WtW Malaysiakini English Final
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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13
Final Individual Report: MALAYSIAKINI ENGLISH
15/08/13
Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures
Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus
in collaboration with
Comments and feedback welcomed at:
tessa.houghton@nottingham.edu.my010 523 4575
or
Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer
Centre for Independent Journalismcijmalaysia@gmail.com
03-4023-0772/4024-9840
The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for MALAYSIAKINI ENGLISH.................................................................... 3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................6
1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10
Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................................... 112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12
2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources....................................................... 13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14
2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18
2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' Most Often?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20
Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................ 23
Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 – Tables.......................................................................................................................... 25Section 6: Appendix 2 – Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32
Executive Summary of Key Results for MALAYSIAKINI ENGLISH
Introduction
Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through the media – the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.
But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective information about national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment, and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?
The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media – newspapers, television news broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English, Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia, during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration between the University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.
The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.
Key Results
In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by Malaysiakini English, we found the following trends:
(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
• The coverage of parties and coalitions was relatively equally split between BN and PR, with a slight skew towards PR.
• The vast majority of the coverage of political parties and coalitions was neutral in tone (over 86%), but with regards to non-neutral material, BN received the most positive and negative coverage, while PR received the most attacks.
(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures
Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?
• Najib Razak was the most mentioned politician, but overall, the coverage given to politicians from both major coalitions was relatively equal.
• Najib Razak received the most of all kinds of coverage (positive, negative, neutral and attacked), followed by Anwar Ibrahim.
• Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the neutral category is used very much the most often (74%) followed by attacks (12%).
• Overall, BN politicians received the most negative coverage and the most positive coverage, while PR and BN's politicians were attacked at very similar rates.
Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?
• Anwar Ibrahim and Najib Razak were most commonly used as sources. Apart from Najib Razak, BN politicians were very rarely used as sources.
• This is possibly linked to the barring of Malaysiakini from UMNO press conferences, as it is good journalistic practice to preferentially cite direct sources.
• Lim Kit Siang was most commonly quoted as engaged in attack politics, followed by Najib Razak then Lim Guan Eng.
• Overall, PR coalition politicians engaged in attack politics very slightly more often than BN politicians.
(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
• Non-Policy Issues were given significantly more coverage than Policy Issues.
• The Non-Policy Issue of Democracy & Human Rights was the most covered issue overall.
Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
• BN received the most coverage (27.39%), followed by PR, DAP, PKR, & PAS.
• Refer to Table 1 for figures.
BNPR
DAPPKRPAS
UMNOOtherMCAPSMMIC
GerakanSAPP
PBSSUPPUPKOSPDP
PBBPRSPRM
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
27.3915.09
12.9111.98
9.027.54
5.334.54
1.831.141.010.99
0.420.410.220.080.050.020.01
Volume
Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other
• Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, PR received slightly more coverage than BN overall – 49% to 43%.
• Refer to Table 2 for figures.
BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
42.83
49.00
2.83
5.33
Volume
1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions
• Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (86%).
5%6%
86%
3%
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage
• BN was the most negatively covered (39.09%) and most attacked (31.57%).
• PR, PAS, PKR and DAP were second, fourth, fifth and sixth most negatively covered (in that order), while UMNO was third most negatively covered.
• PR, DAP, PAS and UMNO were second to fifth most negatively coevred, in that order, followed by PKR in sixth place.
• Refer to Table 3 for figures.
BNPR
UMNOPASPKRDAPMCA
GerakanMIC
OtherSUPP
PSMSAPP
PBSPBBPRSPRM
SPDPUPKO
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage
• BN received the most positive (57.2%) and neutral (25.36%) coverage by a significant margin, followed by PR and its constituent parties.
• Refer to Table 3 for figures.
BNPR
DAPPKRPAS
UMNOOtherMCAPSMMIC
SAPPGerakan
PBSSUPPUPKOSPDP
PBBPRSPRM
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Positive Neutral
Coverage Volume
Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other
• When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, it becomes clear that BN received the most positive and negative coverage, while PR received the most attacks.
