Transcript
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Group 4
Parimah Heshmati (KGE110018)
Ammar Ali Mohammad Qaffaf (KGE110019)
Ibrahim Nabeel Mohammed Ali (KGE110017)
Suleiman G. Hussain Hewadi (KGE110010)
Abdallah Shaadh Rahman (KGE110033)
Real life Example from Malaysia
Wireless Sensor Network
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From TheoryTo Practice
Introduction Architecture
Example
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Introduction
What is a Network Sensor?
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The Futureis Here Wireless Sensor Networks have been identified as
one of the most important technologies for the21st century.
More than 800 Million Sensor to be deployed in 2-3 years
At least 10K devices are currently deployed inMalaysia, with plans to reach millions in the nextfew years.
Devices cost should be very cheap to helpdeploying Wireless Sensors everywhere
Development of low power radio and advancedlow-power embedded microcontrollers
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NetworkDesign
Interface
electronics,radio and
microcontrollerWater
pressureSensor Mote
Sensor Node
Gateway
Server
Internet
Communicationsbarrier
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Focus on the Device
Main Components and Characteristics:
Central Processing Unit (CPU) Memory
Operating Electrical characteristics:
Low power consumption (Small size Battery should be able
to operate the device for up to 5 years)
Voltage Range
Operating Current, Power States and wake-up times
Input /Output:
Digital Only vs. On-chip ADC
Peripheral Support Physical Size
Environmental compatible (rain, heat, humidity..etc.)
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PhysicalUnit
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Programming the Wireless Sensor* \param adc Pointer to ADC module.
* \param ch_mask ADC channel mask.
* \param result Conversion result from ADC channel.
*/
staticvoidadc_handler(ADC_t*adc,uint8_tch_mask,
adc_result_tresult){
uint32_ttemperature;
/* Compute current temperature in kelvin, based on the
factory calibration measurement of the temperature sensor.
The calibration has been done at 85 degrees Celsius, which
corresponds to 358 kelvin.
*/
temperature=(uint32_t)result*358;
temperature/=tempsense;
// Store temperature in global variable.
last_temperature=temperature&0xffff;
// Start next conversion.
adc_start_conversion(adc, ch_mask);
}
intmain(void)
{
structadc_config adc_conf;structadc_channel_configadcch_conf;
board_init();
sysclk_init();
pmic_init();
cpu_irq_enable();
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Architecture
Technical Appreciation
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The power of wireless sensor networks lies in the ability to deploy
large numbers of tiny nodes that assemble and configure
themselves.
Usage scenarios for these devices range from real-time tracking, to
monitoring of environmental conditions, to metering utilities
(water and electricity) to monitoring of the health of structures orequipment.
While often referred to as wireless sensor networks, they can also
control actuators that extend control from cyberspace into thephysical world (The Internet of Things).
Focus on the Network
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1. Wireless sensor nodes need to communicate with their local
peers.
2. They dont rely on a pre-deployed infrastructure.
3. Each individual sensor or actuator becomes part of the overall
infrastructure.
4. Peer-to-peer networking protocols provide a mesh-like
interconnect to shuttle data between the thousands of tinyembedded devices in a multi-hop fashion.
5. Support new nodes or expand to cover a larger geographic
region. Can automatically adapt to compensate for node
failures.
Advantages
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Lifetime:
The energy supply is one of the primary limiting causes for the
lifetime of a sensor network.
Each node must be designed to manage its local supply of energy in
order to maximize total network lifetime. Generally the minimum
node lifetime is more important than the average node lifetime.
In the case of wireless security systems, every node should last for
several years. A vulnerability in the security systems is likely to
happen if a single node experience a failure.
C
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Coverage:
It is always better to have the ability to deploy a network over a
larger physical area. This can significantly increase a systems value
to the end user. It is important to keep in mind that the coverage of
the network is not equal to the range of the wireless communication
links being used. The coverage of the network could be extended
well beyond the range of the radio technology alone by using Multi-
hop communication techniques. In theory they have the ability toextend network range indefinitely. However, for a given transmission
range, multi-hop networking protocols increase the power
consumption of the nodes, which may decrease the network
lifetime. Additionally, they require a minimal node density, whichmay increase the deployment cost.
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Cost and ease of deployment
A key advantage of wireless sensor networks is their ease of
deployment.
