World Water Day 2008. PERCIK. Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. March 2008.
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From the Editor 1
Your Voice 2Main Feature
World Water Day 2008, Putting Forward Sanitation Issues 3
The Celebration of World Water Day in Indonesia 4
Sanitation Services Coverage per District/Municipal 2006 8
Sanitation Corner
International Year of Sanitation 2008 Launching in Philippine 10
Interview
Ir. Susmono, Director of Settlement Environmental Sanitation
Development, Department of Public Works: Integrated Program is
Needed to Handle Sanitation 13
Regulation
Ministerial Decree of Public Works No. 21/PRT/M/2006 on
The National Policy and Strategy of Solid Waste Management System
Development 14
Insight
Measuring Diarrhoea with Figures 16
Rote Ndao Prioritizes Water Source Protection 18
Overview
Banjarmasin, City of Thousand Rivers and Latrines 20
Revolving Latrine and Well 21
ReportageGreen Office 22
Inspiration
Greening Bintaro 23
Reflection
Cipto Pratomo: Changing Waste into Art 24
Our Guest
Valerina Daniel (Environment Ambassador) 26
Around WSLIC-2 28
Around ISSDP 30
Around WASPOLA 32
Around WSES 37
Program
Toyota Echo Youth: Increasing Young Generation's Awareness 45
IATPI Clinic 47
CD Info 48
Book Info 49
Website Info 50
WSES Bibliography 51
Agenda 52
Glossary
Information Media for Water Supply and
Environmental Sanitation
Published by:
Water Supply and SanitationWorking Group
Advisor:
Director General for Human Settlement,
Department of Public Works
Board of Trustee:
Director of Settlement and Housing, National
Development Planning Agency
Director of Water and Sanitation,
Ministry of Health
Director of Water Supply Development,
Department of Public Works
rector of Natural Resources and AppropriateTechnology, Director General on Village and
Community Empowerment,
Department of Home Affairs
Director for Facilitation of Special Planning
Environment Management,
Department of Home Affairs
Chief Editor:
Oswar Mungkasa
Board of Editor:
Zaenal Nampira,
Indar Parawansa,
Bambang Purwanto
Editor:
Maraita Listyasari, Rheidda Pramudhy,
Raymond Marpaung, Fanny Wedahuditama
Design/Illustrator:
Rudi Kosasih
Production:
Machrudin
Distribution:
Agus Syuhada
Address:
Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat
Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113
http://www.ampl.or.id
e-mail: redaksipercik@yahoo.com
redaksi@ampl.or.id
oswar@bappenas.go.id
Unsolicited article or opinion items
are welcome. Please send to our address
or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief and
accompanied by identity.
Cover: RudiKoz DESIGN
idea by OM
Percik magazine can be accessed through WSS website http://www.ampl.or.id
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FROM EDITOR
Every year, since 16 years ago, eve-
ry 22nd of March, we celebrate
World Water Day (WWD). In line
with launching of International Year of
Sanitation (IYS) 2008, World Water Day
this year also puts forward sanitation
theme. In Indonesia, it was agreed that
the WWD's theme is "Sanitation Con-
serves Water and Environment". Turning
Sanitation as the theme of WWD is the
right decision regarding the condition of
sanitation in Indonesia, which is far from
adequate and feasible. Around 77 percent
of the population in Indonesia still do not
have access to safe and proper sanitation
facility. This amount is more or less 9 ti-
mes of Jakarta's population. Do not ex-
pect our water and environment conditi-on would be healthy if our sanitation is
still a problem; when many of the popu-
lation still defecate openly; when most of
us have not fully understood the im-
portance of hand washing with soap as
the prevention of water borne diseases;
when solid waste is still disposed openly,
which become the source of diseases and
floods; when household's waste water is
let to be untaken care of, which also be-
come the source of diseases.
Meanwhile, it has become a hard factthat the awareness of the importance of
sanitation is still far from adequate. The
fact of government's low priority in sani-
tation sector can be seen from the invest-
ment for the sector for the last 30 years,
where the government only allocated Rp.
7.7 trillion, which means only Rp. 200,-
per capita per year. On the contrary, the
minimum requirement for a proper
sanitation access is Rp. 46.000,- per capi-
ta per year.
We have learned from our experi-
ences that the awareness of the importan-
ce of sanitation would not be achieved by
only sounding the fact that the economic
loss caused by poor sanitation has caused
potential economic loss up to Rp. 60 tri-
llion, and the increase of the diarrhoea,
which further causes the death of
100.000 children per year.
We are starting to realize that to trig-
ger the awareness of the decision-makers,
and the society, it has to be done through
all necessary means and collectively. Wi-
thin this spirit, the national Water Supply
and Environmental Sanitation (WSES)
working group with other stakeholders
under the umbrella of Water and Sani-
tation Networking Group participated in
the World Water Day Exhibition, which
was held by the Department of PublicWorks. The fact that sanitation has not
become the main concern has become the
trigger to motivate various stakeholders
to collectively synergize to improve the
awareness of the importance of sanita-
tion.
The message that sanitation has be-
come a collective matter is clearly conve-
yed in the representativeness of all stake-
holders within the Water and Sanitation
Networking booth during the exhibition.
These stakeholders were universities
such as Trisakti; NGO such as BORDA,
PLAN Indonesia and Yayasan Air Kita;
Association such as IATPI; Government
in form of WSES Working Group; Project
such as WSLIC-2, TSSM, ISSDP,
WASPOLA, JAS, ESP; activities such as
hand washing with soap. The message tobe conveyed is that it is the time to handle
sanitation together. The improvement of
access to proper sanitation is not some-
thing that is unreachable.
Congratulations on the World Water
Day. May the celebration of it becomes
the moment for all of us to stand together
and synergize to improve the access of
sanitation in Indonesia. Why not?
1PercikMarch 2008
Water and Sanitation Networking booth during the exhibition of World Water Day 2008at JIEXPO Kemayoran, Jakarta. Source: Bowo Leksono
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Source of information
and Reference
This media has given lots of inspira-
tions and inputs for us in creating and
improving the quality of water supply and
environmental sanitation sector. We
hope its existence can be the source of
information and reference for all of stake-
holders to address the problems in water
supply and environmental sector, which
eventually can support the achievement
of Healthy Indonesia 2010 program.
Head of Community and Family
Empowerment Agency of Depok City
Ir. Hendra Fristoto, MM
Inputs for PercikRegarding the substance of Percik,
here are some suggestions:
a. Present the local wisdom in conser-
ving the water source;
b. Present a profile and evaluation on the
management of sanitation which is
implemented by the developer ofRu-
mah Sangat Sederhana (RSS), Ru-
mah Sederhana (RS), and elite ho-
using, or organization and community
who care about sanitation issues;
c. Portrait of cities that succeed or
failed in managing sanitation.
Head of BAPEDALDA,
Province ofWest Sumatera
Ir. Hermansyah, Dipl, SE., MM
Dear Mr. Hermansyah,
We are thankful for your constructi-
ve inputs. Of course it will be helpful if
there is information regarding this and
we will be gladly to publish the articles
for those three topics you have sugges-
ted. Thank you.
Interested inPercikand WSES products
Hi,
I am a journalist working for one of
newspaper in Banten (Radar Banten). I
am interested with the substance of
Percik and book published by WSES
working group related to water supply
and environmental sanitation.
Accordingly, I request to havePercik
periodically, including the books pub-
lished by WSES working group to support
myself in writing articles on environmen-tal issues. Thank you for your attention.
Agus Priwandono
Redaksi Radar Banten
Jl. Letnan Jidun No. 7
Serang Banten
Dear Mr. Priwandono,
Thank you for appreciation on our
Percik and WSES products. We will try
to send them to you periodically.
Regarding your journalistic back-
ground, recently a WSES related inter-
media forum was established. If you
don't mind, could we have your email
address to be included in our mailing listas our tools to exchange information and
to communicate. Thank you.
Thank you forPercik Magazine
DearPercik,
Alhamdullilah, we have receive Per-
cik magazine of August and December
edition in fine condition. Thank you foryour attention and corporation.
Wassalam.
Deny Helard
Jurusan Teknik Lingkungan
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Andalas
Kampus Limau Manis
Padang 25163
Request forPercikDelivery
Thank you for the answers to my
questions (How to obtain Go Green
School and The Adventur of Green
books) in Percik December 2007. If we
can get the copies, can they be sent to this
address:
Tauni Lidiawati
Pusat Studi Lingkungan
Universitas Surabaya
Gedung TG Lt. IV
Jl. Raya Kalirungkut
Surabaya 60293
Thank you for your help.
Tuani Lidiawati
PSL Ubaya
Dear Ms. Tuani,
We will try to send you the copies.