• It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly the largest category.
• Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.
Ratio Type BN : PR TonalWeighting
Positive 1 : 0.6 3%
Neutral 1 : 1.2 86%
Negative 1 : 0.6 6%
Attacked 1 : 1.2 5%
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
44.40
60.21
40.81
63.64
54.58
37.52
49.94
35.23
1.02
2.27
9.25
1.14
Coverage Volume
Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
• Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.
• Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions (27.10%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim (16.24%), then Lim Kit Siang, Mahathir Mohamad, then Lim Guan Eng.
• Refer to Table 5 for full figures.
Najib RazakAnwar IbrahimLim Kit Siang
Mahathir MohamadLim Guan EngChua Soi Lek
Khalid IbrahimNurul Izzah
Muhyiddin YassinIbrahim Ali
Taib MahmudNik Aziz
Hadi AwangLiow Tiong LaiYong Teck LeeKhalid Samad
Jeffrey KitinganRafizi Ramli
Bernard DompokAmbiga Sreenevasan
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
27.1016.24
9.396.06
5.493.293.293.07
2.652.46
1.631.551.481.441.211.171.061.020.870.83
Coverage Volume
Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other
• When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and merged into their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionswas relatively equal.
• Refer to Table 6 for figures.
46%
49%
5%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
• Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Anwar Ibrahim and Najib Razak were most commonly used as sources (16.68% and 13.75%). They were followed by Lim Guan Eng, Lim Kit Siang, and the EC Spokespeople (in that order).
• Apart from Najib Razak, BN politicians were very rarely used as sources.
◦ This is possibly linked to the barring of Malaysiakini from UMNO press conferences, as it is good journalistic practice to preferentially cite direct sources.
• Refer to Table 7 for figures.
Anwar Ibrahim
Najib Razak
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Election Commission Spokesperson
Chua Soi Lek
Muhyiddin Yassin
Mahathir Mohamad
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Khalid Ibrahim
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
16.68
13.75
8.16
7.37
5.30
4.10
4.10
3.51
3.16
1.96
Coverage Volume
Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other
• Politicians from PR were used as sources more often (37.86%) than both independent political figures and BN, with BN politicians being used as sources the least (27.94%).
◦ Again, this is possibly linked to the barring of Malaysiakini from UMNO press conferences.
◦ It is worth noting that the distribution amongst the three key groups was still relatively equitable overall.
• Refer to Table 7 for figures.
28%
38%
34%BN
PR
Independent/Other
2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures
• Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the neutral category is used very much the most often.
5%
75%
8%
12%
Positive
Neutral
Negative
Attacked
Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
• In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received the most negative coverage (26.7%) and attacks (28.31%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim (11.17% and 19.69% respectively).
• Taib Mahmud, Mahathir Mohamad, and Khalid Ibrahim received the third, fourth and fifth most negative coverage respectively.
• Lim Kit Siang, Mahathir Mohamad, and Chua Soi Lek received third, fourth and fifth most attacks respectively.
• Refer to Table 8 for full figures.
Najib Razak
Anwar Ibrahim
Taib Mahmud
Mahathir Mohamad
Khalid Ibrahim
Chua Soi Lek
Muhyiddin Yassin
Lim Kit Siang
Ibrahim Ali
Lim Guan Eng
Tian Chua
Yong Teck Lee
Hishamuddin Hussein
Liow Tiong Lai
Maximus Ongkili
Nurul Izzah
Azmin Ali
Hadi Awang
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Jeffrey Kitingan
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
Chong Chieng Jen
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
• In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received the most positive (42.62%) and neutral coverage (26.24%) by significant margins.
• Anwar Ibrahim received the second most positive and neutral coverage (18.03% and 16.3% respectively).
• Khalid Ibrahim received the third most positive coverage, followed by Lim Guan Eng and Lim Kit Siang.
• Refer to Table 8 for figures.
