WHY STUDY history of work? - Indiana University Bloomingtonrpasoc/work/hist1pub.pdf · WHY STUDY history of work? XKnowing where we come from essential to going forward. X“Old”

WHY STUDY history of work?Knowing where we come from essential to going forward.“Old” ways of doing work intertwined with “new” but persist. Exs:Guild structures (union halls, professional assns); Drive system (oppressive supervisors) Decline of middle mgmt vs. days w/o managersHow have our issues been handled in the past?

Discretion, control, skills, new technology

CRAFT KNOWLEDGE & TACIT SKILLS,CRAFT KNOWLEDGE & TACIT SKILLS,

developed “on the job”resists reduction to written-down steps, rulescumulative, experience based

Types of Craft Knowledge,Types of Craft Knowledge,Tacit SkillsTacit Skills

knowledge of material properties, equipment

Betty bouncing the wires

knowledge of qualities of products (product specialists)

Types of Craft knowledgeTypes of Craft knowledge continuedcontinuedskills in relationships with others

salesclerks with irritated customerscultivating relationships with key support personnel

Both types entail skills in solving non-routine problems

machine repair, trouble shooter, problem solver

I. PRECAPITALISTI. PRECAPITALIST WORKWORK

Follow Text re Work during Roman empire. Earliest GuildsInherited occupationsSlavery mixed with high skilled guildsmen

A. 500A. 500--1100 AD: FEUDAL SOCIETY and 1100 AD: FEUDAL SOCIETY and the MANORIAL SYSTEMthe MANORIAL SYSTEM

1. ARRANGEMENT OF LAND, RIGHTS (Lord and peasants or serfs)2. DIFFERENT NOTION OF PROPERTY THEN

Stages coming:Guilds ------------------------------------Putting-out system --------------------Drive system -------Inside contractors ______Piece Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scientific management -------=====9th=====13th=======17=====19===20

Century [crude time line]

II. WORK IN THE TRANSITION TO II. WORK IN THE TRANSITION TO CAPITALISMCAPITALISM

Q1) Active listening exercise for this lecture

#ed heads division of labor:Pair 1: identify significant features of each stagePair 2: track 1+ difficulties each stage experienced.Fill out as we go.

“Coming….Quiz” over Hist1 lecture“Coming….Quiz” over Hist1 lecture

Q1)Fill in this table. Each row belongs to one of the systems described in this lecture.Name Major difficulty with: Significance of:A) Guilds ? ?B) Putting out ? ? C) Early Factories ? ?D) Drive system ? ?E) Inside Contracting ? ?F) Piece Rates ? ?G) Scientific Mgmt ? ?

A. A. Two types of GUILD SYSTEMTwo types of GUILD SYSTEM(10th century into the 16,17th century)(10th century into the 16,17th century)

1. 101. 10--18th Century:18th Century: CRAFT GUILDSCRAFT GUILDS: : a. Guild= Association of masters of shops of same type in a townb PERSONNEL of a shop

(indentured) apprentices -> journeymen -> masters

c. WORK OF A GUILDquality!; just price =; work/fam/leisure not separated

d. CRAFT SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE

Guilds (Continued)e. GUILD (craft) CONTROL OF WORKPLACE

anti-competitive, work shared,regulated tech, volumes, # of workers.

f. PROBLEMS ==> ITS DECLINE too many Journeyman for growing marketsguilds can’t adapt to new economy

Legacies (significance) of the guilds1) apprenticeship programs in craft unions2) W. Europe skilled craft focused education, job training systems3) NOT GUILD-like but ….variants of learning on the joba-) work-study programs (engineering; tech work)b-) internshipsc-) clinical rotations; practice teachingd-) others??

2. ABOUT MERCHANT GUILDS2. ABOUT MERCHANT GUILDS

Traders, coordinators of scattered production..

B. B. THE PUTTINGTHE PUTTING--OUT SYSTEMOUT SYSTEM((15001500--1800s roughly1800s roughly) ALSO CALLED COTTAGE ) ALSO CALLED COTTAGE

INDUSTRY OR DOMESTIC INDUSTRYINDUSTRY OR DOMESTIC INDUSTRY1. WHAT IT WAS; INDUSTRIES FOUND IN (textiles, shoes)2. Significance: helped undercut REMAINDER of GUILD SYSTEM (paid by piece)3. PROBLEMS ==> ITS DECLINEpayment in kind continued vs. by piece holiday pace --> not much volume produced.Merchants really had no control over this.