YOUR VOICE
2 PercikMaret 2008
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World Water Day is one of the
international days, which de-
clared by United Nations
(UN) and commemorated every 22nd of
March. The designation of World Water
Day is based on the Resolution A/RES/
47/1993 during the 47th United Nations'
Conference on 22nd of December 1992,
which acted as the conformity of the re-
commendation of chapter 18 of Agenda21 from the United Nations Conference
on Environment and Development
(UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro or popularly
known as Earth Summit. The World Wa-
ter Day was to be observed starting from
1993 in every United Nations country
member, including Indonesia.
Officially, World Water Day is orga-
nized by UN-Water, which every year de-
termine its theme. World Water Day's
theme for 2008 is to promote sanitation
issues, which coincide with the declara-
tion of 2008 as the International Year of
Sanitation (IYS). In Indonesia, the theme
of World Water Day is "Sanitation Con-
serves Water and Environment". All of
the world's societies are encouraged to
commemorate World Water Day with fo-
cus on the sanitation issues, which is far
from adequate, both quantitatively and
qualitatively.
Sanitation Messages
Related to World Water Day, There
are 5 sanitation messages that needs to be
carefully observed, (i) Sanitation is vital
for health. Human faeces are the main
source of Diarrhoea pathogen. Without
proper sanitation facility, the health con-
dition of every single person is thre-
atened; (ii) Sanitation is a good economic
investment. Health impact of the poor
sanitation condition leads to economic
and financial cost, including direct health
cost, income loss as the result of decrea-
sing productivity, and government's bud-
get allocation for health services. Otherthan causing time loss, the impact also
causes decreasing income from the
tourism sector. The point is that when we
do not do anything, the cost that we have
to pay is to high; (iii) Sanitation contri-
butes to social development. Sanitation
has significant impact on the children de-
velopment and their future; (iv) Sani-
tation helps the environment. Proper sa-
nitation reduces the environmental bur-
den, improves the natural resources' sus-
tainability, and gives better opportunity
for healthier future; (v) Sanitation is
achievable. It's time to act. Households,
communities, local and national govern-
ments, civil society, and private sector
need to work together.
What needs to be done?
Great efforts are needed for sanitation
issues to receive sufficient attention. Ac-
cordingly, making sanitation as impor-
tant issues need to be done in a sustain
manner by involving all stakeholders,
particularly the local government, com-
munity, households, and private sector.The sanitation mainstreaming at the
national level and the prioritization of sa-
nitation in the national policy and strate-
gy are the initial steps. The international
partnership will improve and increase the
investment and open-up opportunities of
new technological options available.
Nevertheless, this is the time to act.
Let's together improve sanitation sector,
all of us without exception.
OM (from various resources)
3PercikMaret 2008
World Water Day 2008
PROMOTING SANITATION ISSUES
WORLD WATER DAY THEMES
Concern on water resources is everybody's
business (1994)
Water and Women (1995)
Water for Dry Cities (1996)
World's Water, Is it enough? (1997)
Ground water - invisible sources (1998)
Everybody lives in the Hilir (1999)
Water for 21st century (2000)
Water and Health (2001) Water for Development (2002)
Water for the Future (2003)
Water and Disaster (2004)
Water for life (2005)
Water and culture (2006), and;
Addressing water scarcity (2007).
For further information
on World
http://www.unwater.org/worldwa-
terday/flashindex.html
http://www.worldwaterday.org
http://worldwaterday.net
http://www.pu.go.id/Publik/IND
Event/HariAir2008
http://www.ampl.or.id
MAIN FEATURE
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Every year, Indonesia has never been left behind in cele-
brating World Water Day, which is observed every 22nd
of March. This year, the national committee for World
Water Day (WWD) 2008 had prepared a series of activities,
which was triggered by the launching of WWD 2008 on the 5th
of February 2008 at Department of Public Works.
In general, the agenda which was held by the national com-
mittee consist of awareness on water campaign and internation-
al year of sanitation, conferences, community movement,
encouragement of regional WWD, WWD exhibition, and
publication & documentation.
Exhibition and Conferences
One of the activities in celebrating WWD XVI 2008 at the
national level is exhibition and conference on water and sanita-
tion (Indonesia exhibition and conferences for WWD 2008).
The exhibition, which was held for three days from 27th-29th
March 2008, at Jakarta International Expo (JIEXPO), was held
by department of Public Works.
WWD this year brought forward the theme of "sanitation",
which is in line with the launching of International year of
Sanitation 2008. Accordingly, the theme of WWD at the nation-
al level is Sanitation Conserves Water and Environment.
The minister of Public Works, Djoko Kirmanto, in his open-
ing remarks of the exhibition reminded the danger of waste
against water sources. "It will be relevant with the condition of
our sanitation, which is poor, not to mention our water condi-
tion that is in critical condition" he said.
According to Djoko, speaking about water and sanitation is
everybody's business. He explained that the investment in water
and sanitation sector is still less than 10 percent of the total 36
trillion of Public works' budget. "Ideally it should be 30 percent,
as for the other physical projects the budget have reached morethan 50 percent. For that reason, support from all the local go-
vernments and the stakeholders are needed" he revealed.
To mark the opening of the exhibition and conferences, the
minister cut the ribbon and visited every booth. One of the
booths was the joint booth of Water and Sanitation Networking
Indonesia, which provide various product information related to
water and environmental sanitation. It was planned that the
peak of the WWD 2008 would be in the form of joint agreement
to improve sub river basin, which was going to be held in Be-
ngawan Solo, early April 2008.
Conference on "Sanitation Conserves Water and
Environment"The conference was specifically held by the Directorate of
Water Source, Department of Public Works, in between the Ex-
hibition with theme on Sanitation Conserve Water and En-
vironment, on the 27th March 2008 in the Rinjani Hall, JIEX-
PO.
The conference presented four key speakers, which divided
into two main topics. The first two key speakers were Mu-
hammad Khalid Arya of ISSDP, focusing on "the Role of Provin-
cial Government in Developing Sanitation Program", and Pri
Joewono Guntoro, Chief of Sub Agency of Water Source
MAIN FEATURE
4 PercikMarch 2008
World Water Day XVI 2008
Commemoration in Indonesia
Source: Bowo Leksono
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Management Program of Central Java,
focusing on "The Community Technical
Assistance in Conserving Water Source
Towards Participatory Water Source
Management". Oswar Mungkasa of
Bappenas moderated the first session.In his presentation, M. Khalid ques-
tioned the need of sanitation. According
to him, sanitation gives great impact on
the water sources, economically, health,
and livelihood quality. "According to the
data, 50 out of 1000 people die because of
poor sanitation" he said.
M. Khalid explained that Indonesia's
sanitation problems are the ineffective
use of available sanitation facilities, bu-
reaucracy gap between central and dis-
trict, which makes Provincial government
plays an important role, sectoral ap-
proach in sanitation development, low
priority for sanitation and minimal budg-
et allocation for sanitation sector deve-
lopment.
Meanwhile, Pri, who is involved in ri-
ver restoration and conservation sector,
continuously raise the awareness on wa-
ter sources. "The success of water sources
restoration depend on the success of cre-
ating community behavioural change to-
wards the surrounding environment" he
said.
The topic for the second session wereon the "Bio Pore Holes to Reduce The
Surface Run-off and Solid Waste, and to
Improve Soil Fertility" by Kamir Brata,
Department of Soil Sources, Bogor Ins-
titute of Agriculture; and "Utilization of
Domestic Solid Waste Processing Tech-
nology for Biogas on MCK++ (Techno-
logy Buffled Reactor & Biogas Digester),
by Irwansyah Irdus, Chief of RW 08, Ke-
lurahan North Petojo, sub district of
Gambir, Central Jakarta. Dina Hendra-
wan of Trisakti University moderated this
session.
The conclusion of both sessions were
was delivered by Agus Suprapto, who, in
general, stated that sanitation is not only
related to the provision of physical facili-
ty, but also related closely to the beha-
vioural change of the community and the
change of perspective of the stakeholders,
particularly the decision-makers in order
to give sanitation higher priority in the
development. "Beside, related to water
source management, concrete actions are
needed, including sanitation" he
explained.
Conference on Final Solid Waste
Processing Facility (FSWPF)
This conference was also meant to ob-
serve the International Year of Sanitation
2008, on 24th March 2008, in Jakarta,
held by Department of Public Works,
through the Directorate of Envi-
ronmental Sanitation Settlement Deve-
lopment. Through the conference, several
technologies and latest innovations in
managing the FSWPF were introduced
and discussed.
Ayako Tanaka and Yasushi Matsufuji,
researchers of Graduate School of
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fu-
kuoka University, Japan, presented the
studi on "Biodegradation Process of Mu-
nicipal Solid Waste by Semi-aerobic
Landfill Type". In general, the study was
aimed to obtain the difference between
biodegradation processes on landfill
anaerobic and semi-aerobic types.
The result shows that the use of semi-
aerobic type proves to be more useful in
maintaining the environmental func-
tions. On the other sessions, both rese-
archers also presented "Concept of Safety
Closure and Reuse of Completed Landfill
sites", which in general explains the pro-
cess, steps and indicators needed in uti-
lizing landfill disposal facility safely.
