WORLD WAR I THE GREAT WAR THE WAR TO END ALL WARS THE WAR TO MAKE THE WORLD SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY.

WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I

• THE GREAT WAR

• THE WAR TO END ALL WARS

• THE WAR TO MAKE THE WORLD SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY

MAP OF EUROPE1914

4 MAIN CAUSES

• MILITARISM

• ALLIANCES

• IMPERIALISM

• NATIONALISM

MILITARISM

• INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• ARMS RACE

• STRONG MILITARY = GREAT POWER

• ALL NATIONS HAVE STANDING ARMIES

• PATRIOTISM

“ALL THE LONG YEARS OF MY REIGN, THE MONARCHS OF

EUROPE HAVE PAID NO ATTENTION TO WHAT I HAVE TO

SAY. SOON,WITH MY GREAT NAVY TO ENDORSE MY WORDS,

THEY WILL BE MORE RESPECTFUL.”

KAISER WILHELM II

ALLIANCES

• MAKE PACTS (AGREEMENTS) TO AVOID WAR

• DUAL ALLIANCE LEADS TO TRIPLE ALLIANCE: GERMANY, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND THEN ITALY

• TRIPLE ENTENTE: BRITAIN, FRANCE & RUSSIA

CENTRAL POWERS:

GERMANYAUSTRIA-HUNGARYOTTOMAN EMPIRE

BULGARIA

ALLIED POWERS:

GREAT BRITAINFRANCERUSSIAITALY

UNITED STATES (1917-1918)

IMPERIALISM

• COMPETITION FOR COLONIES = STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL

• COMPETITION BRINGS NATIONS TO BRINK OF WAR

• DESIRE FOR EMPIRE BRINGS MISTRUST AMONG NATIONS

NATIONALISM

• INDUSTRIALISM LEADS TO COMPETITION AMONG NATIONS LIKE GERMANY & BRITAIN

NATIONALISM

• DISPUTES OVER TERRITORY CAUSES PROBLEMS BETWEEN FRANCE & GERMANY OVER ALSACE-LORRAINE

NATIONALISM

• VARIOUS ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE LIKE THE SERBS

OTHER PROBLEMS

• PAN-SLAVISM

• “BALKAN POWDER KEG”

• UNREALISTIC WORLD VIEW

PAN-SLAVISM

• PAN-SLAVISM: RUSSIAN- SPONSORED MOVEMENT TO UNITE ALL SLAVIC PEOPLE IN EUROPE

• RUSSIA WAS TO LEAD MOVEMENT AND PROTECT ALL SLAVS

• PAN-SLAVISM WAS A DIRECT THREAT TO THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE

THE BALKAN “POWDER KEG”

• HOME TO NUMEROUS ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS GROUPS

THE BALKAN “POWDER KEG”

• DECLINE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE MEANT MORE TROUBLE IN THE FUTURE

• NEW BALKAN NATIONS: GREECE, BULGARIA, ROMANIA, SERBIA & MONTENEGRO

• SERBIA, WITH HELP OF RUSSIA, WILL CHALLENGE AUSTRIA FOR CONTROL IN THE BALKANS

• TENSION AND NATIONALISM WILL INCREASE GREATLY

UNREALISTIC WORLD VIEW

• EUROPEAN NATIONS BELIEVED TOO MUCH IN ALLIANCES

• EUROPEANS THOUGHT THE NEW WEAPONRY WOULD SOLVE ALL OF THEIR PROBLEMS

• DID NOT UNDERSTAND THE NEW WEAPONS AND THEIR CAPABILITIES

THE SPARK

• ASSASSINATION OF THE ARCHDUKE OF AUSTRIA, FRANCIS FERDINAND AND HIS WIFE 28 JUNE 1914

• GAVRILO PRINCIP, A SERB AND A MEMBER OF THE BLACK HAND WAS RESPONSIBLE

THE SLIDE TOWARD WARTHE SUMMER OF 1914

• AUSTRIA DEMANDED TO INVESTIGATE THE ASSASSINATION OF THE ARCHDUKE IN SERBIA OR ELSE!!

