Transcript
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World War I1914 - 1918
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Tensions in Europe
Tensions in Europe incr eased for anumber of r easons from 1880-1910.These r easons included:
� Imper ialism
� Nationalism
� Alliances� Militar ism
� Failed diplomacy
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The War Begins
� War was sparked by the assassination of Austr ian heir Ar chduke Ferdinand by aSerbian group.
� This event set off a chain of events leading to World War I
-Austr ia invaded Serbia
-Russia mobilized in support of Serbia-Germany declar ed war on both Russiaand France in r esponse to Russia
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Germany¶s plan
� Germany border ed Russiaon the East and France on the West
� Germany did not want to
f ight a war on two fronts and came up with the Von Schlieff en plan, wher e they would quickly def eatFrance and then tur n their attention towards Russia
and the easter n front.� Germany decided to
invade France through Belgium, violating Belgium¶s neutrality.
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Alliances shift
� Br itain was upset with Germany¶s decision to go
through Belgium as Belgian ports wer e close to
England. They declar ed war on Germany,
coming to France¶s aid.
� Italy decided that Germany was the aggr essor ,
and left the Tr iple alliance, becoming neutral
they would later oppose Germany.
� The Ottoman Empir e joined for ces with
Germany and Austr ia.
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Alliances in 1914
AlliesCentral
Powers
Austr ia-
Hungar y
Germany
Ottoman Empir e
France Russia Gr eat
Br itain
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The German Invasion
� Germany initially overran France¶s def enses andmade fast progr ess towards Par is.
� However , Russia¶s army was now fully mobilized
(r eady to f ight) and Germany had to split its for ces and send some to f ight on the easter n front.
� France and Br itain fought back at the Battle of
Mar ne for cing Germany to end its advance.Germany now settled in for a long war on twofronts.
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Tr ench Warfar e� World War I f eatur ed new
technologies such as machine guns. This made engaging the enemy in an open f ield
ver y bloody.� Each side dug tr enches
for their men to take cover in. A lar ge per centage of the war was fought with both
sides battling fromtr enches. Militar y units would lose thousands of men battling for a f ewhundr ed yards of terr itor y between tr enches.
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New Weapon Technology
Other than the machine gun, other weapon technology was f ir st putinto use in the war.
These included:± Poison Gas (Germans
1915)
± The Tank (the Br itish 1916)
± Blimps and Airplanes± Submar ines r ef err ed to
as U-Boats (Germany 1914)
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German U-Boats gave them an advantage at sea, but ther e use caused tension
with many other countr ies
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German pilot, Manfr ed von Richthof en,
aka ³The Red Baron´ was the top ace of
World War I achieving 80 kills in aer ial
combat.
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Total War World War I was a total war ,
r equir ing effort and sacr if ice from all of its citizens.These occurr ed in a number of ways.
-Men wer e drafted into the army, rather than r elying on volunteer s
-Food supplies wer e rationed
-Factor ies wer e converted by the gover nment to make war supplies
-As men went to the battlef ieldwomen r eplaced them in many factor y jobs.
Women at a munitions
factor y
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Propaganda
Each countr y putout Propaganda, one-sidedadvertisements designed to get
people to join in the war effort in some way.
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The Role of the Colonies� World War I even
extended to the colonialpossessions around the world. Battles wer e fought in West Afr ica andin Asia.
� Many in the colonies believed that by f ighting with the mother countr y¶s army they couldsomehow ear n their
independence� Japan enter ed the war
against Germany andtook many of their Pacif ic island colonies.
Fr ench Propaganda aimed at
their Afr ican Colonies
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Russia leaves the War
� Russia suff er ed numerous def eats to the Germans as they wer e poorly equipped.However , Russia¶s huge population was able to keepthem f ielding an army
� Russian had been upset with their Czar ist gover nment for year s, and f inally in 1917 the Russian people overthr ew the
Czar.� When the Bolsheviks, a
communist group, took control in Russia they made peace with Germany and left the war.
Czar Nicholas II of Russia lost even mor e support dur ing WWI.
Revolutionar ies in Russia such as Vladimir Lenin (Below) wouldoverthrow the czar ist gover nment
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The United States Enter s the War
� Initially the United States under itpr esident Woodrow Wilson stayed out of the war.
� Amer ican-German r elations became tense after German U-
boats sank Amer ican ships bound for Br itain.
� Amer ica would eventually enter the war in Apr il 1917 after being given the ³Zimmerman Telegraph´ that Br itain hadinter cepted from Germany. This
telegram suggested that Mexicoshould the war on the side of Germany, and that Germany would help Mexico r egain landlost to Amer ica (Texas, Califor niaetc).
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The Tide Tur ns in the War
� Germany now tur ned all of its attention towards the Wester n Front.
� Germany made one huge assault on France andadvanced to within 50 miles of Par is.
� However , this was not enough
to still not def eat the allies as the fr esh Amer ican troops gave the allies a boost andGermany began to r etr eat.
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Germany weakens� In 1918 The German war effort
began to show signs of weakness, as they wer e running out of supplies andsoldier s. Their economy couldno longer support the war
effort� The Allies soundly def eated
them at the Battle of Amiens, and Germany lost support as the Ottoman empir e surr ender ed to the Allies.
� Germany was in politicaldiscontent as r evolutionar y movements took hold within
Germany.
German def eat at Amiens left
them in a sever ely weakened
position
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The War Ends
� In November 1918, Germany f inally signed a cease-f ir e andsurr ender ed, even though ther e wer e no allied troops inside of
Germany¶s border.� Kaiser Wilhelm gave up his
throne and Germany became ar epublic.
� Peace had come with a gr eatcost as millions had died, landhad been ruined and r esour ces wasted. ³Victor y was indistinguishable from def eat.´
Germany¶s weakness
for ced Kaiser Wilhelm to
abdicate the throne
eff ectively ending WWI.