Why do they Hate US? Westernization –Imperialism US overthrew Iranian elected prime minister in 1952 and replaced him w/ a king –Cultural Imperialism –economic.

Why do they Hate US?• Westernization– Imperialism

• US overthrew Iranian elected prime minister in 1952 and replaced him w/ a king

– Cultural Imperialism

– economic imperialism

• OIL

• Iraqi sanctions/embargo (1990-2002)

– over 1 million dead

» half of them under 5 yrs

• Support of Israel– $3 billion a year

– uses $ to fight Palestinians

• Support Saudi Arabia– continued military bases

• Good vs. Evil

Why use terrorism?• Guerilla Warfare

– Desire to wound a more powerful foe.– You may be more powerful, but you can still bleed

• The higher the target’s profile, the better.– American Embassies in Africa (Aug. 1988)– World Trade Center (1993 & 2001)

• Military targets– Beirut, Lebanon (1983)

• 241 Marines killed

– Pentagon– US naval ships (USS COLE in Oct. 2000)

• About sending a message!!

JIHAD – Holy War??!– Terrorism: Uses violence

to achieve a political or religious end

– Terrorist: Someone who performs acts of terrorism.

– State Sponsored v. groups/individuals

– Jihad: “Striving or Struggling in the Way of God” (Muslims should try to strive to know and do the will of God)• Greater Jihad: Struggle

with yourself to do what is right.

• Lesser Jihad: Outward defense of Islam.

TERRORIST OR FREEDOM FIGHTER??

History of Islamic Fundamentalism

• Muslim movement against westernization and secularism that supports a return to the values of

the Quran • 1928: Muslim Brotherhood

– Egypt

– Hassan al-Banna– http://i-cias.com/e.o/mus_br_egypt.htm

• Why hatred toward USA?– 1952-’79: Iran

– 1979-’89: Afghanistan• ’88: AL-QAEDA founded

– 1991: Iraq invades Kuwait• US forces sent to Saudi Arabia

– Support of Israel

Anti-IsraelIslamic Fundamentalist Groups

• Goal: the destruction o/t state of Israel– Reside in West Bank & Gaza– Build schools, clinics, roads, etc– Political parties

• HAMAS: Islamic Resistance Movement– Leading political party in Gaza

Strip– Sunni

• Islamic Jihad: – Sunni

• Hizbullah: Party of God– Southern Lebanon– Shiite Muslims

CAUSES OF THE IRANIAN REVOLUTION (1979)

• ’53: US-CIA w/UK overthrew democratically elected Mu. Mossedegh

• Shah was SECULAR– Westernization– Social programs failed

• Opposed to Iran/US alliance• Corrupt gov’t• SAVAK: Iran’s secret police

oppressed opposition

EFFECTS OF IRANIAN REVOLTION

• led by Ayatollah Khomeini– Theocracy created– Shariah law implemented– Muslim traditions enforced

• Nationalized all foreign owned businesses & OIL

• Iran-Iraq War ’80-’88• Shah of Iran fled to US

– American Embassy seized• 52 Americans taken hostage

• crisis lasted 444 days

SOVIET INVASION OF AFGHANISTAN (1979-89)

• Communist gov’t comes to power in Afghanistan– Cold War tensions arise– Soviet’s support new gov’t

• thus invade

• US supports Afghan rebels– supplied STINGER missiles– trained Afghan rebels in Pakistan

• mujahedeen: holy warriors– Osama bin-Laden

• becomes Al-Qaeda

• Civil war begins btwn opposing Afghan groups– Taliban are the victors

IRAN-IRAQ WAR (1980-88)

• CAUSES• 1980: Iraq invaded Iran• seized the Shatt al-Arab

waterway– key access to the

Persian Gulf

• attempt to end Iranian support of Shiite Muslims that live in southern Iraq

• EFFECTS• Over a million killed• mined t/ Persian Gulf• Tanker Wars• economic collapse• no winner

Who is shaking hands with Saddam Hussein?

PERSIAN GULF WAR (1991)

• CAUSES• Iraq in debt due to

Iran-Iraq War• 2 Aug 90: Iraq

invaded Kuwait– claims Kuwait as

province of Iraq

• access to oil fields• greater ACCESS t/t

Persian Gulf

• EFFECTS• US/UN led COALITION• DESERT STORM• trade embargo against Iraq

– in place until US invasion ‘03• bombing campaign

– @ 100,000 Iraqi soldiers killed• Iraq sends SCUD missiles against Israel • Iraq easily defeated

– retreating soldiers set fires to Kuwaiti oil wells

• Continued presence of US troops in Saudi Arabia

Persian Gulf sits atop the world’s largest known oil reserve.

Iraq’s No Fly Zones

“Those that are willing to give up their liberties for temporarysecurity, deserve neither.” Benjamin Franklin

Islamic Fundamentalism: What should we do about it??

• Remove all American military forces from the Arabian Peninsula.

• Remain in Iraq to develop democracy as a model for other Muslim countries.

• Pressure Muslim countries to close religious schools that preach hatred.

• Provide foreign aid to Muslim countries in order to reduce unemployment and poverty.

• Give foreign aid to countries that curb Islamists.• Work to achieve security and justice for Israel and

Palestine.• Capture, try, and (if convicted) execute Osama bin-Laden.• Lessen our dependence on MidEast oil.• How to deal w/ the Causes?? Effects??