THE SLIDE TOWARD WARTHE SUMMER OF 1914

• GERMANY ISSUED AUSTRIA THE “BLANK CHECK” OF SUPPORT

THE SLIDE TOWARD WARTHE SUMMER OF 1914

• RUSSIA STOOD BY TO SUPPORT SERBIA, HER LONG-TIME ALLY

THE SLIDE

• RUSSIA NEEDED THE SUPPORT OF FRANCE

• FRANCE GAVE ITS SUPPORT TO RUSSIA TO PREVENT FIGHTING GERMANY ALONE IN THE FUTURE

• FRANCE ALSO LOOKED TO BRITAIN FOR SUPPORT

THE SLIDE

• RUSSIA MOBILIZED ITS ARMIES ON BOTH THE AUSTRIAN & GERMAN BORDERS

THE SLIDE

• GERMANY DEMANDED THAT THE RUSSIANS END THIS ACT OF WAR

THE SLIDE

• THE RUSSIANS REFUSED & GERMANY DECLARED WAR ON RUSSIA ON 1 AUGUST 1914

• CONVINCED THAT FRANCE WOULD ENTER THE WAR, GERMANY DECLARED WAR AGAINST FRANCE ON 3 AUGUST 1914

THE SLIDE

THE SLIDE

• ENGLAND FINALLY ENTERED THE WAR ON THE SIDE OF THE ALLIES ON 4 AUGUST 1914

THE WAR• WEAPONS

• LIFE & DEATH IN THE TRENCHES

• WESTERN FRONT

• EASTERN FRONT

• COLLAPSE OF RUSSIA

• REST OF THE WORLD

• WAR ON THE SEAS

• U.S ENTRY INTO WAR

• TOTAL WAR

• WAR PROPAGANDA

• COSTS OF WAR

• AFTERMATH OF WAR

JOKE TIME

A HAM SANDWICH WALKS INTO A BAR. HE’S FEELING TIRED AND RUN DOWN, AND HE’S HAD A BAD DAY AT WORK. HE GOESUP TO THE BAR AND SAYS “GIMME A DRINK.” TO WHICH THE BARTENDER REPLIES, “SORRY, WE DON’T SERVE FOOD!”

NEW WEAPONS OF DESTRUCTION

• MACHINE GUNS

• BATTLESHIPS

• POISON GAS

• TANKS

• AIRCRAFT

• SUBMARINES

• BIGGER ARTILLERY PIECES

MACHINE GUNS

GERMAN MAXIM GUN TEAM

BATTLESHIPS

GERMAN BATTLESHIP FIRING

GAS SHELL EXPLODING

THE USE OF AIRCRAFT

BRITISH SOPWITH CAMEL

THE DREADED U-BOAT

GERMAN SUBMARINE OR “U-BOAT”

EFFECTS OF SUBMARINE WARFARE

ALLIED MERCHANT SHIP SINKINGAFTER BEING TORPEDOED

DROPPING DEPTH CHARGES ON THE GERMAN SUBMARINES IN THE NORTH

ATLANTIC

AERIAL VIEW OF DEPTH CHARGES DROPPED ON A SUBMARINE

PATH OF A TORPEDO

A HIT!!!!

IT SINKS!

LARGE ARTILLERY

NEW & EXCITING WAYS TO KILL MORE PEOPLE

GERMAN 240MM RAIL GUN

GERMAN RAIL GUN SHELL (240MM)

OPEN BREECH OF A 520MM GUN

KRUPP 420MM RAIL GUN

BEFORE

AFTER

AFTERMATH OF SHELLING

LIFE & DEATH IN THE TRENCHES

TRENCH SYSTEM MAP

The Trenches

The opening weeks of fighting had given the false impression of a war of movement. At first the picture they presented on the long,congealed front was by no means uniform. The Germans packed troops into the front line with little immediate support beyond some machine-gun positions. In contrast, the British, in the low-lying, three-line system of front, support and reserve trenches linked by zig-zag communications trenches.

