World War II
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World War II
Date:1939-1945Coach CoppMr. Sommer
World War II BeginsBlitzkrieg in Poland• Sept. 1, 1939, Hitler overruns Poland in blitzkrieg,
lightning war• Germany annexes western Poland; U.S.S.R. attacks,
annexes east• France, Britain declare war on Germany;
World War II begins
US and NeutralityNeutrality Act• Limit international involvement by US
Moving Cautiously Away from Neutrality
1939 = FDR persuades Congress to pass “Cash-and-Carry” provision.
• -allows nation to buy American arms as long as its’ in cash and carried on the nations ships.
Argues will help France, Britain defeat Hitler, keep U.S. out of war• Italy, Germany, Japan sign Tripartite Pact aimed to force US out of war for fear of two-front war
War and the Homefront
Labor’s Contribution• Nearly 18 million workers in war industries.• 6 million are women.• Over 2 million minorities hired; face strong
discrimination at first.•A. Philip Randolph•Organizes march on D.C. because of
discrimination in war industries; March canceled after FDR executive order forbids discrimination
Rationing
• Citizens asked to ration goods and donate as much as possible to the war effort.
• http://www.worldology.com/Europe/world_war_2_imap.htm
Wartime Conversion
• Factories convert from civilian to war production
• Shipyards, defense plants expand, new ones built
• Produce ships, arms rapidly• - use prefabricated parts• - people work at record speeds
Women in the War• Women work in wartime industries (Rosie the Riveter)• After war, women expected to leave war jobs and
return home.
Great Arsenal of DemocracyThe Lend-Lease Plan• FDR tells nation if Britain falls, Axis powers free to
conquer world- U.S. must become “arsenal of democracy”
• By late 1940, Britain has no more cash to buy U.S. arms
• 1941 Lend-Lease Act—U.S. to lend or lease supplies for defense
Great Britain.........................$31 billionSoviet Union..........................$11 billionFrance..................................$3 billionChina..................................$1.5 billionOther European......................$500 millionSouth America.......................$400 million
The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000
U. S. Lend-Lease Act,1941
Lend-Lease
Pearl Harbor
Date: December 7, 1941 = Japanese attack Pearl Harbor
Results• 2,403 Americans killed; 1,178 wounded.
• Over 300 aircraft, 21 ships destroyed or damaged
• Significance: US enters World War II
Pearl Harbor
• Remembering Pearl Harbor @ nationalgeographic.com
A Date that will Live in Infamy
• American Rhetoric: Franklin Delano Roosevelt - Pearl Harbor Address to the Nation (12-08-41)
World War II IssuesJapanese Americans Placed in Internment Camps• Hawaii governor forced to order internment
(confinement) of Japanese • 1942 FDR signs removal of Japanese Americans
in four states• U.S. Army forces 110,000 Japanese Americans
into prison camps• 1944 Korematsu v. United States—Court rules in
favor of internment• After war, Japanese American Citizens League
pushes for compensation• 1988, Congress grants $20,000 to everyone sent to
relocation camp
*The North African Front (Operation Torch 1942-1943)
• General Dwight D. Eisenhower commands invasion of
North Africa.
• *Eisenhower would later be Supreme Commander of the Allies
Result of Operation Torch: German Afrika Korps,led General Erwin Rommel,
surrenders May1943
The Italian CampaignThe Italian Campaign
• Allies decide will accept only unconditional surrender from Axis
Summer 1943 = capture Sicily; Mussolini forced to
resign
May 1944 = Allies win “Bloody Anzio”; Germans continue strong resistance
The Story of Babe
Operation Overlord (D-Day)June 6, 1944
Significance: 1) Plan to take Europe from Hitler’s Germany
2) Largest amphibious invasion in history.
Military Involved: 156,000 troops, 4,000 landing craft, 600 warships, and 11,000 planes
Leader: Gen. Eisenhower directs Allied invasion of Normandy on D-Day June 6, 1944.