Biologists and construction workers installing networks cannot beexpected to understand the underlying networking and communication
mechanisms at work inside the wireless network. For system
deployments to be successful, the wireless sensor network must
configure itself. It must be possible for nodes to be placed throughoutthe environment by an untrained person and have the system simply
work. Ideally, the system would automatically configure itself for any
possible physical node placement. However, real systems must place
constraints on actual node placements , it is not possible to have nodes
with infinite range. The wireless sensor network must be capable of
providing feedback as to when these constraints are violated.
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Response timeDespite low power operation, nodes must be capable of having
immediate, high-priority messages communicated across the
network as quickly as possible. While these events will beinfrequent, they may occur at any time without notice. Response
time is also critical when environmental monitoring is used to
control factory machines and equipment. Many users envision
wireless sensor networks as useful tools for industrial processcontrol. These systems would only be practical if response time
guarantees could be met.
Response time can be improved by including nodes that are
powered all the time. These nodes can listen for the alarm
messages and forward them down a routing backbone whennecessary. This, however, reduces the ease of deployment for the
system.
T l A
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Temporal AccuracyIn environmental and tracking applications, samples from multiple
nodes must be cross-correlated in time in order to determine the
nature of phenomenon being measured.
The necessary accuracy of this correlation mechanism will depend
on the rate of propagation of the phenomenon being measured. In
the case of determining the average temperature of a building,
samples must only be correlated to within seconds. However, to
determine how a building reacts to a seismic event, millisecond
accuracy is required.
To achieve temporal accuracy, a network must be capable ofconstructing and maintaining a global time base that can be used to
chronologically order samples and events.
S it
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SecurityDespite the seemingly harmless nature of simple temperature and
light information from an environmental monitoring application,
keeping this information secure can be extremely important.
Significant patterns of building use and activity can be easily
extracted from a trace of temperature and light activity in an office
building. In the wrong hands, this information can be exploited to
plan a strategic or physical attack on a company. Wireless sensor
networks must be capable of keeping the information they arecollecting private from eavesdropping. Use of encryption and
cryptographic authentication costs both power and network
bandwidth. Extra computation must be performed to encrypt and
decrypt data and extra authentication bits must be transmitted with
each packet. This impacts application performance by decreasing thenumber of samples than can be extracted from a given network and
the expected network lifetime.
Eff i l
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Effective sample rate
In a data collection network, effective sample rate is a primary
application performance metric. We define the effective sample rate
as the sample rate that sensor data can be taken at each individual
sensor and communicated to a collection point in a data collection
network. Fortunately, environmental data collection applications
typically only demand sampling rates of 1-2 samples per minute.
However, in addition to the sample rate of a single sensor, we mustalso consider the impact of the multi-hop networking architectures
on a nodes ability to effectively relay the data of surrounding nodes.
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EXAMPLE
From Here from Malaysia!
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By 2025, two thirds of the world's population will
have insufficient water, every year 32 billioncubic meters of treated water is lost from urbanwater supplies.
In Malaysia, the issue of non-revenue water
(NRW) is still at a shocking level of 36.6% - 40%.
Non revenue water (NRW) is water that has beenproduced and is lost before it reaches the customer.Losses can be :
1. real losses; through leaks, sometimes alsoreferred to as physical losses (75%-80%)
2. apparent losses; for example through theft ormetering inaccuracies (20%-25%)
The Problem
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Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor Sdn Bhd (SYABAS) was
established to undertake the privatization of water supply
services in the State of Selangor and the Federal Territoriesof Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya.
SYABAS is targeting an overall leakage reduction from
39Ml/d to 29 Ml/d, representing a 25% saving. All the
District Metered Areas (DMAs). had Pressure ReducingValves (PRVs) installed, which were previously set to either
fixed outlet or modulated control.
The contract was awarded to Jular Cahaya Sdn. Bhd. and
their UK partner I2OWater, phase 1 was deployed in 2011
with target of 10.5 Million Liters per Day leakage reduction.