C. Review: EARLIEST FACTORIES: C. Review: EARLIEST FACTORIES: CREATING WAGE LABOR CREATING WAGE LABOR (US 1814(US 1814-->; Engl 1720>; Engl 1720-->)>)

1. ‘factory’ from ‘manufactory’ =made by hand! (no machinery basis at its start)2. Purpose: central assembly of workers more control over work than in Putting Out.3. PERSONNEL (skilled, unskilled Women/Child)

Early factories continued:4. LOGIC of = Div of Labor + Babbage Principle“Separate out the parts of craft work and pay in proportion to the skill required for each. e.g., cheapen its individual parts”)5. Its wage labor replaces putting out laborers6. Yet depended on skilled crafts to organize work7.” LABOR PROBLEMS" herecan’t grow: “management” a failurescarce, reluctant labor ...

D. LOGIC OF WAGE LABOR.D. LOGIC OF WAGE LABOR.a. “Free labor” vs. indentured but protectedb. Workers start losing control of way work is donec. External discipline was hard to comply with

E. 19th Century America: Traditional E. 19th Century America: Traditional Enterprise Enterprise

Local and Regional EconomiesScarce laborEarly technology holds back economic developmentSimple hierarchyUnmet demand for high volume productionSmall scale production; artisans dominant; putting-out system

Wednesday next: submission of hard-copies of take-home question

1) if you plan to write your answer in the blue-book, ignore this. 2) Cover page required: Name and Alpha # in upper right hand corner

(Note Alpha number from overhead)3) Show your title (indicating your “YES”, “NO” position) in the center of the cover page4) Start your answer on the next (inside) page.5) Paperclip your COVER PAGE TO REST OF ANSWER PAGES. (No staples, please)

More about the answer pages

6) Only place your Alpha # in the top right hand corner of that page. No name!7) Please do NOT submit a printout from the conference 8) Reason…..fairer evaluation of answers w/o regard to who did prior work or not Also9) formatting control will be better but…10)… but omit any reference to this being a second or final draft on the answer materials per se.

III. III. WORK IN EARLY CAPITALIST WORK IN EARLY CAPITALIST WORKPLACES:WORKPLACES:

PPrere--management period employment relationships management period employment relationships (1860 (1860 -- 1920)1920)

A. DRIVE SYSTEM: FOREMEN

1. Foremen's functions included:hire/fire; set $ rates,”drive” the workers.2. Legacy of Foremen’s Empireharsh supervision->turnover,lost production --> better way to control work?

B. INSIDE CONTRACTINGB. INSIDE CONTRACTING1. LEGACY OF PUTTING OUT SYSTEM2. THE SETTING:3. WHAT IT WAS.... 4. INDUSTRY EXAMPLES OF ITS USE:5. SIGNIFICANCE OF INSIDE CONTRACTING...6. WHY AND HOW IT FADED....

C. PIECE RATESC. PIECE RATES1. CHARACTERISTICS OF: by piece, or based wage + % over minimum quantity2. HISTORIC LEGACY: anti-guild, from putting -out

Piece rates continued3. DIFFICULTIES WITH PIECE RATESRate setting a mess. Deception, cut rates more so4. SIGNIFICANCE(S) OF PIECE RATESLittle increase in control; lot of records to keep5. PAVED THE WAY FOR: Scientific Mgmt, machine-paced work, MORE clerks!

••IV. IV. WORK IN THE EARLY WORK IN THE EARLY CAPITALIST WORKPLACESCAPITALIST WORKPLACES

••Early Management PeriodEarly Management Period

A. SYSTEMATIC MANAGEMENTA. SYSTEMATIC MANAGEMENT1. WHAT WAS IT? (1st by engineers)Early cost accounting, inventory control, central purchasing, incentives ($bonus)2. CONDITIONS BRINGING IT FORTH Abuse of foremen; depression--> interest in mgmt, plants growing, # of trained engineers.

B. SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENTB. SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT1. TAYLOR ARRIVES ON THE SCENE (‘95)2. Assumptions: workers will “soldier”; but also will work for more $$3. PROCEDURES/ TECHNIQUESa. Time/motion study --> skilled work reduced to simple,few task jobs; no “training” neededb. wage standards; differential piece rate =more work->more $/piecec. Functional (specialized) foremen:

Taylor continued4. CONSEQUENCES AND IMPLICATIONS:a) focus on improved efficiency with existing machine technology;b) focus on reorganizing work processes, not mechanizationc) need low skills, $ only motive, labor seen as plentiful, interchangeable-->labor a commodity

d) Contrast! : Ford’s substitution of machinery for labor.

History of work: from the History of work: from the guilds…to Taylorguilds…to Taylor

Another motivation for this material…Garson cites Taylor (120 so far)(165-7 in Ch 7 to come)Tried to show what Taylor and “scientific management” grew out of

“Quiz” over Hist1 lecture“Quiz” over Hist1 lectureQ1)Fill in this table. Each row belongs to one of the systems described in this lecture.Name Major difficulty with: Significance of:A) Guilds ? ?B) Putting out ? ? C) Early Factories ? ?D) Drive system ? ?E) Inside Contracting ? ?F) Piece Rates ? ?G) Scientific Mgmt ? ?

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