Another interesting discussion oc-
curred in the session with focus on the
case study of Clean Development Mecha-
nism (CDM) project in Malaysia, presen-
ted by the several researcher represen-tatives from several institution: Fukuoka
University, Tokyu Construction Co. Ltd,
National Institute for Environmental Stu-
dies, New Energy and Industrial Techno-
logy Development Organization (NEDO).
Overall, the study is aimed to obtain
the answers to the challenges of CDM
project in term of the changing of anaero-
bic condition towards semi-aerobic con-
dition or speed up the stabilization of
MAIN FEATURE
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landfill disposal facility by using steel pi-
pe casing method.
The benefits in implementing this
method are: (i) earlier achievement of
stable state for poorly managed landfill
disposal facility; (ii) reduction of environ-mental pollution; (iii) contribute to
improvement of environmental support
capacity in anticipating the global warm-
ing.
Meanwhile, the issue on Rehabilita-
tion-Reclamation of final solid waste dis-
posal facility was presented by Prof. Ir.
Enri Damanhuri of Bandung Institute of
Technology. As for the head of Sanitation
agency of Pontianak,the presentation was
focusing on the management of final solid
waste disposal facility based on the CDM
principles.
All of the efforts cannot stand alone,
rather, they need to be implemented inte-
gratedly by the community in form of 3R
principles (reduce, reuse and recycle),
and the governments are required to im-
plement the eco-labelling principle
through the improvement of environ-
mental friendly material use by pro-
ducers.
KRuHA In Action During WWD 2008
Not only with seminars and work-
shops, the WWD 2008 also celebrated
with an action from one of NGOs which
are concerns with the condition of water
in Indonesia. The People's Coalition for
The Rights of Water (PCRW/KRuHA -
Koalisi Rakyat untuk Hak Atas Air), an
NGO, performed demonstration in front
of the Presidential Palace and RRI
Jakarta building on Saturday, 22nd
March 2008.
The Demonstration was begun with a
long march from the Horse statue of Mer-deka Street up to the Presidential Palace.
The demonstrators refuse all kinds of pri-
vatization of water sources. They felt that
the government is selling water resources
to the private sectors through water
privatization.
Based on that, KRuHA forced the pro-
vincial government of DKI Jakarta to
cancel or break the contract of water sup-
ply services, which are controlled by both
of its partner.
Hamong, as the national coordinator
of KRuHA argue that the breaking of the
contract should be directed towards the
returning of the rights of water to the pu-
blic through PAM Jaya. "For this reason,beside the management and financial as-
pects, including the work force, prepa-
ration on the political side is needed" he
said.
The Commemoration of WorldWater Day XVI in the
Regional Level
Water Subscriber Communication
Forum (WSCF) Established Sub-
scriber Complaint Centre
In order to celebrate the WWD 2008,
WSCF together with YLKI of North Su-
matera established subscriber complaint
centre and would held a series of activi-
ties in River Cleaning Movement (RCM)
package, which would be started on the
26th February - 26th March 2008.
Azri SMAK as the chief of WSCF sta-
ted that the activities are, among others,
Clean River Awareness campaign to all
the community in the Sunggal-Belawan
riverbank, speech competition on WWD
at the High school level.
The establishment of the subscriber
complaint centre is meant as the com-
mintment of WSCF and YKI of North
Sumatera to protect the existence ofwater subscriber to receive their norma-
tive rights as stated in the Law of
Customer No. 8 1999.
Meanwhile, the Clean River Aware-
ness campaign gives the knowledge and
understanding to all the community on
the importance of the cleanliness of the
river. The river is not meant as the gar-
bage bin, and there is a great danger on
health caused by a polluted river. As for
the speech competition, 200 students
from high school in Medan city, with
"save my river from pollution" as the the-
me, joined it. It aims to increase the awa-
reness and responsibility of young gene-
ration, particularly the youth in conser-
ving the river and to enable them to dare
to say "War on River Pollution".
Commemoration of WWD 2008 in
Lampung
In the province of Lampung, the cele-
bration of WWD 2008 was conducted on
MAIN FEATURE
6 PercikMarch 2008
One-day workshop on Sanitation Conserves Water and Environment at JIEXPO, Jakarta.Source: Bowo Leksono
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the 26th March 2008, located in Adipura Monument Boulevard
(Elephant Boulevard), Raden Intan Street, Bandar Lampung.
The activity was held by Lampung Post daily newspaper and Co-
ca Cola, in collaboration with BPDAS Way Seputih Way Sekam-
pung, Forest Agency of Lampung Province, Mapala of Bandar
Lampung University, IAIN Raden Intan, and Water Boards ofBandar Lampung city.
The celebration was filled with distribution of plant seeds to
the community of highway user, who were driving through the
boulevard. The distribution of the seeds was based on the theme
of the activity, which is "Water for Life. Save Water by Planting
Trees".
With the commemoration of WWD, it is expected that all sta-
keholders pay their attention on how to: maintain the quality of
environment; revitalize the forest's functions as water reservoir,
revitalization of ground water as the source of clean water for
most of Indonesian's population and so forth; ensure water avai-
lability for community in term of quantity and quality. It can be
started from each individuals by saving water in daily use.
One-Day Workshop in Bandung Institute of Techno-
logy (ITB)
In celebrating the WWD 2008, Bandung Institute of Techno-
logy in collaboration with the Directorate of Settlement, Depart-
ment of Public Works, held a one-day workshop with theme of
"Water and Sanitation Appreciation in Kawasan budi Daya, Now
and The Future", on the 31st March 2008, West Hall, ITB.
The workshop was officially started by the Rector of ITB,
which was followed by a short film on water and its condition in
2070. Director General of Cipta Karya, Ir. Budi Yuwono, explained
on the importance of strategic policy for sustainable development
in the Urban and Rural Area. He advises active participation from
all stakeholders to support sustainable development.
The lessons learned from the regional cooperation, which
has been accommodated in the 2004 joint agreement by the go-
vernor of West Java, Head of District of Bandung, Sumedang
and the mayor of Bandung and Cimahi, in ensuring the sustain-
able development of cekungan (water catchment area) in Ban-
dung shows the intended active participation. 12 key speakers
supported the workshop, which was divided in three sessions.
At the end of the workshop, Prof. Djuli Soemirat delivered
the conclusion of all 12 topics, which was not a new thing in the
water and sanitation sector. "The development of water and
environmental Sanitation sector needs to be accompanied by the
change of behaviour towards clean and healthy living, and
changing behaviour towards environment" he said. Beside that,
technological aspect alone will not be sufficient to produce sus-
tainable development.
Several key words in this workshop in principal are coordi-
nation, integration and consistencies, hygiene and environmen-
tal education from early stage, and community-based approach.
Community Movement and WWD Appreciation
Selected as the implementation of this activity was the dis-trict and city of Tangerang, on 12th April 2008. Related with the
Sanitation theme, several strategic places were visited, which are
SANIMAS in Sepatan village, sub district of Kedaung Wetan,
MCK++ at Jatake, and community-based solid waste manage-
ment in Mustika Tigaraksa estate.
As for the other activities, there were several activities such
as blood donor at Department of Public Works and community
movement on Hand Washing with Soap, which was held toge-
ther with activities in SANIMAS location, Sepatan village.
BW/OM/FEW/berbagai sumber
MAIN FEATURE
7PercikMarch 2008
Following the agreement of Policy Implementation Consolidation work-shop in Bali on 2nd - 6th March 2008, several local WSES working groups haveparticipated in celebrating the WWD 2008 in their own districts.
The provincial WSES working group of West Sumatera in collaborationwith WASPOLA held a workshop on communication strategy for the develop-
ment of community-based water and environmental sanitation on 25-27 March2008.The provincial WSES working group of Central Java has held a talk show
in Female radio 106,1 FM, with Agung Tejo Prabowo (Provincial WSES workinggroup of Central Java) and Unicef's representative. On the second week ofApril, a celebration of WWD in big events was planned, with agenda, amongothers, visits to community, media gathering and conferences.
In the district of Serang, the local government has held a ceremony ofWWD on the 31st March 2008. Beside that, banners were also posted in sev-eral strategic points in Serang city. Further, the publication of article bySerang's WSES working group on WWD in Radar Banten newspaper also beingdone.
