah Mansur 0.30234
Yong Teck Lee SAPP 0
Independent/Ot
her'1st lady'
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28 THE MALAYSIAN INSIDER ENGLISH
TABLE 7
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 3.4579
BN 37.569586
Mahathir Mohamad 7.2897
Muhyiddin Yassin 4.0187
Musa Aman 0.28037Najib Razak 22.336
Nazri Aziz 0.093458
Taib Mahmud 0.093458
Anwar Ibrahim 11.402
PR 24.672978
Baru Bian 0
Hadi Awang 0.84112
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Khalid Ibrahim 2.1495
Lim Guan Eng 3.8318
Lim Kit Siang 6.3551
Nik Aziz 0.093458
Ambiga Sreenevasan 2.9907
Independent 37.7569
Hassan Ali 0
Vox Pop Male 6.9159
Vox Pop Female 1.215
18.411
8.2243
Percentage
(source)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 8
Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 0 0
Alfred Jabu 0 0 0.095057 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 0 1.8061 1.2346
Anwar Ibrahim 11.864 11.881 9.1255 12.346
Azmin Ali 0 0 0.095057 0Baru Bian 0 0 0 0
Bernard Dompok 0 0.9901 0.095057 0
Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0 0
Chua Soi Lek 3.3898 2.9703 4.3726 3.7037
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0 0.85551 0
Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0 0
G. Palanivel 0 0 0 0
Hadi Awang 1.6949 0 1.2357 2.4691
Hassan Ali 0 0 0.19011 0
Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 0.57034 0Ibrahim Ali 1.6949 13.861 4.4677 1.2346
James Masing 0 0 0 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0 0 1.0456 1.2346
Karpal Singh 0 0 2.5665 0
Khalid Ibrahim 0 5.9406 1.9011 0
Khalid Samad 0 1.9802 2.2814 3.7037
Lim Guan Eng 1.6949 2.9703 2.0913 1.2346
Lim Kit Siang 27.119 1.9802 11.597 6.1728
Liow Tiong Lai 0 1.9802 0.57034 0
Mahathir Mohamad 20.339 17.822 9.8859 6.1728
Maximus Ongkili 0 0 0 0
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 0 0.76046 1.2346
Muhyiddin Yassin 0 0.9901 3.9924 3.7037
Musa Aman 0 0 1.2357 0
Najib Razak 20.339 30.693 27.567 41.975
Ng Yen Yen 0 0.9901 1.2357 0
Nik Aziz 0 0 1.4259 3.7037
Nizar Jamaluddin 0 0 0.095057 0
Nurul Izzah 8.4746 3.9604 3.4221 4.9383
Rafizi Ramli 0 0 3.4221 3.7037
Rosmah Mansur 0 0 0.38023 0Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0
Taib Mahmud 0 0 0.095057 0
Teresa Kok 3.3898 0.9901 0.85551 0
Tian Chua 0 0 0.28517 0
Tony Pua 0 0 0.38023 1.2346
William Mawan 0 0 0 0
Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0 0
Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0
Yong Teck Lee 0 0 0 0
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30 THE MALAYSIAN INSIDER ENGLISH
TABLE 9
BN
Attacked 44.0678
Negative 56.4358
Neutral 49.715151
Positive 55.5552
PR
Attacked 54.2372
Negative 29.7028
Neutral 43.441194
Positive 41.9757
Attacked 1.6949
Negative 13.861
Neutral 6.84414
Positive 2.4692
Independent/
Other
TABLE 10
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 0.74074
BN 58.51874
Mahathir Mohamad 20.741
Muhyiddin Yassin 11.852
Musa Aman 0
Najib Razak 25.185
Nazri Aziz0Taib Mahmud 0
Anwar Ibrahim 18.519
PR 39.2594
Baru Bian 0
Hadi Awang 0
Jeffrey Ki tingan 0
Khalid Ibrahim 1.4815
Lim Guan Eng 5.9259
Lim Kit Siang 13.333
Nik Aziz 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.74074
Independent 2.22224
Hassan Ali 0
Vox Pop Male 0
Vox Pop Female 0
1.4815
0
Percentage
(source +attacking)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 11
Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage
Vision Policies/Programmes 4.6
Policy Issues 15.892872
Environment 0.63222Economy/Development 3.1611
Education 0.80663
Foreign Policy 1.7877
Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 2.2455
Oppressive Legislation 0.52322
Health 0.065402
Religion 2.0711
Ethnicity 17.288
46.0868
Religion 4.9052
Democracy & Human Rights 5.2104
Socioeconomic Status 8.2407
Mudslinging 3.2701
Gender 1.2644
Electioneering 5.908
Non-PolicyIssues
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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme
1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)
1. Abdul Rahman Dalan
2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein
16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman
29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng
43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee
2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)
1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng
10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad
12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak
15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson
3. Party or Coalition
1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement
Party)
4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)
17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)
4. Organisations
1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented
organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission
5. Policy Issues
1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation
Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)
4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'
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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other
2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other
3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other
4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System
6. PTPTN7. Other
5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other
6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other
7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University
Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act
4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)
6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)
7. Other
8. Health1. 1Care2. Other
9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other
6. Non-Policy Issues
1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other
2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism
6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other
3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other
4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban
12. Rural13. Cost of Living
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14. Other
5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah
6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence
6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other
7. Gender
1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance
7. Sexism8. Other
8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other
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