Vulnerability of Human Organizations: Models & Methodological Synthesis Vulnerabilita delle Organizzazioni Umane: Modelli e Sintesi Metodologica Adam Maria.

Vulnerability of Human Organizations: Models & Methodological Synthesis

Vulnerabilita delle Organizzazioni Umane: Modelli e Sintesi Metodologica

Adam Maria Gadomskihttp://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it

2 December 2005

Part III

Presentation outline

• Recalls

• Top-Definitions: top-intuitive, action-reaction frames

• Models: key properties, model network

• Vulnerability (weak points): observability

• Methodology for Problem Investigation Strategies• soft and hard improvements

• Intelligent Infrastructure Network: Conclusions

This research is focused on:

elaboration of models for the computer simulation and what-if analysis

of the vulnerability of human organizations

We are focused on the vulnerability of h-organization caused by Vulnerability of D-M processes.

-numerous studies lead to the conclusion that the main critical aspect of organizational vulnerabilities is a decision-making. (Part I)

vulnerability decreasing should lead to the reduction of the possibility of losses caused by organizational decisional errors in situations of crisis and emergency.

Objective of the workObjective of the work

ENVIRONMENT

Decisional Processes Network

Ind. DM

Org.DM

Intra-Org.DM

Aut.DM

Org.DM

Aut.DM

Main Concepts Definitions: Emergency, Crisis,Vulnerability

Syntetic def.

Vulnerability: Lack of immunity or insufficient résistance on unexpected but possible events.

Crisis: a complex situation/phenomenon where a routine management is not more efficient.

Crisis creates a system with unknown functionality [Addis,1990] and behavior.

Crisis can appear on various organizational levels.

In extreme crisis situation routine control/management is not more possible.

Using a model-base interpretation:

Crisis is when the model applied for the management is not more adequate to the real organization structures and processes.

SoA: Human-Organizations Vulnerability (HOV)SoA: Human-Organizations Vulnerability (HOV)

Main Concepts Definitions

Emergency is focused on unacceptable levels of risk and losses generation caused by abnormal events and immediate interventions is or have to be performed during whole emergency state.

Crisis states usually activate, sooner or later, an emergency state. [Gadomski.1990].

Vulnerability is a readiness to a crisis state. We distinguish two basic types of vulnerability:

A. Vulnerability on external events: dangerous situations, attacks, intrusions

- human-based threats, natural threats, technological, market threats.

B. Vulnerability on internal events: internal crisis, pathologies, improper reorganization.

Efficacy of organization in its mission realization is considered its top-attribute.

Human-Organizations Vulnerability (HOV)Human-Organizations Vulnerability (HOV)

How these concepts look from Organization perspective

Visibility of Vulnerability: action-reaction frameworkVisibility of Vulnerability: action-reaction framework

Hypothetical qualitative curve of the efficacy of an organization in its lifecycle.

Lifecycle phasesFoundation Self-organization Proper Activity Re-organization Proper Activity

Efficacy

Domain of Interest

Now we may talk about links between: vulnerability – crisis - emergency

We have different levels of emergencyThey depend on the nature of emergency and risks.Emergency level i necessary critical efficacy level i, Efi.

Visibility of Vulnerability: action-reaction frameworkVisibility of Vulnerability: action-reaction framework

We may distinguish three following necessary critical efficacy levels:

- Survive efficacy, Ef0.

- Emergency Critical efficacy, Ef1

- Routine Critical efficacy, Ef2 (enable

bureaucratic functioning)

Crisis

Efficacy Proper Activity phase Re-organization

Vulnerability

Pathological organiz.

Vulnerability

If organization efficacy ef < Ef1 then organization is vulnerable

Modelling Problems: definition of: metrics, measurement, estimation/assessment of

ef (t) , Ef2 , Efo, for t ∈ T. For this we needs models.

1. Main Organization observables (attributes)

2. Models as a networks aggregate (start from recognition of objects – relations - changes)

Recognition of:

1. Critical functionalities (in function network)

2. Critical points (in system network)

3. Critical processes (in process network)

4. Dynamics (propagation of vulnerability)

Vulnerability Identification MethodologyVulnerability Identification Methodology

Vulnerable objects and relations

(TOGA Methodology) How to model ?