In Sumbawa, NTB, the WSES working group also celebrated WWD by post-ing a big ballyhoo on Water and Sanitation Campaign
LOCAL WATER SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTALWORKING GROUP'S ACHIEVEMENT
Source: Fanny Wedahuditama
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1 City of Banda Aceh 93.332 City of Semarang 93.273 City of Tegal 91.944 City of Madiun 90.315 City of Yogyakarta 89.586 City of Mojokerto 88.287 City of Cimahi 87.388 City of Medan 86.889 City of Pontianak 86.6810 City of Cirebon 86.6711 City of Surakarta 86.5612 City of Jakarta Selatan 86.5013 City of Jakarta Utara 86.0314 City of Pekan Baru 85.1415 City of Depok 84.4216 City of Jakarta Timur 83.3117 City of Balikpapan 82.74
18 City of Bekasi 82.2619 City of Denpasar 81.2520 City of Jakarta Pusat 80.9421 City of Pare-pare 80.2122 City of Tebing Tinggi 80.1023 City of Jambi 79.9624 City of Palangka Raya 78.1625 District of Badung 78.0826 City of Ambon 78.0627 City of Blitar 77.9728 City of Bukittinggi 77.5029 City of Bontang 77.0030 City of Magelang 75.9931 District of Gianyar 75.8832 City of Makassar 75.6533 City of Jakarta Barat 75.6134 City of Surabaya 74.1135 City of Palu 72.5736 City of Padang 72.4337 District of Sidoarjo 72.2638 District of Sleman 71.9039 City of Kediri 71.7240 City of Ternate 71.2241 District ofSorong 71.0642 City of Pangkal Pinang 70.7243 City of Malang 69.6844 City of Bandar Lampung 69.3245 City of City of Jayapura 68.8546 District of Klungkung 68.2747 City of Salatiga 67.2348 City of Tidore Kepulauan 65.5649 District of Klaten 65.5350 District of Sukoharjo 65.4451 City of Binjai 65.1152 City of Palembang 64.8153 City of Tangerang 63.8254 City of Sabang 63.80
55 District of Deli Serdang 63.6456 City of Padang Panjang 62.4757 City of Banjar Baru 62.2858 City of Bogor 61.8459 City of B A T A M 61.6960 District of Karanganyar 61.6861 District of Buleleng 61.2662 City of D U M A I 61.2063 City of Solok 60.9464 City of Cilegon 60.9365 District of Kuningan 60.8366 District of. Jembrana 60.6967 District of Tabanan 60.0468 City of Bengkulu 59.9569 City of Tanjung Balai 59.8770 District of Kudus 59.78
MAIN FEATURE
Sanitation Services Coverage*
Based on Districts/Cities in Indonesia 2006
8 PercikMarch 2008
NO NAME OF DISTRICT/CITY SERVICE COVERAGE (%)
71 City of Lhoksumawe 59.4672 District of Sidenreng Rappang 59.3073 District of Pinrang 59.2874 District of Indramayu 58.8975 City of Langsa 58.8376 District of Toba Samosir 58.6077 District of Tangerang 57.7878 City of Pematang Siantar 57.7379 District of Gresik 56.8480 City of Manado 56.6381 District of Aceh Besar 56.5882 District of Magetan 56.4683 City of Bau-bau 55.6884 City of Pekalongan 55.2185 City of Samarinda 55.0786 City of Probolinggo 54.1687 City of Kendari 54.06
88 District of Kulon Progo 53.6789 District of Minahasa Selatan 53.1290 District of Barru 52.7291 District of Bekasi 52.6892 City of Palopo 52.6593 District of Gowa 52.4294 City of Tarakan 52.2895 District of Majalengka 52.2196 City of Lubuklinggau 52.1497 City of Prabumulih 51.6698 District of Hulu Sungai Utara 51.5399 District of Bangka 51.43100 District of Cirebon 51.11101 District of Biak Numfor 50.87102 District of Bangka Tengah 50.85103 City of Pasuruan 50.45104 District of Minahasa 50.37105 District of Purworejo 50.10106 District ofSorong Selatan 49.74107 City of Gorontalo 49.54108 City of Metro 49.48109 District of Serdang Bedagai 49.22110 City of Payakumbuh 49.17111 District of Mojokerto 48.65112 District of Mimika 48.17113 District of Minahasa Utara 47.89114 District of Bangka Barat 47.34115 City of Bitung 47.19116 District of Kebumen 47.16117 District of Semarang 47.12118 City of Mataram 46.88119 City of Bandung 46.77120 Kepulauan Riau 46.43121 District of Kolaka 46.32122 District of Takalar 45.90123 District of Lamongan 45.88124 City of Tanjung Pinang 45.74
125 District of Ogan Komering Ulu 45.73126 District of Jombang 45.61127 District of Karo 45.44128 City of Batu 44.44129 District of Halmahera Tengah 44.11130 City of Banjarmasin 44.07131 District of Penajam Paser Utara 43.85132 District of Tulungagung 43.83133 District of Maros 43.80134 District of Purwakarta 43.69135 District of Ponorogo 43.28136 District of Berau 43.05137 District of Bangka Selatan 43.01138 District of Bengkalis 42.17139 District of Enrekang 41.89140 District of Halmahera Utara 41.49
NO NAME OF DISTRICT/CITY SERVICE COVERAGE (%)
141 City of Banjar 41.40142 District of Poso 41.39143 City of Sibolga 40.80144 District of S I A K 40.78145 District of Sumedang 40.71146 District of Bandung 40.63147 District of Banyumas 40.56148 District of Pati 40.31149 District of Tapanuli Utara 40.25150 City of Bima 40.10151 District of Tegal 40.02152 District of Demak 39.95153 District of Asahan 39.90154 District of Labuhan Batu 39.65155 District of Kepulauan Sangi 39.25156 District ofTeluk Bintuni 39.06157 District of Serang 38.97
158 District of Madiun 38.90159 District of Jayapura 38.66160 District of Cilacap 38.49161 District of Subang 38.46162 District of Langkat 38.09163 District of Kediri 37.97164 District of Jepara 37.53165 District of Grobogan 37.33166 District of Temanggung 37.23167 District of Sikka 37.02168 District of Karimun 36.91169 District of Malang 36.85170 City of Sawah Lunto 36.85171 District of Bogor 36.83172 District of Bulukumba 36.79173 District of Boyolali 36.73174 District of Ciamis 36.73175 District of Pekalongan 36.73176 District of Sragen 36.56177 District of Brebes 36.51178 District of Magelang 36.40179 District of Bolaang Mongondow 36.30180 District of Nganjuk 36.26181 District of Pangkajene Kepulauan 36.07182 District of Sumbawa Barat 35.84183 District of Kampar 35.72184 District of Aceh Tamiang 35.72185 District of Belitung 35.63186 City of Tomohon 35.61187 District of Pidie 35.60188 District of Bengkayang 35.40189 District of Bangli 35.36190 District of Simalungun 34.60191 District of Kerinci 34.45192 City of Singkawang 34.42193 District of Karawang 34.31194 District of Belitung Timur 33.81
195 District of Agam 33.80196 District of Karang Asem 33.68197 District of Kepulauan Talau 33.39198 District of Lampung Selatan 33.38199 District of Buton 33.27200 District of Muara Enim 33.19201 District of Sambas 32.99202 District of Humbang Hasundu 32.71203 District of Banyuwangi 32.58204 District of Samosir 32.22205 District of Sumbawa 31.89206 District of Mamuju Utara 31.72207 District of Halmahera Timur 31.56208 District of Banyu Asin 31.47209 District of Kendal 31.46210 District of Dairi 31.36
NO NAME OF DISTRICT/CITY SERVICE COVERAGE (%)
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MAIN FEATURE
9PercikMarch 2008
211 District of Selayar 31.17212 District of Aceh Tengah 31.02213 District of Aceh Utara 30.97214 District of Trenggalek 30.94215 District of Bulongan 30.91
216 District of Padang Pariaman 30.87217 District of Pemalang 30.82218 District of Toli-toli 30.76219 District of Rejang Lebong 30.75220 District of Barito Timur 30.72221 District of Purbalingga 30.63222 District of Luwu Utara 30.59223 District ofSorong 30.56224 District of Aceh Barat 30.27225 City of Kupang 30.26226 District of Parigi Moutong 30.24227 Distr ict of Kotawaringin Barat 29.87228 District of Ogan Ilir 29.79229 District of Barito Selatan 29.65230 District of Blitar 29.43231 District of Pasuruan 29.33232 District of Bantaeng 29.21233 District of Kutai 28.86234 District of Bungo 28.59235 District of Banggai 28.29236 City of Padang Sidempuan 28.26237 District of Bone 28.18238 District of Lembata 27.94239 District of Wonosobo 27.40240 City of Tasikmalaya 27.10241 District of Tanggamus 27.02242 Distr ict of Seram Bagian Barat 26.79243 District of Tebo 26.77244 District of Halmahera Barat 26.74245 District of Banjar 26.50246 District of Aceh Singkil 26.47247 District of Dompu 26.28248 District of Pontianak 26.26249 District of Bireuen 26.01250 District of Rembang 25.71251 District of Tana Toraja 25.52252 District of Seluma 25.41
253 District of Polewali Mamasa 25.41254 District of Rokan Hulu 25.24255 District of Kutai Timur 25.02256 District of Balangan 25.00257 District of Wonogiri 24.95258 City of Pagar Alam 24.73259 District of Tojo Una-una 24.67260 District of Blora 24.45261 District of Soppeng 24.39262 District of Lampung Utara 24.36263 District of Aceh Timur 24.25264 District ofKaimana 24.07265 District of Buol 23.89266 District of Aceh Selatan 23.88267 District of Jeneponto 23.85268 District of Hulu Sungai Selatan 23.83269 District of Tulangbawang 23.82270 District of Fak-Fak 23.75271 District of Merangin 23.74