• Allies set up phantom army, send fake radio messages to fool Germans
D-Day Casualties
• There is no "official" casualty figure for D-Day. Under the circumstances, accurate record keeping was very difficult. For example, some troops who were listed as missing may actually have landed in the wrong place, and have rejoined their parent unit only later.
US D-Day Figures
• The Allied casualties figures for D-Day have generally been estimated at 10,000, including 2500 dead. Broken down by nationality, the usual D-Day casualty figures are approximately 2700 British, 946 Canadians, and 6603 Americans
“Lafayette, We are Here!”
Battle of the Bulge
Roosevelt’s Death
•FDR dies April 12,1945
•Vice President Harry S. Truman become president
The Fall of BerlinMay of 1945Significance: The Soviets take Berlin and end war in Europe
Strategy = Island HoppingBattle = Battle of Midway
Battle of the Coral Sea (May 7, 1942)• May 1942 = U.S., Australian soldiers stop Japanese
drive to Australia• *For first time since Pearl Harbor, Japanese invasion
turned back
The Allied Offensive• August 1942 = Allied offensive begins in
Guadalcanal.• October 1944 = Allies converge on Leyte
Island in Philippines- *return of MacArthur to Phillipines
Strategy = Island HoppingBattle = Battle of Midway
• The Battle of Midway Date: (June 4-7, 1942)• Admiral Chester Nimitz commands U.S.
naval forces in Pacific
Significance: • Allies win Battle of Midway, stop Japan
and gain island as airplane landing strip• Allies advance island by island to Japan
The Yalta Conference
The Yalta Conference• February 1945, FDR, Churchill, Stalin meet in Yalta
- discuss post-war world• FDR, Churchill concession: temporarily divide
Germany into 4 parts• Stalin promises free elections in Eastern Europe; will
fight Japan• FDR gets support for conference to establish United
Nations.
The Final BattlesThe Japanese Defense• Japan uses kamikaze attack—pilots crash bomb-laden planes into ships
Iwo Jima (Feb. 19-Mar.17, 1945)
Significance
• Iwo Jima critical as base from which planes can reach Japan
• 6,000 marines die taking island; of 20,700 Japanese, 200 survive
The Battle for Okinawa (Apr. 1 –June 21, 1945)• April 1945 U.S. Marines invade Okinawa• April–June: 7,600 U.S. troops, 110,000 Japanese
dieSignificance
• Allies fear invasion of Japan may mean 1.5 million Allied casualties
Truman and the Decision
• It was estimated that an invasion of Japan would cost over 1 million American soldiers’ lives.
• The Atom Bomb was ready for use and proved successful in testing.
• Would send message to Japan regarding the issue of surrender.
The Manhattan Project (Name for Atomic Bomb
Project)
• J. Robert Oppenheimer is research director of Manhattan Project.
• Los Alamos is laboratory where atom bomb is developed. Creates jobs and scientific breakthroughs.
• July 1945, atomic bomb tested in New Mexico desert
• President Truman orders military to drop 2 atomic bombs on Japan
The Atomic Age Begins• Hiroshima • August 6, 1945, Hiroshima,
major military center, destroyed by bomb
Nagasaki
• 3 days later, bomb dropped on city of Nagasaki
• September 2, 1945 Japan surrenders bringing WORLD WAR II to and END!
Estimated World War II Deaths
Country Military Deaths Civilian Deaths Total Deaths
Axis
Germany 3,250,000 2,350,000 5,600,000
Italy 226,900 60,000 286,900
Japan 1,740,000 393,400 2,133,400
Allies
France 122,000 470,000 592,000
Great Britain 305,800 60,600 366,400
United States 405,400 --------- 405,400
Soviet Union 11,000,000 6,700,000 17,700,000
China 1,400,000 8,000,000 9,400,000
War and the HomefrontRecruiting and Discrimination• Minority groups are denied basic citizenship rights• Question whether they should fight for democracy in other countries
Dramatic Contributions• 300,000 Mexican Americans join armed forces• *1 million African Americans serve; live, work in
segregated units• 13,000 Chinese Americans and 33,000 Japanese Americans serve.• 25,000 Native Americans enlist
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