Malaysias Major Players
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The Benefits of Pressure Management
1. Leakage reduction
2. Burst reduction3. Pressure smoothing
4. Improvements in water efficiency
5. Better customer service
6. Lower capital maintenance - increased life of main
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I2O Water System
The i2O system
continuously controls thepressure of water going
into a District Meter Area
(DMA) or pressure
managed Zone
Under all demand
conditions, the Average
Zone Pressure (AZP) is
kept to the minimum
necessary to meet
consumers' legitimate
requirements
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Main Components
In Malaysia, the project is seeing an average leak
reduction of 20%.
On a typical districts metering area, comprising
say, 2,000 properties, were seeing reductions of
around about 60 to 80 cubic metres per day.
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The controller communicates with the i2O system server on a scheduled basisusing a secure protocol over the GSM network.
During each communication, the latest logged pressure, flow and temperaturedata is uploaded to the server and optimized control parameters are downloadedto the controller
A sensor at the critical point also sends the latest P3 data to the i2O system serverover the GSM network on a scheduled basis
I2O Architecture
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Remote sensor
They are installed on the network
to monitor critical points Continuously record the pressure data
and store it in the memory before
transmitting it to I2O server by using the built-in GPRS
modem Both the controller and remote sensors can send alarms
by SMS, GPRS, email or embedded in log files, depending
upon the severity of the alarm
The sensors are battery powered with a predicted life of
five years under normal use. Claim to have industry-leading precision of 0.01% and
are extremely robust and waterproof (IP68 down to 4 m).
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I2O Controller
Continuously adjust the Average
Zone Pressure (AZP)
Record the data required to update
the control algorithm
The stored data is in the controller's memory is transmittedon a user-defined scheduled basis, typically daily, to the
i2O server, using the built-in GPRS modem.
if the GSM network is not available, the data can be
downloaded manually to a PC or other handheld device using
the controller's built-in Bluetooth interface
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TheSolution
The system comprises a controller, which is an electronic
device, which interfaces with the pressure reducing valvewhich controls the pressures in the districts. Theres also a
remote sensor or remote sensors which again are electronic
devices, monitoring pressures. These devices communicate
over the internet to a centralised server.
The server processes their data, learns the relationships
between pressures and flows, and sends instructions back
down to the controller. The controller uses these instructions
to continuously adjust the pressure reducing valve, to vary the
pressure constantly during the day, to maintain the minimum
possible optimum pressures in the network.
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TheSolutionThe devices are really mini computers. The biggest challenge for us was energy
because these devices are fitted in chambers in the ground, in theroads. Theres no opportunity to fit a solar cell and weve got to run these
devices for, typically, five years. So , the devices have a key requirement for
minimum power consumption.
They run from a single battery which is roughly twice the size of a D-cellbattery, and that device is then monitoring the pressures through (RPST) or
Resistive Pressure Sensing Technology. The devices are recording the data and
then connecting to the internet through the GPRS connection and transferring
the data only when they need to. The control device also has to control the
PRVs through a special valve. The valve also requires minimum power
consumption to make the changes.
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TheSolutionThe devices are really mini computers. The biggest challenge for us
was energy because these devices are fitted in chambers in theground, in the roads. Theres no opportunity to fit a solar cell and
weve got to run these devices for, typically, five years. So , the
devices have a key requirement for minimum power consumption.
They run from a single battery which is roughly twice the size of aD-cell battery, and that device is then monitoring the pressures
through (RPST) or Resistive Pressure Sensing Technology.
The devices are recording the data and then connecting to the
internet through the GPRS connection and transferring the
data only when they need to. The control device also has to
control the PRVs through a special valve. The valve also requires
minimum power consumption to make the changes.
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TheSolutionThe devices are really mini computers. The biggest challenge for us was energy
because these devices are fitted in chambers in the ground, in theroads. Theres no opportunity to fit a solar cell and weve got to run these
devices for, typically, five years. So , the devices have a key requirement for
minimum power consumption.
They run from a single battery which is roughly twice the size of a D-cellbattery, and that device is then monitoring the pressures through (RPST) or
Resistive Pressure Sensing Technology. The devices are recording the data and
then connecting to the internet through the GPRS connection and transferring
the data only when they need to. The control device also has to control the
PRVs through a special valve. The valve also requires minimum power
consumption to make the changes.
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TheSolution
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Questions, Please.
Thank you
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Determination of Non Revenue Water through
District Meter Area, Inawati Binti Othman,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, April 2012
www.i2owater.com
References
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