272 District of Lampung Timur 23.48273 District of Ketapang 23.43274 District of Buru 23.43275 District of Lahat 23.22276 District of Morowali 23.16277 District of Tuban 23.04278 District of Wajo 22.96279 District of Tanjung Jabung 22.94280 District of Kolaka Utara 22.71281 District of Bojonegoro 22.66282 District of Pesisir Selatan 22.63283 Distr ict of Banggai Kepulauan 22.61284 District of Tabalong 22.59285 District of Boalemo 22.41286 District of Luwu 22.39
NO NAME OF DISTRICT/CITY SERVICE COVERAGE (%)
287 District of Bengkulu Utara 22.25288 District of Pandeglang 22.10289 District of Luwu Timur 22.05290 District of Wakatobi 21.86291 District of Kepulauan Sula 21.75
292 District of Sawahlunto/sijunjung 21.67293 District of Pakpak Barat 21.63294 District of Gunung Kidul 21.62295 District of Pohuwato 21.28296 District of Jember 21.25297 District of Flores Timur 21.04298 District of Batang 20.85299 District of Sarolangun 20.85300 District of Nagan Raya 20.76301 District of Lumajang 20.55302 District of Maluku Tengah 20.51303 District of Bangkalan 20.48304 District of Sinjai 20.27305 District of Ogan Komering Ilir 20.21306 District of Lebak 20.20307 District of Kepulauan Riau 20.18308 District of Mukomuko 20.15309 District of Lombok Barat 20.11
310 District of Mamuju 20.10311 District of Sukabumi 20.08312 District of Bombana 20.01313 District of Tapin 19.99314 District of Teluk Wondama 19.79315 District of Majene 19.77316 District of Kendari 19.68317 District of Musi Banyu Asin 19.65318 District of Donggala 19.63319 District of Ende 19.55320 District of Sanggau 19.42321 District of Batang Hari 19.15322 District of Gorontalo 19.13323 District of Pasaman Barat 18.81324 District of Dharmasraya 18.74325 District of Nabire 18.69326 District of Halmahera Selatan 18.26327 District of Muna 18.07328 District of Bener Meriah 17.86
329 District of Lombok Timur 17.79330 District of Ogan Komering Utara 17.61331 District of Kepulauan Seribu 17.50332 District of Lampung Tengah 17.48333 District of Kutai Barat 17.44334 District of Solok 17.34335 District of Tanah Datar 17.20336 District of Kepahiang 17.18337 District of Cianjur 17.15338 District of Musi Rawas 17.14339 District of Pasaman 17.08340 District of Muaro Jambi 16.97341 District of Ogan Komering Utara 16.93342 District of Konawe Selatan 16.85343 District of Ngawi 16.83344 District of Aceh Jaya 16.82345 District of Malinau 16.59346 District of Tapanuli Selatan 16.40347 City of Pariaman 16.30348 District of Aceh Barat Daya 15.81349 City of Sukabumi 15.75350 District of Indragiri Hulu 15.43351 District of Solok Selatan 15.34352 District of Gayo Lues 15.32353 District of Sumba Timur 15.12354 District of Lombok Tengah 14.94355 District of Tapanuli Tengah 14.94356 District of Kapuas 14.81357 District of Garut 14.72358 District of Maluku Tenggara 14.55359 District of Pelalawan 14.49360 District of Rokan Hilir 14.49361 District of Hulu Sungai Tengah 14.46362 District of Banjarnegara 14.38
NO NAME OF DISTRICT/CITY SERVICE COVERAGE (%)
363 District of Alor 14.20364 District of Bone Bolango 14.19365 District of Barito Kuala 14.09366 District of Pasir 14.08367 District of Situbondo 13.98
368 District of Bima 13.91369 District of Nunukan 13.86370 District of Lingga 13.78371 District of Sampang 13.59372 District of Pacitan 13.56373 District of Aceh Tenggara 13.33374 District of Raja Ampat 13.20375 District of Bengkulu Selatan 13.07376 District of Lima Puluh Koto 13.02377 District of Merauke 12.98378 District of Simeulue 12.24379 District of Indragiri Hilir 12.18380 District of Kaur 11.84381 District of Barito Utara 11.68382 District of Tanah Laut 11.64383 District of Keerom 10.94384 District of Kepulauan Aru 10.89385 District of Paniai 10.80386 District of Gunung Mas 10.58387 District of Maluku Tenggara 10.44388 District of Belu 10.12389 District of Bondowoso 10.08390 District of Melawi 10.03391 District of Manokwari 9.96392 District of Natuna 9.92393 District of Kuantan Singing 9.71394 District of Sumenep 9.50395 District of Tasikmalaya 9.39396 District of Kapuas Hulu 9.13397 District of Probolinggo 9.00398 District of Jayawijaya 8.97399 District of Tanjung Jabung 8.41400 District of Manggarai Barat 8.37401 District of Seruyan 8.10402 District of Sukamara 7.79403 District of Sintang 7.36404 District of Lampung Barat 7.26
405 District of Mamasa 7.08406 District of Pamekasan 7.08407 District of Landak 6.96408 District of Timor Tengah Utara 6.90409 District of Kupang 6.41410 District of City of Baru 6.28411 District of Asmat 6.25412 District of Seram Bagian Timur 6.09413 District of Lamandau 6.06414 District of Tanah Bumbu 5.99415 District of Sarmi 5.73416 District of Mandailing Natal 5.65417 District of Nias 5.41418 District of Manggarai 5.32419 District of Kepulauan Mentawai 4.31420 District of Way Kanan 4.28421 District of Rote Ndao 3.65422 District of Lebong 3.37423 District of Katingan 3.31424 District of Pulang Pisau 2.81425 District of Ngada 2.64426 District of Kotawaringin Timur 2.51427 District of Nias Selatan 2.49428 District of Sumba Barat 2.13429 District of Timor Tengah Selatan 1.82430 District of Puncak Jaya 1.79431 District of Sekadau 0.86432 District of Murung Raya 0.65433 District of Mappi 0.52434 District of Yahukimo 0.00435 District of Pegunungan Bintuni 0.00
INDONESIA 40.67
NO NAME OF DISTRICT/CITY SERVICE COVERAGE (%)
Source: Statistic Bureau*) Percentage of septic tank as the faeces final disposal
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When receiving offer from Eco-Asia Program to parti-
cipate the launching of International Year of
Sanitation (IYS) 2008 in Philippines, what was
being imagined was a huge launching. On the contrary, the event
was held in a humble manner in a small city of Mandaluyong, a
part of Manila's Metropolitan, but it was held in a merry and
inspirational mood. This article tries to describe the situation of
IYS launching.
Launching in Three Sessions
The launching of IYS 2008 was centred in Mandaluyong city,Metro Manila, in the sessions, which was started at the city level,
and then national level and ended at the school level.
The launching at the city level was held in a sport field that
was turned into a stage. The selection of Monday as the day and
the sport field as the location for the launching was not decided
without a good reason. Mandaluyong city was chosen based on
the Mandaluyong's Mayor position as the chief of League of
Cities of The Philippines/LCP. It was expected that other city
members could also be inspired. Meanwhile, the selection of
Monday as the launching day was based on the routine activities
of all cities, where all mayors and all of the staff conduct a meet-ing with the community. It was expected that during the launch-
ing, many people would participate in the weekly meeting. On
that day, in line with the launching, commemoration of WASH
(water, sanitation and hygiene) Promotion day also would be
held.
At the national level, the event was held in the city hall, and
attended by minister of Health, minister of Environment and
Natural Resources of Philippine, Philippine congressional mem-
ber; also act as the chairman of committee on Ecology, UNDP
representatives, and Mayor of Mandaluyong. On that occasion,
the mayor emphasized the importance of the municipal and dis-trict government to adopt sanitation program to avoid the cost
of poor sanitation. Meanwhile, the congress members empha-
sized their commitment to support sanitation program. Other
than that, several important documents were launched, such as
book of Sanitation Condition of East Asia, Manual for Faeces
and Domestic Wastewater treatment, Study on Sanitation
Economic Impact in Philippines, and Sanitation Info Kit.
After the launching in the city hall, the participants moved to
the next launching location, which is in one the school nearby.
The main agenda is to promote hand washing with soap
(HWwS), which would conducted together by the mayor, minis-
ters, miss Earth of Philippines, miss pageant of Mandaluyong,
and WASH captain, who was the icon of WASH campaign). The
promotion on HWwS was conducted in front of the audience
who were mostly students and mass media. The launching was
officially closed by a press conference that was attended by 10
electronic and print mass media.