"I have seen sights which no man should ever see, sights which stay firmly in your mind for the rest of your life. Vivid images of my mates and comrades-in-arms, lying face down in the trenches with scores of rats scavenging their exposed flesh. I can see it as if it were yesterday, men clambering over the bodies to get out of the line of fire, limbs and torso entwined. Shell-shocked men wallowing in the blood-soaked mire they called home."

MEMORY OF BRITISH VETERAN OF WWI

NO MAN’S LAND

WORLD WAR I ON THE WESTERN FRONT

• GERMAN MILITARY CREATED THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN FOR ATTACK ON FRANCE

• PLAN CALLED FOR STRONG NORTHERN & WEAK SOUTHERN ATTACK ON FRANCE THROUGH BELGIUM

• PLAN WAS NOT FOLLOWED & THE NORTHERN ATTACK FAILED TO TAKE FRANCE

• ATTACK IN FRANCE GROUND TO HALT

• WEAPONS OF THE DAY MADE IT NECESSARY TO DIG IN TO SURVIVE

• WAR BECOMES ONE OF ATTRITION

• BY NOT KNOCKING FRANCE OUT & GAINING CONTROL OF THE PORTS ON THE COAST, THE GERMANS WERE GUARANTEED TO CONTINUE TO DEAL WITH THE BRITISH NAVY AND LATER, THE AMERICANS

COSTLY BATTLES IN THE WEST

• VERDUN• BEGUN BY THE GERMANS

• BATTLE LASTED SIX MONTHS (FEBRUARY-AUGUST 1916)

COSTLY BATTLES IN THE WEST

• CASUALTIES FOR BOTH SIDES WERE BETWEEN 330,000-350,000 MEN!!

• END RESULT WAS NO GAIN FOR GERMANS

• THE SOMME• BEGUN BY THE ALLIES

• BATTLE LASTED FROM JULY-OCTOBER 1916

• WEEK-LONG ARTILLERY BOMBARDMENT FAILED TO WEAKEN GERMANS

• BRITISH LOST 60,000 MEN ON FIRST DAY!!!

• IN A WEEK ALLIES ADVANCED 1 MILE & IN MONTH THEY ADVANCED 2 1/2 MILES

• BATTLE COST THE GERMANS 500,000 THE FRENCH 200,000, & THE BRITISH 400,000 MEN

• BATTLE RESULTED IN NO GAINS FOR EITHER SIDE

• FIRST USE OF TANKS IN BATTLE

THE EASTERN FRONT IN WORLD WAR I

• RUSSIANS ATTACKED GERMANY AT THE VERY START & GERMANY COUNTER-ATTACKED & CRUSHED THE RUSSIANS

• WITH GERMAN HELP THE AUSTRIANS MANAGED TO DO THE SAME

• GERMANS & AUSTRIANS CONTINUED TO BEAT ON RUSSIA

• RUSSIANS LOST 2 MILLION MEN IN 1915 ALONE, BUT KEPT FIGHTING

• TO HELP THE RUSSIANS THE BRITISH OPENED UP A CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE TURKS AT GALLIPOLI. THIS FAILED MISERABLY

THE EASTERN FRONT

RUSSIA SUFFERS GREATLY AND HAS TO

PULL OUT OF WAR

COLLAPSE OF RUSSIA

• RUSSIAIN 1914 WAS NOT AN INDUSTRIALIZED NATION

• COULD NOT PRODUCE WAR MATERIALS• ALLIES COULD NOT GET SUPPLIES

THROUGH GERMAN U-BOATS IN THE NORTH OR THROUGH TURKISH-CONTROLLED BLACK SEA IN THE SOUTH

• ABUSIVE CZARIST GOV’T, WAR LOSSES, POOR ECONOMY AND RISING COMMUNIST MOVEMENT SPELLED THE END FOR RUSSIA

• GOV’T OF V.I. LENIN IN RUSSIA SIGNED TREAY OF BREST-LITOVSK IN MARCH 1918

• RUSSIA IS OUT OF WAR

• POLAND, BALTICS, UKRAINE & FINLAND ARE “FREE”