Existing approaches to HOV modeling

We distinguish three main types of modeling approaches in the SoA:

1. Soft modeling: descriptive, partial and intuitive – human-user-oriented

2. Hard mathematico-physical modeling: partial, continuous processes, difficulty with measurements, idealistic – for illustrative simulations, Computer oriented, numerical and logical calculations ( for example: Operational Research).

3. Flexible socio-cognitive modeling: computational, real-world conditions, systemic, AI techn., external and internal observers. For simulation and decision-support. Interdisciplinary, Human-computer oriented. In the development.

Human-Organizations Vulnerability (HOV)Human-Organizations Vulnerability (HOV)

Our domain of Interest We need a formal theory.

We need completeness & utility

HOT is a Real-World theory, it means it has to be complete on the level of generality of a real-world description in order to fulfill utility requirements.

Remark: Every theory is a knowledge.

Most generally and formally speaking:

let U denotes an infinite set of states of real world W, and Mx denotes a complete

model of W then Thy is a real world theory if exist such set of states U in

attributes space Y related to the goal X (A) of the model Mx and:

Human-Organization TheoryHuman-Organization Theory (HOT): Modeling (HOT): Modeling FrameworkFramework

Thy(W) Mx(U), where U U and nA ==n Y

Examples of a complete description of the W

M1: { A, B }, where A denotes all material objects and B are all only energy objects.

M2: {A, B, C, D }, where A are all humans, B are all their interactions, C are other W

components, D are other interactions. HOT ( a sub-theory of TOGA)

Methodological soc-cog framework: TOGA

According to the current needs. TOGA will be introduced successively and we will use TOGA’s:

- axioms…

- terminology

- generic systemic computational models

- methodology

Top-down – problem recognition & specification

Object-based – a fundamental conceptualization

Goal-oriented – problem recognition & specification

Approach

HOT’s Top-Ontology: First comprehension levelHOT’s Top-Ontology: First comprehension level

Human organization,

Environment,

Interactions, R

(, R, )

Foundation Goal,

Human organization is an artificial system which includes human components

We use: G-S interrelation

Theorem

Every components of the triple (, R, ) is

decomposable, i.e. 1, 2, … R1, … 1, 2, … are

functionally, processually and structurally connected.

i, Rj, k which are components subsequently of : , R, .

Proof: it results from the TOGA axioms.

A modeler ( M ) perspective

Valid for every problem

HOTHOT Top-Ontology: Definition of vulnerabilityTop-Ontology: Definition of vulnerability

Human organization,

Environment,

Interactions, R

Domain of Activity,

States, S

Foundation Goal, …

Vulnerability on X , v

Vulnerability v(, X) is an attribute of , when exist such class of S(, )

which may produce losses for in the case of the R| X , where X denotes a

specific class of R characterized by an unaccepted risk.

Possible h-organization worlds

include domains of activity with:

- goal-domain

- cooperation domain

- intervention domain.

Abstract objects

HOTHOT Top-Ontology: Identification of vulnerability:Top-Ontology: Identification of vulnerability:

Human organization,

Environment,

Interactions, R

Domain of Activity,

States, S

Vulnerability on X , vRisk r

Observation time

Interval T

Identification of the vulnerability requires an identification of

objects and relations involved:

v(, X) W (, , S(, ), R|X )

W - denotes a world of problem.

On the other hand, identification of v(, X) is necessary for its analyzing and reducing.

Therefore we need to have a problem-independent framework of a generic world of problem :

W (, , S(, ), R|X (r, .), T)

Such model has to be decomposed successively and should enable to observe and simulate pathologies of organizations which lead to organizational erroneous decisions.

HOTHOT Top-Ontology: Identification of Problem WorldTop-Ontology: Identification of Problem World

W (, , S(, ), R|X (r, .)) ……… (*)

is a carrier of organizational decisional processes (ODM).

ODM is constructed on different levels of h-organization.

We need to identify such set of observable/measured

attributes (AW) which will be common for the model of W and ODM.

In this case, modification of ODM will change W and will

lead to the changes of v(, X).

In order to find AW the components of the W model (*) have to be decomposed and individually modeled.

Some separate models of the W-model components are in the subject matter literature.