Activities' Momentum
Different with Indonesia that came late in preparing the
commemoration of IYS 2008, Philippine have prepared a series
of activities far before it is due. Holding the Philippine
Sanitation Summit I 2006 soon after the United Nations (UN)
declared year 2008 as the International Year of Sanitation began
the series of activities. The next several activities were meant to
maintain the momentum of the coming activities such as
Regional Sanitation Summit 2007: Region XI and XII in Davao
city, 26-27 June 2007, and the East Asia Ministerial Conference
TSI CORNER2008
10 PercikMarch 2008
Launching of International Year of Sanitation 2008 in Philiphine
HUMBLE BUT MERRY
The stage was built in a simple but interesting manner.Source: OM
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on Sanitation and Hygiene (EASan) in
Beppu, Japan, 30 November - 1
December 2007.
During EASan, Philippine's delega-
tion planned the signing of Action
Agenda by the Philippine's President,which mainly states the declaration of
2008 as the International Year of
Sanitation, as well as declaring the fourth
week of June as the Sanitation Week.
However, until the last minute of the
launching event, there was no sign of
signing activity as mentioned previously.
The Launching
Another thing that is different with
Indonesia is that the planning and organ-
ization of the IYS 2008 launching in
Philippine was implemented by The
Philippine Ecological Sanitation Network
(PEN), an informal network consists of
central government, donors,
program/project, universities and NGOs.
The network was considered to be suc-
cessful in holding the event of The
Philippine Sanitation Summit 2006
together with Health Department and
Environmental and Natural Resources
Department of Philippine. Meanwhile,
UNICEF also contributed in term of
advocacy activities and the improvementof public awareness.
The holding of IYS 2008 launching
was also supported by many stakehold-
ers, such as WSP - World Bank, USAID,
SIDA, GTZ, WHO, PLAN International,
and City Association, including several of
its member.In Indonesia, the commemoration of
IYS 2008 is coordinated by department
of Public Works by involving all stake-
holders from the government as well as
the non-government components; how-
ever, the involvement from the donors is
still need to be increased.
Theme and Motto
The main motto of IYS 2008 in
Philippine is "Sanitation is the Solution".
Concise, clear and firm. Several other key
messages that were already prepared
were (i) sanitation is vital for human
health; (ii) sanitation generates economic
benefits; (iii) sanitation contributes to
dignity and social development; (iv) sani-
tation helps the environment; and (v)
improving sanitation is achievable.
Stakeholders Involvement
During the launching, many stake-
holders were involved in the process.
Starting from the Pageant Queen, who
was specifically prepared to light up the
event; Captain WASH, who is the mascot
of behaviour change campaign, school
children, until the community themselves
were parading. The queen's involvement
did not stop in the first day, but they also
had received training on sanitation and
other related aspects. It was clearly
expressed when the queen was inter-
viewed by the media. She could giveinspirational answers not the normative
ones, as the government officials usually
answer.
The involvement of community needs
to be given appreciation. In the form of
banners full with their handwriting,
many of the community's feelings and
expectation towards sanitation were
being expressed. One of them is by
TSI CORNER2008
11PercikMarch 2008
Source: OM
Around 20 million people do
not have safe access to sanita-
tion In average, 31 under-five die
every day of diarrhoea
Cost of poor sanitation reaches
Rp. 19,5 Trillion or equal to
1,5% of Philippine's GNP 2005
(Economics of Sanitation Initi-
ative/ESI)
SANITATION
FACTS IN PHILIPPINE
Philippine have prepared
a series of activities far
before it is due. Holding the
Philippine Sanitation
Summit I 2006 soon after the
United Nations (UN) declared
year 2008 as the International
Year of Sanitation began
the series of activities.
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encouraging hand washing with soap,
proper toilet use, or simply by saying wel-
come to the IYS 2008, and many more.
The most surprising thing was the
involvement of Manila Water, a company
who receive water supply concession foreastern part of Manila, who was very
active during the event. The company was
very active, from preparing the convert-
ible vehicles, water tank truck, and even
participated in the press conference.
Parliament Support
The participation of one of the parlia-
ment member, who is also the chairman
of Committee of Ecology of Philippine
and the chairman of Philippine delega-
tion for EASan in Japan, showed a strong
support from the legislative.
Sambil Menyelam Minum Air
The launching of IYS 2008 was also
related to other activities such as the
WASH campaign, Hand Washing with
Soap Promotion, launching and dissemi-
nation of several books and document of
many stakeholders. At least, there were
several books and documents to be noted
(i) publication of "Universal Sanitation in
East Asia: Mission Possible?" by WSP-
WHO-UNICEF; (ii) manual on "Opera-
tion Manual on The Rules and Regu-
lations Governing the Collection, han-
dling, Transport, Treatment and Disposal
of Domestic Sludge and Septage" by
Health Department of Philippine; (iii)
Sanitation study by WSP-EAO World
Bank, and ECO-Asia Program USAID;
and (iv) Information Kit on Sanitation by
Local Initiatives for Affordable
Wastewater Treatment (LINAW) USAID.
Close Corporation Among Donors
and between Donors with Stake-
holders
One of many interesting things from
the success of IYS 2008 launching was
the close corporation among and between
donors with other stakeholders. This was
reflected since the event of Philippine
Sanitation Summit 2006. This condition
was possible because of the establishment
of Philippine Ecological Sanitation
Network (PEN), which is the place of
coordination between donors, govern-
ment, NGOs and other stakeholders.
Different with what happen in Indonesia,
which recently established donor group
for sanitation, known as Sanitation
Donor group, coordinated by World
Bank. None of its activities are being con-
ducted.
Dreaming of Sanitation
Coming back from the launching
event, many expectations come up, or
should they be called sanitation dreams.
How Indonesia can hold an event, inter-
national and national event, in a humble
manner, but merry, rather than huge and
extravagance but does not has any mean-
ing? How Indonesia will have a forum to
facilitate donors, and between donors
and other stakeholder? How the legisla-
tive can give support and attention to
Sanitation, which is the basic needs of
every human being. And still many more
dreams...... (OM)
TSI CORNER2008
12 PercikMarch 2008
One of the demonstration tools of proper 3 dimension toilet. Source: OM
The Community is very enthusiastic in waiting for the convoy of IYS 2008while holding a banner. Source: OM
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How is the condition of sanita-
tion in Indonesia nowadays?
There are several progress, particular-
ly on the increasing rate of access to water
supply and environmental sanitation,
which is indirectly has impact on the
improvement of community's health
level. This performance is supported by
the data of Statistical bureau 2002, where
the proportion of household using toilets
and septic tank is up to 63,5 percent
(urban 78 percent, rural 52 percent) and
the Indonesia's water supply condition is
only at + 45 percent. However, if we com-
pare with other countries in South East
Asia, particularly Malaysia, Singapore
and Thailand, we are still way behind.
What are the factors that influ-
ence the poor sanitation condition
in Indonesia?
In general, the factors that influence
our poor sanitation condition are:
a. Inefficiency and ineffectiveness of
investment in the development
process of water supply and environ-
mental sanitation sector;
b. The limited capacity of the govern-
ment in providing the proportional
budget allocation for water supply
and environmental sanitation;
c. The lack of policy and regulation on
the management of hidden potential
within the community;
d. Low priority on the environmental
sanitation sector.
Who is actually responsible for
the poor sanitation in Indonesia?
All of us are responsible for this. The
government of Indonesia, right from the
central government to the provincial, dis-
trict, municipal government, and also the
community as the users are being held
responsible for the poor performance on
sanitation.
How to address it?
One of the solution is by developing
an integrated program supported by suf-
ficient budget allocation by the central,
provincial and district/municipal govern-
ment, and of course the community. On
the implementation, the planning, imple-
mentation and post-construction stages
have to be integrated.
What are the constraints?
Some of the crucial constraints are:a. Limited capacity of budget, where
sanitation still receives low priority.
b. Weak coordination, particularly in
the district level, where everything
in general is still partial-oriented.
What have your department
done about this?
As the substantial role of the depart-
ment, our department is oriented more
towards the community empowerment
aspects within the development of sanita-
tion. These are being done through facili-
ty activities, trainings of stakeholders in
the district with a hope that they will be
the main stakeholders in their region in
socializing and facilitating sanitation pro-
gram.
How ready is Indonesia in
reaching MDGs targets 2015 forsanitation sector?
The government of Indonesia has
estimated of 77 percent of the target. It
can only be achieved if the government
put sanitation as the priority and backed
up by sufficient funding - which is now
only 2 percent of the total national budg-
et - to achieve the target. Bowo Leksono
INTERVIEW
Ir Susmono
INTEGRATED PROGRAM
TO ADDRESS SANITATION
13PercikMarch 2008
It seems Indonesia's complex sanitation problems will not
be solved in the near future. This sector is not considered as
priority of the development by the decision-maker. Not to
mention the difficulties in trying to obtain higher allocation to
address sanitation issues.