• GERMANY CAN FOCUS ITS ATTENTION ON FINISHING OFF THE FRENCH

WAR IN THE REST OF THE WORLD

• GALLIPOLI CAMPAIGN (1915) IN TURKEY THAT INVOLVES AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND TROOPS. DISASTEROUS FOR THE ALLIES

• JAPANESE ATTACKED GERMAN COLONIES IN THE PACIFIC

• ENGLISH & FRENCH TROOPS ATTACKED GERMAN COLONIES IN AFRICA

• INDIA PROVIDES MEN AND MATERIAL FOR THE BRITISH

• BRAZIL PROVIDES MEN AND SHIPS FOR ALLIED EFFORT

WAR ON THE SEAS

GERMAN UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE

UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE

• DECLARED JANUARY 1917

• A POLICY THAT DECLARED GERMANY WOULD SINK ANY SHIP WITHOUT WARNING

• GERMANY WAS BEING HURT BY BRITISH BLOCKADE AND WANTED TO RETALIATE

• FROM FEBRUARY THROUGH APRIL 1917 THE GERMANS SANK OVER 2 MILLIONS TONS OF SHIPPING

• BRITAIN WAS DOWN TO 6 WEEKS’ RESERVE OF FOOD

• SOMETHING HAD TO BE DONE

BACK TO THE WESTERN FRONT

THE RACE TO SEE WHO WILL HAVE MORE

IMPACT: GERMANY OR THE U.S.

U.S. ENTRY INTO THE WAR

• LUSITANIA SINKING (MAY 1915)

• UNRESTRICTED SUB WARFARE

• ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM

• ALLIED PROPAGANDA TAKING ADVANTAGE OF BRITISH & AMERICAN CULTURAL TIES

IMPORTANCE OF US ENTRY INTO WAR

• WITH RUSSIA OUT, GERMANY TURNED ITS ATTENTION TOWARD THE WEST

IMPORTANCE OF US ENTRY INTO WAR

• GERMANY LAUNCHED MASSIVE OFFENSIVE IN SPRING 1918

• FRESH AMERICAN TROOPS POURED INTO THE FIGHT AND TURNED THE GERMANS BACK

• ALLIED COUNTERATTACK, LED BY AMERICAN TROOPS, WAS MORE THAN THE GERMANS COULD HANDLE

• KAISER ABDICATES THRONE ON 9 NOVEMBER 1918

• GERMANS SIGNED ARMISTICE 11 NOVEMBER 1918 AT 11.00AM

WAR PROPAGANDA

WORLD WAR I AS A TOTAL WAR

WHAT DID THIS MEAN FOR THE PEOPLE AT HOME?

TOTAL WAR

• NATIONS DEVOTED ALL OF THEIR RESOURCES TO FIGHTING AND WINNING THE WAR

TOTAL WAR

• ECONOMY IN EUROPEAN NATIONS WAS CONTROLLED BY THE GOV’T FOR THE WAR EFFORT

• CONSUMER GOODS WERE NOT PRODUCED AND FOOD PRODUCTS ESPECIALLY WERE RATIONED

• GOV’TS MAINTAINED CLOSE CONTROL OF FREE SPEECH

• WOMEN WENT TO WORK IN LARGE NUMBERS IN WAR FACTORIES

• TRADITIONAL VIEWS OF WOMEN WILL BE GREATLY SHAKEN AS A RESULT

• UNEMPLOYMENT DROPPED TREMENDOUSLY

A NOT-SO-RECENTLY DECEASED SOLDIER IN A TRENCH

VICTIM OF TOTAL WAR

THE COST OF THE WAR

The number of known dead has been placed at about 10,000,000 men, the wounded atabout 20,000,000, distributed among the chief combatants as follows (roundnumbers):

Country Dead Wounded PrisonerGreat Britain 947,000 2,122,000 192,000France 1,385,000 3,044,000 446,000Russia 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500.000Italy 460,000 947.000 530,000United States 115,000 206,000 4.500Germany 1,808,000 4,247,000 618,000Austria- Hungary 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000Turkey 325,000 400,000 NA

The total direct cost of the war has been figured at $180,500,000,000, and the indirectcost at $151,612,500,000.