Najib Razak
Anwar Ibrahim
Lim Kit Siang
Lim Guan Eng
Mahathir Mohamad
Nurul Izzah
Ibrahim Ali
Chua Soi Lek
Khalid Ibrahim
Muhyiddin Yassin
Nik Aziz
Hadi Awang
Liow Tiong Lai
Rafizi Ramli
Yong Teck Lee
Jeffrey Kitingan
Khalid Samad
Bernard Dompok
G. Palanivel
Karpal Singh
Maximus Ongkili
Taib Mahmud
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Positive Neutral
Coverage Volume
Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other
• Overall, BN received the most negative coverage and the most positive coverage, while PR and BN were attacked at very similar rates.
• It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly the largest category.
• Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.
Ratio Type BN : PR TonalWeighting
Positive 1 : 0.9 5%
Neutral 1 : 1.2 74%
Negative 1 : 0.5 8%
Attacked 1 : 1 12%
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent/ Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
50.15
61.65
43.50
52.46
48.62
32.52
50.99
45.08
1.23
5.83
5.50
2.46
Coverage Volume
2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative Campaigning
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' Most Often?
• This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
• Lim Kit Siang (16.7%) was most commonly quoted as engaged in 'attack politics', followed byNajib Razak (14.85%) and Lim Guan Eng (12.17%).
• Anwar Ibrahim and Muhyiddin Yassin came in at fourth and fifth place respectively.
• Refer to Table 10 for figures.
Lim Kit Siang
Najib Razak
Lim Guan Eng
Anwar Ibrahim
Muhyiddin Yassin
Mahathir Mohamad
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Chua Soi Lek
Nik Aziz
Khalid Ibrahim
Taib Mahmud
Hadi Awang
Nazri Aziz
Jeffrey Kitingan
Election Commission Spokesperson
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
16.70
14.85
12.17
10.72
10.31
8.25
4.95
4.12
2.47
1.03
1.03
0.41
0.41
0.21
0.21
Attack Volume
Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?
• This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
• Overall, PR coalition politicians engaged in attack politics slightly more often than BN politicians (43.71% to 38.97%).
• Refer to Table 10 for figures.
39%
44%
17%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues
3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
• More coverage overall was given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues.
• Refer to Table 11 for figures.
29%
71%
Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues
Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues
• Of all policy issues covered, Vision Policies and Programmes were given the most attention, followed by the Economy & Development, then Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security.
• Refer to Table 11 for figures.
27%
5%
25%
7%
5%
18%
4%1%
7%
Policy Issues
Vision Policies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime & National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion
Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues
• Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Democracy & Human Rights was given the most coverage, followed by Ethnicity, then Socioeconomic status.
• Refer to Table 11 for figures.
28%
7%
37%
12%
3%
3%
10%
Non-Policy Issues
Ethnicity
Religion
Democracy & Human Rights
Socioeconomic Status
Mudslinging
Gender
Electioneering
Section 4: A Brief Methodology
Dates analysed: 7/4/13 – 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)
Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 36353
Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 698
Average number of articles/day: na/d = 22.516
Data Collection
The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70 'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society, coded their assigned media on a daily basis.
Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:
• They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, or were the paper's editorial (if they run one).
• They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with 'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.
• They were from within the TV news broadcasts.• They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,
opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).
Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level (from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' are outlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.
Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching each reference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjective language/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source being quoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coders were instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support a positive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.
Data Analysis
The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinary mathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well as much higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of coded data (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised to provide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.