Increasing awareness and commitment for the decision-
makers and all other stakeholders is very much needed, beside
keep on hammering all of the stakeholders with the clean and
healthy living behaviour campaign. How is the condition and
the role of stakeholders in addressing sanitation issues in
Indonesia? Below is the interview between Percik and Director
of environmental Sanitation Settlement Development, Directorate of Settlement,
Department of Public Works, Ir. Susmono.
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The decrease of solid waste management performance in
these recent years has been influenced by the restruc-
ture of Indonesian government during reformation era,
regional autonomy, and economic crises that had happened in
all Indonesia. The change of policy focus in urban infrastructure
development, the strengthening of autonomy ego, the decrease
of regional funding, the decrease of community's income leveland awareness have become the trigger of the urban environ-
mental degradation, including the urban solid waste issue.
The degradation of the performance is shown by the
decrease of human resources capacity caused by the personnel
replacement that have never received any training in solid waste
sector; unclear status of solid waste management organization
caused by the maximum and minimum pattern policy change of
every agency; less budget allocation for solid waste manage-
ment, less income retribution; less services; less quality of waste
facilities, which most of them have become open dumping facil-
ities causing the increase of social friction; irresponsible solid
waste processing, which cause deaths, as the land slide case hap-
pened in Leuwigajah and Bantar Gebang solid waste facilities;
the absent of sanction for littering, and so forth.
Until now all process of solid waste processing ends in the
final waste facility, causing more burdens to the waste facility.
Beside the need of a large space, the cost of maintaining and the
environment also becoming more expensive. It all happens
because the initiative to reduce waste from the source itself has
not been done, including the separation of dangerous waste
(toxic waste) at the domestic/household level.
Based on the regulations in Indonesia, government has to
provide a solid waste management system services that follows
the technical, economic, and environmental principles.
The government of Indonesia has also been involved in rati-
fying many international commitments, which have to be ful-
filled by every dignified country. The commitments cover,
among others, Agenda 21 on the decrease of solid waste
processed in the waste facilities (3R/reduce-reuse-recycle),
Dublin principles, Rio Agreement, Kyoto Protocol on the Clean
Development Mechanism.
In order to achieve these goals, and as the follow up of the
Government Regulation No. 16/2005 on the development of
water supply system; therefore, a strong and realistic national
policy and strategy on solid waste management system develop-
ment was formulated and used as the guidance for central and
REGULATION
Ministerial Decree of Public WorksNo. 21/PRT/M/2006 on The National Policy
and Strategy of Solid Waste ManagementDevelopment (NPS-SWMD)
14 PercikMarch 2008
Source: Bowo Leksono
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regional government to improve the solid
waste management system in a sustain-
able and environmental friendly manner.
Objectives
The national policy and strategy is
meant as the guideline in formulating the
technical policy, planning, programming
and other activities related to solid waste
management, whether it is at the depart-
ment level, non-department level, region-
al government, or the community and the
private sector. As for the objective, the
national policy and strategy is aimed to
achieve the solid waste development tar-
gets through planning, programming andother integrated, effective and efficient
activities.
The policy is used as the guideline for
controlling, holding and developing envi-
ronmental friendly solid waste manage-
ment system at the central and regional
level, according to the local context.
Meanwhile, for the technical arrange-
ment and more detail guideline, the rele-
vant agencies need to develop further.
Vision and Mission
To achieve a healthy and prosperous
society in the coming future, a healthy
environment is needed. From the health
aspect, the word health means a condi-
tion that can only be achieved if waste can
be managed properly from within the
human settlement.
In general, urban an rural area that
receive proper solid waste management
have condition as the following:
a. All the community will have access
to solid waste management services
for the daily activities at the house-
hold level, up to the public level;
b. The community will have clean envi-
ronment settlement since the solid
waste can be properly managed;
c. The community will have the ability
to maintain its health level since
there is no potential solid waste to
turn into contagious diseases, such
as diarrhoea, typhus, dysentery and
so forth; and also other environmen-
tal pollution such as water, air and
soil pollution;
d. The community and private sector
have the chance to participate in
managing the solid waste, therefore,
receive the benefits.
In order to fulfil the vision of Solid
waste management Development, Severalmissions have been formulated:
1. Reducing the volume of solid waste
for sustainable solid waste manage-
ment
2. Increase the coverage and quality of
service of the solid waste manage-
ment system
3. Empowers the community and
increase participation of private sec-
tor
4. Improves the management capabili-
ty and institutionalization in the
solid waste management system in
line with the good and corporate
governance principle
5. Mobilizes funding from various
recourses for the solid waste man-
agement system development
6. Enforcing the law and consolidates
the regulation to improve solid
waste management system
New Approach
A new approach has to be understood
and followed by knowing that solid waste
can be reduced, reused, and recycled.
This approach is known as the 3R
(reduce, reuse, recycle). Actually, this
approach is not new, because it has been
applied in developed country and suc-
ceeded in improving the efficiency of
solid waste management significantly.
By reducing solid waste right from its
source, the burden of a city can be
reduced and the budget and facilities can
be utilized more efficiently. The burden
caused by pollution can be reduced and
helps to maintain the environment.
The global targets of the national pol-
icy and strategy of solid waste manage-
ment refer to the measured targets of the
national mid-term development planning
2004-2009 (RPJMN 2004-2009), and
MDGs' targets, as well as other targetmeasured targets. In addition to that, it
also refers to other normative targets
such as the government regulation No. 16
Year 2005 on the development of system.
More Elaboration
The national policy and strategy of
solid waste management system is still
need to be elaborated into detail action
plan by many stakeholders in solid waste
management sector, so that the vision can
be achieved.
The technical elaboration or interpre-
tation through the preparation of regula-
tions, planning, programming, imple-
mentation and monitoring and develop-
ment management will be conducted at
every level of government, centrally and
locally.
Further, there is the need to have an
agreement between central and local
action plan in implementing the national
policy and strategy of solid waste man-
agement development, as well as its coor-
dination mechanism. The pattern of com-
munity and private sector participation is
still need to be elaborated based on the
needs at the central and local level. BW
REGULATION
15PercikMarch 2008
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In under-five category, diarrhoea is the second highestcause of deaths after acute respiratory system infection
(ARSI). For school children, diarrhoea can be less threat-
ening along the increase of age, but still, it can be reduce learn-
ing and playing time of many children.
Diarrhoea prevalence studies on children are usually con-
ducted indirectly or verbally. The survey is usually conducted
with the adults at home, usually mothers, with questionnaire
such as, "Is there any member of the family that defecate more
than three times a day?" If the respondent's answer is yes then
the question is followed with "who is she/he?".For school children, the situation is completely different.
They possess different verbal capacity to answer verbal ques-
tions, even the written questions. This capacity can be further
utilized for the diarrhoea prevalence study.
Pictorial self-administered questionnaire
John Hopkins University/Centre for communication pro-
gram Indonesia (JHU/CCP) with funding from Unicef, has
developed KAP (Knowledge, Attitude, Practise) Survey on water,
hygiene and sanitation for elementary school students. The sur-
vey was conducted by using pictorial self-administered ques-
tionnaire that made it efficient in acquiring data of diarrhoea
prevalence, attitude, practice and knowledge. One or several
teacher without high cost interviewer/enumerators could cover
many school children.
The survey is also proven best in avoiding the cultural con-
straints related to diarrhoea. As known, for most of the children,
diarrhoea is considered to be embarrassing. For example, in the
conversation of most Sundanesse children, diarrhoea is also known
as "mencret" or often used as a joke "Kacapirit", which means un-
controllable defecation. Children are embarrassed to joke for that.
The pictorial self-administered questionnaire has been tested by
JHU/CCP in several provinces, which are Nangroe Aceh Darusallam
(NAD), Yogyakarta, and Central Java. 2134 student in 8 districts have
joined the survey unsing pictorial self-administered questionnaire.
The 8 districts are City of Banda Aceh, Aceh Besar, Sleman, Gunung
Kidul, Bantul, Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta and Klaten.
The pictorial self-administered questionnaire consists of 28
main questions that can be finished in 15-20 minutes. Around 2
percent of the total questions are question with pictorial answers
that makes it easy for the children to answer. The rest of the
questions are open-ended questions that can be answered in a
concise way, and question with the true or false answer.
Important Findings
From the KAP Survey, it was found that in NAD, the diar-
rhoea prevalence was around 18%. It means that 1/5 of the ele-
mentary students in fourth and fifth grade in both districts had
experienced diarrhoea within the recent week when the survey
was conducted. The percentage of male students was found at 21
percent or 7 percent higher compare to female students, which
only centred around 14 percent.
Meanwhile, in Yogyakarta and Central Java, diarrhoea
prevalence was found lower compare to NAD, only 8.5 percent.
From the value and beliefs side, it was found that there is a same
pattern of data in NAD, Yogyakarta and Central Java. Through
the factor analysis and consistency analysis, using Cronbach
alpha, the framework of thinking of the students related to diar-
rhoea was found. The framework showed several solid indicators
used by the students to assess the cause of diarrhoea.
