What should I eat? Awareness of Canada’s Food Guide
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Lana Vanderlee, Cassondra McCrory & David HammondCPHA Annual MeetingMay 27, 2014
What should I eat?Awareness of Canada’s Food Guide
2Image credit: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/food-guide-aliment/order-commander/index-eng.php#a1
3Image credit: http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/the-politics-of-food-guides-1.1268575
4Image credit: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/food-guide-aliment/order-commander/index-eng.php#a1
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• Few adults meet recommendations1,2
– Particularly for Vegetables and Fruits and Grain Products
• 56% could name four food groups in 1997, and 41% in 2001.3
• Government sources have high credibility, but few people use them4
Background
1. Garriguet D. Overview of Canadians’ eating habits. Health Rep 2004;2:82-620. 2. Black JL et al. Do Canadians meet Canada's Food Guide's recommendations for fruits and vegetables? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013;38(3):234-2423. Canadian Council of Food and Nutrition. Tracking Nutrition Trends: A 20-year history. 20094. Goodman S et al. Use of nutritional information in Canada: national trends between 2004 and 2008. J Nutr Educ Behav
2011;43(5):356-365
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1. Examine awareness of Canada’s Food Guide
2. Examine content knowledge of Canada’s Food Guide
3. Examine knowledge of estimated energy requirements from Canada’s Food Guide
Research Objectives
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Methods
• 10 minute intercept exit interviews
• 2 hospital cafeterias in Ottawa, Canada
• Aug/Sept 2013
• Questions on what they ordered, nutrition behaviours and knowledge, and socio-demographics
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Measures • Last use of Canada’s Food Guide
• Knowledge of food groups
• Knowledge of recommended servings of each food group–Vegetables and Fruit = 7-10–Grain Products = 6-8–Milk and Alternatives = 2-3–Meat and Alternatives = 2-3
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Measures • Knowledge of recommended calorie
intake• Physical activity level
• Socio-demographic measures
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Analysis• Linear regression – Number of food groups names (0 – 4 groups)
– Adjusted for socio-demographic variables• Gender• Age• Ethnicity• Income• BMI• How recently they had viewed the food guide
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Results
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Sample Characteristics
• 59% female
• 30.3% 55+ years
• 47.3% > $80,000/yr household income
• 80.8% White
• 53.9% overweight or obese
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Milk and Alterna-
tives
Vegetables and Fruit
Meat and Alternatives
Grain Products
All four groups
80% 78%73%
66%
43%
53%
18%
51%
6%1%
Recalled groupRecalled correct servings
Ability to recall food groups (n=1,048)
Milk and Alternatives
Vegetables and Fruit
Meat and Alternatives
Grain Products
All four groups
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Milk and Alterna-
tives
Vegetables and Fruit
Meat and Alternatives
Grain Products
All four groups
80% 78%73%
66%
43%
53%
18%
51%
6%1%
Recalled groupRecalled correct servings
Ability to recall recommended servings (n=1,048)
Milk and Alternatives
Vegetables and Fruit
Meat and Alternatives
Grain Products
All four groups
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Who recalled more food groups?
• Viewed the food guide (p<0.001 for all)
• Females (p=0.013)
• Younger age categories (p<0.01)
• White participants (p<0.001)
• Higher income groups (p<0.01 for all)
• BMI was not significant
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Knowledge of calorie recommendations
• 4.7% could identify recommendation specific to age, gender and physical activity level
• 29.0% could identify recommendation specific only to age and gender.– 50.0% underestimated– 8.8% overestimated– 12.2% were not able or willing to provide a guess
• Answers ranged from 3 to 20,000 calories
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Limitations & Strengths
Limitations• Sample from hospital cafeterias• Broad categories for “correct” responses
Strengths• Unprompted recall of groups and
recommended servings
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Discussion
• Relatively low levels of use of Canada’s Food Guide and very low levels of knowledge of food guide content.
• Knowledge was lower among populations that face health disparities
• Very few participants knew calorie recommendations – Implications for nutritional literacy and ‘calorie literacy’
21Image credit: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/food-guide-aliment/order-commander/guide_trans-trad-eng.php and http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/pubs/fnim-pnim/index-eng.php
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Discussion
• Relatively low levels of use of Canada’s Food Guide and very low levels of knowledge of food guide content.
• Knowledge was lower among populations that face health disparities
• Very few participants knew calorie recommendations – Implications for nutritional literacy and ‘calorie
literacy’
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Conclusion
• Poor ‘basic understanding’ of Canada’s official recommendations for diet and nutrition.
• Improving knowledge and understanding of CFG may lead to improved nutrition behaviours
• Sustained campaigns and coordinated efforts with other nutrition programs may improve uptake.
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Additional support provided by:
AcknowledgementsFunding for the project provided by:
Stipend support to Lana Vanderlee funded by the CIHR Training Grant in Population Intervention for Chronic Disease Prevention: A Pan-Canadian Program (Grant #53893)
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Questions?
Lana Vanderlee PhD StudentSchool of Public Health and Health SystemsUniversity of Waterloo
Email: lana.vanderlee@uwaterloo.caTel: 519-888-4567 ext. 31066
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