Section 5: Appendix 1 – Tables
TABLE 1
Party Percentage
BN 27.385
DAP 12.908
Gerakan 1.0116
MCA 4.5422
MIC 1.1431
PAS 9.0238
PBB 0.050582
PBS 0.42489
PKR 11.978
PR 15.094
PRS 0.020233
PRM 0.010116
PSM 1.8311
SAPP 0.9914
SPDP 0.080931
SUPP 0.41477
UMNO 7.5367
UPKO 0.22256
Other 5.3313
TABLE 2
Party Percentage Coalition Percentage
BN 27.385
BN 42.832566
Gerakan 1.0116
MCA 4.5422
MIC 1.1431
PBB 0.050582
PBS 0.42489
PRS 0.020233
SPDP 0.080931
SUPP 0.41477
UMNO 7.5367
UPKO 0.22256
PR 15.094
PR 49.0038DAP 12.908
PAS 9.0238
PKR 11.978
PRM 0.010116
Independent 2.832616PSM 1.8311
SAPP 0.9914
Other 5.3313 Other 5.3313
TABLE 3
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 31.568 39.092 25.359 57.197 153.216
DAP 10.794 6.9808 13.746 3.0303 34.5511
Gerakan 0.40733 2.0942 0.9894 0 3.49093
MCA 2.444 5.4101 4.6408 2.2727 14.7676
MIC 0.81466 1.5707 1.1425 1.1364 4.66426
PAS 10.183 8.726 9.1166 4.9242 32.9498
PBB 0 0 0.058893 0 0.058893
PBS 0 0.17452 0.48292 0 0.65744
PKR 5.2953 7.5044 13.039 2.2727 28.1114
PR 28.31 14.311 14.04 25 81.661
PRS 0 0 0.023557 0 0.023557
PRM 0 0 0.011779 0 0.011779
PSM 0 0.52356 2.0612 1.1364 3.72116
SAPP 0.20367 0.34904 1.1072 0 1.65991
SPDP 0 0 0.094229 0 0.094229
SUPP 0.20367 0.8726 0.36514 0 1.44141
UMNO 8.9613 10.995 7.4087 3.0303 30.3953
UPKO 0 0 0.24735 0 0.24735
Other 0.81466 1.3962 6.066 0 8.27686
Parties & Coalitions
TABLE 5
Politician/Political FigureAbdul Rahman Dahlan 0.1514
Alfred Jabu 0.1514Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.8327
Anwar Ibrahim 16.238Azmin Ali 0.6056Baru Bian 0.11355
Bernard Dompok 0.87055Chong Chieng Jen 0.26495
Chua Soi Lek 3.293Dzulkefly Ahmad 0.1514Elizabeth Wong 0.03785
G. Palanivel 0.71915Hadi Awang 1.4762Hassan Ali 0.11355
Hishamuddin Hussein 0.56775Ibrahim Ali 2.4603
James Masing 0.0757Jeffrey Kitingan 1.0598
Karpal Singh 0.6813Khalid Ibrahim 3.293Khalid Samad 1.1734Lim Guan Eng 5.4883Lim Kit Siang 9.3868Liow Tiong Lai 1.4383
Mahathir Mohamad 6.056Maximus Ongkili 0.71915
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.41635Muhyiddin Yassin 2.6495
Musa Aman 0.5299Najib Razak 27.101Ng Yen Yen 0.11355
Nik Aziz 1.5519Nizar Jamaluddin 0.757
Nurul Izzah 3.0659Rafizi Ramli 1.022
Rosmah Mansur 0.41635Siti Mariah Mahmud 0.26495
Taib Mahmud 1.6276Teresa Kok 0.34065Tian Chua 0.757Tony Pua 0.4542
William Mawan 0.11355Wong Ho Leng 0.18925Wong Soon Koh 0Yong Teck Lee 1.2112
Percentage (mention)
TABLE 4
BN
Attacked 44.39896
Negative 54.62559
Neutral 40.812489
Positive 63.6364
PR
Attacked 54.5823
Negative 37.5222
Neutral 49.9416
Positive 35.2272
Attacked 1.01833
Negative 2.2688
Neutral 9.246179
Positive 1.1364
Independent & Other
TABLE 6
Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek
MCA 4.84485
BN 46.1775
Liow Tiong Lai
Ng Yen Yen
G. Palanivel MIC 0.71915
Alfred JabuPBB 1.779
Taib Mahmud
Maximus Ongkili PBS 0.71915
James Masing PRS 0.0757
William Mawan SPDP 0.11355
Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
UMNO 37.05555
Hishamuddin Hussein
Mahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Musa Aman
Najib Razak
Bernard Dompok UPKO 0.87055
Chong Chieng Jen
DAP 16.80545
PR 48.78935
Karpal Singh
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Teresa Kok
Tony Pua
Wong Ho Leng
Dzulkefly Ahmad
PAS 5.7912
Hadi Awang
Khalid Samad
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Nik Aziz
Nizar Jamaluddin
Siti Mariah Mahmud
Anwar Ibrahim
PKR 26.1927
Azmin Ali
Baru Bian
Elizabeth Wong
Jeffrey Kitingan
Khalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
Rafizi Ramli
Tian Chua
Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 0.8327
5.0341
Hassan Ali Independent 0.11355
Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 2.4603
Rosmah Mansur 0.41635
Yong Teck Lee SAPP 1.2112
Independent/Other
'1st lady'
TABLE 7
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 4.096
BN 27.94061
Mahathir Mohamad 3.5108
Muhyiddin Yassin 4.096
Musa Aman 0.58514
Najib Razak 13.751
Nazri Aziz 0.70217
Taib Mahmud 1.1995
Anwar Ibrahim 16.676
PR 37.85799
Baru Bian 0.46811
Hadi Awang 1.5506
Jeffrey Kitingan 0.35108
Khalid Ibrahim 1.9602
Lim Guan Eng 8.1627
Lim Kit Siang 7.3727
Nik Aziz 1.3166
Ambiga Sreenevasan 3.1597
Independent 34.2009
Hassan Ali 0
Vox Pop Male 10.971
Vox Pop Female 8.0749
6.6998
5.2955
Percentage (source)
Public Opinion/Vox Pop General
Election Commission Spokesperson
TABLE 8
Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0.48544 0.15283 0Alfred Jabu 0.30769 0 0.050942 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.30769 0.48544 0.76414 0Anwar Ibrahim 19.692 11.165 16.302 18.033
Azmin Ali 1.8462 0.48544 0.40754 0.81967Baru Bian 0 0 0.15283 0
Bernard Dompok 0 0 1.0188 2.459Chong Chieng Jen 0 0.48544 0.30565 0
Chua Soi Lek 6.1538 5.8252 2.8018 0Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0.48544 0.15283 0Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0.050942 0
G. Palanivel 0.61538 0 0.86602 0Hadi Awang 1.5385 0.48544 1.6811 0Hassan Ali 0 0 0.15283 0
Hishamuddin Hussein 0.30769 1.4563 0.56037 0Ibrahim Ali 0.30769 3.3981 2.8018 1.6393
James Masing 0 0 0.050942 0.81967Jeffrey Kitingan 0.30769 0.48544 1.2226 1.6393
Karpal Singh 0.30769 0 0.86602 0Khalid Ibrahim 2.1538 8.7379 2.5981 9.0164Khalid Samad 0 0 1.1717 1.6393Lim Guan Eng 4.9231 2.4272 5.9093 6.5574Lim Kit Siang 10.462 4.8544 10.036 4.918Liow Tiong Lai 0 1.4563 1.5283 2.459
Mahathir Mohamad 9.8462 9.2233 5.2471 2.459Maximus Ongkili 0 0.97087 0.86602 0
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 0 0.56037 0Muhyiddin Yassin 3.0769 5.3398 2.2924 1.6393
Musa Aman 0 0 0.71319 0Najib Razak 28.308 26.699 26.235 42.623Ng Yen Yen 0 0 0.15283 0
Nik Aziz 1.2308 0 1.8339 0.81967Nizar Jamaluddin 2.1538 0 0.66225 0
Nurul Izzah 2.7692 0.48544 3.515 0.81967Rafizi Ramli 0.30769 0 1.3245 0
Rosmah Mansur 0 0.48544 0.45848 0.81967Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0.30565 0.81967
Taib Mahmud 1.5385 10.194 0.81508 0Teresa Kok 0 0 0.45848 0Tian Chua 0.92308 2.4272 0.61131 0Tony Pua 0 0 0.61131 0
William Mawan 0 0 0.15283 0Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0.25471 0Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0Yong Teck Lee 0.61538 1.4563 1.3245 0
TABLE 9
BN
Attacked 50.15416
Negative 61.65021
Neutral 43.504454
Positive 52.45897
PR
Attacked 48.61555
Negative 32.52434
Neutral 50.994092
Positive 45.08208
Attacked 1.23076
Negative 5.82528
Neutral 5.50175
Positive 2.45897
Independent/ Other
TABLE 10
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 4.1237
BN 38.96837
Mahathir Mohamad 8.2474Muhyiddin Yassin 10.309
Musa Aman 0Najib Razak 14.845Nazri Aziz 0.41237
Taib Mahmud 1.0309Anwar Ibrahim 10.722
PR 43.71166
Baru Bian 0Hadi Awang 0.41237
Jeffrey Kitingan 0.20619Khalid Ibrahim 1.0309Lim Guan Eng 12.165Lim Kit Siang 16.701
Nik Aziz 2.4742Ambiga Sreenevasan 4.9485
Independent 17.31959
Hassan Ali 0Vox Pop Male 4.1237
Vox Pop Female 2.268
5.7732
0.20619
Percentage (source + attacking)
Public Opinion/Vox Pop General
Election Commission Spokesperson
TABLE 11
Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage
Vision Policies/Programmes 4.3583
Policy Issues 16.03987
Environment 0.80379