In the questionnaire, 10 pictures were presented to the stu-
dents to choose which activities are believed to be the cause of
INSIGHT
16 PercikMarch 2008
By Risang Rimbatmaja *
MEASURINGDIARRHOEAWITH PICTURES
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diarrhoea. From the analysis, it was found 3 dimensions which
statistically significant:
1. Environmental factors
a. Littering openly
b. Open defecation
2. Hygiene related factors
a. Drinking un-boiled water
b. Eating in a places full of flies
c. Drinking from open sources
3. Non-hygiene factors
a. Eating ice cream
b. Wet of rain
c. Demon/ghost
Further analysis showed that the students, in general, do not
believe the first factor. AS an illustration, in NAD, 70 percent of
the total students comply negatively to the role of environmen-
tal dirtiness (open defecation and littering openly) in causing
diarrhoea. In other words, sanitation factors are not believed as
the cause of diarrhoea.
For the hygiene factor, the position is equal. Half of the stu-
dents believe that drinking un-boiled water, eating in place full
of flies and drinking water from open source can be the cause of
diarrhoea. The other half did not believe it.
For non-hygiene factor, the majority's tendency is found.
Most of the student perceived sceptically things like eating ice
cream, wet cause by rain and ghost as the cause of diarrhoea.
From the practise side, there were several things that can be
grasped through the questionnaire, among others are toilet facil-
ity provide by school and hand washing with soap at critical
time. As an illustration, in Yogyakarta and Central Java, it was
found that 70 percent of the total students in recent semester
had not used the school's toilet to defecate. 22 percent reported
to have used it once. The reason for this is that they have done it
at home (41 percent), school's toilet is dirty and smelly (37 per-
cent), no time/chance (23 percent) and do not want to be the
joke for others (22 percent).
For hand washing with soap, in NAD, it was found that 14
percent of the total students reported to have done it at one crit-
ical time, which is before meal or after defecation. The majority
was found not practising it.
Future Implementation
As has been featured previously, the use of pictorial self-
administered questionnaire in survey can reveal many impor-
tant dimensions in KAP of students related to water, hygiene
and sanitation. For further use, the revision of the questionnaire
is still needed. The experiences in the field shows that (i) sever-
al instruction are still not clear that students have to ask their
teacher for clarification; (ii) the use of pictures still can be
increased more than 20 percent. For further use, questions of
verbal instruction need to be reduced, and additional pictures
that are easy to understand needs to be increased; (iii) the need
to develop more practical and detail questionnaire so that the
school can apply and analyse the data collected; (iv) the need to
test the validity of the questionnaire.
Beside the internal validity, which most of them have been
tested through factor analysis, external validity test is also need-
ed, e.g. by verifying data from the survey with incidence in the
next period after survey. For example, the report of the hand
washing with soap and diarrhoea incidences in the coming
weeks. * Researcher at John Hopkins University/Centre
Communication Program (JHU/CCP)
INSIGHT
17PercikMarch 2008
Used for hand
washing at
critical times
Used for non
hand wash-
ing activities
Used for hand
washing at
non-criticaltime
Diagram: Hand washing survey results inNADN = 914Filter: Students who used soap today andyesterday, self-administered, recorded
Source: Question # 11: please remember,for what purpose the soap was used? Sinceyesterday I have used soap for .
Now please think, which pictures (below) that can be the cause of
"mencret" or diarrhoea? Answers can be more than one. Give (x)
mark.
Open defecation Drinking un-boiled water
Eating in aplace fullof flies
Eating in aplace full offlies
Drinkingand eatingfrom open
Eating icecream
Rain Ghost litteringopenly
source
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It is interesting what has been done by
the WSES (Water Supply and
Environmental Sanitation) Working
Group of Rote Ndao District. When all
other districts facilitated by WASPOLA
tend to prioritize piped water supply facili-
ties (whether it is gravitation system, gen-erator, drilled well, etc), Rote Ndao chose to
be different.
By considering many experiences in the
past, the condition of the environment, all
kind of incidence occurred in other districts
and the social and cultural reality of its
community, WSES working group of Rote
Ndao, NTT, chose to protect its water
sources with physical model and conduct
reforestation around the water source
areas.
Where is Rote Ndao?
Rote Ndao is not as popular as Sabang
and Merauke, even though geographically
it is has important meaning, since this
island is the most south of Indonesia.
Beside the mailand that shares its borders
with the sea, most of Rote Ndao consists of
mountains. Not more than 500 meters
from the shoreline, the road is beginning to
go up and down and up again. Rote Nado is
1280 km2 divided into 8 sub districts.
In overall, Rote Ndao consist of 73 vil-
lages and 7 kelurahan. The total villages in
the coastal area are 48 villages/kelurahan.
Rote Ndao consist of 102 islands, where 7
of the are inhabited (Rote, Nuse, Landu,
Nusa Manuk, Usu I, Usu II) and 95 of non-
inhabited islands. The total population
based on the statistic of 2005 is 106.272people; the density of the population is at
83 people/km2.
From the human resources aspect, the
reality of Rote Ndao is quite controversial.
In NTT province, Rote Ndao is known as
region that produces human resources that
capable to compete, whether in provincial,
national or international level. However,,
from the statistic data, the quality of human
resources still needs more attention from
the government.
WSES Development in Rote Ndao
The low level of understanding of the
community on the utilization and manage-
ment pattern of WSES facilities, also the
weak support and policy from the govern-
ment have made ineffective WSES develop-
ment. Up to now, the coverage of PDAM is
still limited to Ba'a and its surrounding.
This does not mean for the community
lives in the remote area has never beentouched by piped water system, even, it is
one to many; however, it is also often not
being properly utilized because of broken
or dislike by the community. For example,
the pipe installation from the government
of Belgium; the main pipe is still left on the
INSIGHT
18 PercikMarch 2008
ROTE NDAO
Prioritizing Water SourcesConservation
By : Alma Arief * dan Joseph L. Kale**
Kelfao water source conservation at Olafuliha village,Sub district of Pantai Baru (100%). Source: Alma Arief
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side of the street and other assistances are
suffering from the same condition.
TABLE I
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FOR WATER SUPPLY
SYSTEM FACILITIES IN ROTE NDAO
The topographic Characteristic of Rote
Ndao, which is hilly, is one of the factors
that influence the development of WSES
sector. To fulfil the needs of the communi-ty with low-income income, which live on
high area, pipe installation with generator
to is needed to pum the water to the com-
munity directly or via reservoir, which then
distributed to the community. This is, of
course, will need a high operational cost (to
buy the fuel and maintenance), while the
community itself is, in general, a low-
income category and even non-permanent.
Beside that, to maintain the generator, it
will need mid-level technical skill. It is not
surprising if many facility built by high cost
often broken, ignored, and not being uti-
lized.
Social cultural factors also seem to be
the constraint for the sustainability of the
facilities. Beside the conflict of water source
utilization and the social gap caused by lim-
ited coverage, which leads to the destruc-
tion of facilities, there are other social cul-
tural aspects that involves in adding the
constraint. The community of Rote Ndao,
also in Java and other places in Indonesia,
uses the water source as a place for social
gathering.
At particular hours, the water source
will be crowded. In this place, the commu-
nity fulfil their social needs: to share infor-
mation, communal level economy transac-
tion, so forth. The fulfilment of social needs
is often receives higher attention compare
to the physical needs fulfilment. The com-
munity is willing to bring water from hun-
dreds of meters just to meet relatives,
friends, listen to stories, even dating.
Actually, there is a wish to build pipe
facilities again, with new approach as rec-
ommended by the national policy, which is
the implementation of demand responsiveapproach (DRA) that places community as
the main actor of development and deci-
sion matter. However, the failures from the
past have been shadowing so deeply that
make it hard to move on.
Beside that, to implement the national
policy at the community level, there is the
need to have basic facilitation, which is not
in place until now. There is the need of
training to be able to facilitate the commu-
nity on how to plan, make decision, acquire
technical skills decide the contribution,
organize meetings, and so forth. All these
will need special trainings.
Water Sources as priority in
Strategic Plan
The working group has shown its deter-
mination in implementing the conserva-
tion of water resources. The survey on
water resources has been conducted and
more information is still flowing in,
whether from the government or the leg-
islative member/parliament. From the sur-
vey done by Bappedalda, currently, there
are 110 water sources/springs in Rote Ndao
district, distributed in 8 sub-districts.
From all of the springs, there are 19,
which have been already protected/con-
vserved. They are Futuno, Lalukoen,
Ndapa, Oehendi I, Oehendi II, Kalfao,
Mbokak, Noas, Olonoen, Oekima, Oebau,
Otenggai, Mberoen, Oepiak, Oesambokak.
The construction of the conservation was
funded by APBD II 2006-2007. In the fiscalyear 2008, Bappedalda is planning to build
39 springs conservation in the 8 sub-dis-
tricts.
The conservation is prioritized in the
strategic plan and become the basis of con-
sideration why water source conservation
is being prioritized in line with the te
top related