What is Artificial Intelligence?

What is Artificial What is Artificial Intelligence?Intelligence?

What does it mean to talk about a What does it mean to talk about a program being “intelligent”?program being “intelligent”?

How will we know when we’ve How will we know when we’ve succeeded?succeeded?

What is “intelligence”?What is “intelligence”?

Is this even the right question to ask?Is this even the right question to ask?

Perhaps a better question would be Perhaps a better question would be “what is intelligent behavior?”“what is intelligent behavior?”

There are, of course, many possible There are, of course, many possible answers.answers.

Thinking vs. ActingThinking vs. Acting

Should we be more interested in how Should we be more interested in how machines “think”, or how they act?machines “think”, or how they act?

By “think” we mean process input By “think” we mean process input information.information.

By “act” we mean generate appropriate By “act” we mean generate appropriate outputoutput

Intelligent behaviorIntelligent behavior

AdvantagesAdvantages Entity behaves intelligentlyEntity behaves intelligently ““If it walks like a duck and it talks like a If it walks like a duck and it talks like a

duck….”duck….” DrawbacksDrawbacks

Lack of flexibilityLack of flexibility The The Turing TestTuring Test measures how close a measures how close a

machine is to human-like behavior machine is to human-like behavior ((GOFAIGOFAI))

Intelligent ThoughtIntelligent Thought The other idea is to build systems that at The other idea is to build systems that at

also also thinkthink in an intelligent fashion. in an intelligent fashion. Advantages:Advantages:

More flexibilityMore flexibility

DisadvantagesDisadvantages:: Much more complicated. We’re no longer Much more complicated. We’re no longer

simply interested in outcomes, but also simply interested in outcomes, but also interested in process.interested in process.

Same or different?Same or different?

A brief history of AI:A brief history of AI:PrehistoryPrehistory

AutomataAutomata

Descartes: Animals as machinesDescartes: Animals as machines

Computing machinesComputing machines

Da Vinci, Pascal, and SchickardDa Vinci, Pascal, and Schickard

Babbage’s Difference Engine Babbage’s Difference Engine and Analytical Engineand Analytical Engine

The First breakthroughThe First breakthrough

The Analytical Engine was the firstThe Analytical Engine was the firststored program computerstored program computer..

Such a computer has a set of basic Such a computer has a set of basic instructions used in different sequences to instructions used in different sequences to perform calculations.perform calculations.

Complex calculations can be built from Complex calculations can be built from simple instructionssimple instructions

The Turing TestThe Turing Test

Passing grades?Passing grades?

PARRY the Paranoid RobotPARRY the Paranoid Robot

Eliza: Eliza: http://www-ai.ijs.si/eliza-cgi-bin/eliza_script

Chat bots: Chat bots: http://www.botspot.com/search/s-chat.htm

What about my cats?What about my cats?

Information processing Information processing theorytheory

The symbol system The symbol system hypothesishypothesis

Successes:Successes: Logic TheoristLogic Theorist SHRDLUSHRDLU GPSGPS MYCIN and other Expert SystemsMYCIN and other Expert Systems

Searle’s Chinese RoomSearle’s Chinese Room

Does the Chinese Room hold Does the Chinese Room hold water?water?

Put another way, the Chinese Room Put another way, the Chinese Room focuses on the process inside the room. focuses on the process inside the room. What about the totality of the system?What about the totality of the system?

Where is the burden of proof?Where is the burden of proof?

How do you know your neighbor is not just How do you know your neighbor is not just a complicated robot?a complicated robot?

Is it fair to place a higher burden of proof Is it fair to place a higher burden of proof on artificial systems, just because we on artificial systems, just because we know how their constructed?know how their constructed?

Meaning and Understanding Meaning and Understanding in symbol systemsin symbol systems

Lots of people latch onto “understanding” Lots of people latch onto “understanding” as the difference between human and as the difference between human and artificial systems.artificial systems.

What does it mean to “understand?” What does it mean to “understand?” Where does “meaning” come from?Where does “meaning” come from?