Economy/Development 4.0457
Education 1.1967
Foreign Policy 0.8663
Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 2.9204
Oppressive Legislation 0.57158
Health 0.1161
Religion 1.161
Ethnicity 11.342
40.0554
Religion 2.8668
Democracy & Human Rights 14.683
Socioeconomic Status 4.8852
Mudslinging 1.3932
Gender 1.0717
Electioneering 3.8135
Non-Policy Issues
Section 6: Appendix 2 – Coding Scheme
1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)
1. Abdul Rahman Dalan2. Alfred Jabu 3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim 5. Azmin Ali 6. Baru Bian 7. Bernard Dompok 8. Chong Chieng Jen 9. Chua Soi Lek 10. Dzulkefly Ahmad 11. Elizabeth Wong 12. G. Palanivel 13. Hadi Awang 14. Hassan Ali 15. Hishamuddin Hussein 16. James Masing 17. Jeffrey Kitingan 18. Karpal Singh 19. Khalid Ibrahim 20. Khalid Samad 21. Lim Guan Eng 22. Lim Kit Siang 23. Liow Tiong Lai 24. Mahathir Mohamad 25. Maximus Ongkili 26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 27. Muhyiddin Yassin 28. Musa Aman 29. Najib Razak 30. Ng Yen Yen 31. Nik Aziz 32. Nizar Jamaluddin 33. Nurul Izzah 34. Rafizi Ramli 35. Rosmah Mansur 36. Siti Mariah Mahmud 37. Taib Mahmud 38. Teresa Kok 39. Tian Chua 40. Tony Pua 41. William Mawan 42. Wong Ho Leng43. Wong Soon Koh 44. Yong Teck Lee
2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)
1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian 4. Chua Soi Lek 5. Hadi Awang 6. Hassan Ali 7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim 9. Lim Guan Eng 10. Lim Kit Siang
11. Mahathir Mohamad 12. Muhyiddin Yassin 13. Musa Aman 14. Najib Razak 15. Nazri Aziz 16. Nik Aziz 17. Taib Mahmud 18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General 21. Election Commission Spokesperson
3. Party or Coalition
1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement
Party)4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun
Murut Organisation)
4. Organisations
1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented
organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI 7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission
5. Policy Issues
1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation
Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)
4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other
2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other
3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other
4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System6. PTPTN7. Other
5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other
6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other
7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University
Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act
4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)6. SOSMA (Security Offences (Special
Measures) Act 2012)7. Other
8. Health1. 1Care2. Other
9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other
6. Non-Policy Issues
1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other
2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other
3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other
4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban
12. Rural13. Cost of Living14. Other
5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence
6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose
11. Other
7. Gender1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance7. Sexism8. Other
8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other
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