Human organization,

Environment,

Interactions, R

Domain of Activity,

States, S

Observation time

Interval T

Problem world W

Decisional ODM processes

Common Space AW

HOTHOT Top-Ontology: Models ofTop-Ontology: Models of thethe components ofcomponents of WW-model -model

We have many specific models of:

• organizations,

• their domains of activity,

• risky and losses generation events (emergency, crisis, …)

• managerial decisional mechanisms,

but they have numerous different goals, conceptualizations (ontologies), and are not integrated/ordered for the vulnerability modeling.

Anyway some critical relations between W-models components are recognized.

Human organization,

Environment,

Interactions, R

Domain of Activity,

States, S

Observation time

Interval T

Problem world W

Decisional ODM processes

Common Space AW

The main are:

ODM – organization structure Individual risk – organization risks – ODM Event types - ODM constrains

Social Factors: Decomposition of the DomainSocial Factors: Decomposition of the Domain

Social factors identification requires decomposition of the organization environment.

Organization World: decomposed objects and relations

intervention

cooperation

dependence

Social factors:

a. development/lifecycle phase; new, old …

b. structural constrains

c. preparedness : proper exercitations

d. politic influences

e. technological communication

infrastructures

Decomposition/specialization

Cognitive Factors: Decomposition of an OrganizationCognitive Factors: Decomposition of an Organization

Cognitive organizational factorsi. individual motivations

ii. accepted risk

iii. individual power and autonomy

iv. individual recognition

Organizational unit

human unit (intelligent agents)

technological support unit

Critical relations:

ODM (decision-making) – org.structure

Decomposition/specialization

Critical relations: intelligent object - decision-making

Organization is seen as an abstract intelligent agent and a embedded complex object.

Here, new cognitive, AI, socio-cognitive perspectives are involved.

Systemic Approach

Information Response

Decision-Making

Managerial IPK resources structured according to the role network.

Intelligent Agent Decomposition: IPK Paradigms

Information is processed by Knowledge: I’ = K j( I ), j=1, …N, for l

where choice of j depends on Preferences.

- Information -

- How situation looks - Past/Present/Future states of Domain-of-Activity (D-o-A)

- Preferences - - A partial ordering of possible states of D-o-A and they determine what is more important

- Knowledge - - What agent is able to associate (descriptive/model knowledge: rules, models) - What agent is able to do in Domain-of- Activity (operational knowledge)

“ Mind Cell” Elementary IPK Computational

Copyright High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group, CAMO, ENEA , http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it Adam M. Gadomski, 23/06/2005

Abstract Intelligent Object Modelling (TOGA,93)Domain of

activity

IPK Cognitive ArchitectureIPK Cognitive Architecture

IPK: Cooperative Intelligent Objects

Real EmergencyDomain

Agent 1

Agent 2

Agent 3

Agent N

Infrastructure Network

. . . .I – information system

P – preferences system

K – knowledge system

Agent Manager

Example

Copy rights High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group, CAMO, ENEA , http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it Adam M. Gadomski, 8/10/2003

[Balducelli,Gadomski,1993]

IPK Bases: an example

Component Errors Modelling

Human ERRORs: Not proper or not sufficient Information

Lack or not proper Importance Scale (Preferences, risk ass.)

Not proper or not sufficient instructions, procedures (Knowledge)

Wrong Cognitive and Organizational Factors (Motivations).

Models are Knowledge

Problem Specifications are: Requested & Modified

Information

Motivations create proper Preferences which activate adequate Knowledge

Basic Modelling Framework

IPK Cognitive computational model (Information, Preferences, Knowledge) Application

I2 = Ki I1, where Ki = P {K}

SOCIO-COGNITIVE ENGINEERING: an Intelligent Organization

TOGA theory framework

OrganizationMission/Fundation-Goal Products/Actions

General Functional Frame

Intelligent Organization is specified by:

set of roles, {}

structure,

decisional mechanisms, ODM , and

Resources/means, , such as information network

(, , ODM, )

All of them can be a cause of

Vulnerability: v(, X) .

Unexpected events

Fig. 1. H-Organization: A graphical illustration of Universal Management Paradigm (UMP): the cooperating-manager environment from the subjective perspective of a pre-

selected decision-making manager [4].

DOMAIN OF ACTIVITY AND MANAGER’s GOAL-DOMAIN

EXECUTOR

information tasks

ADVISOR

expertises COOPERATINGMANAGER

cooperation

SUPERVISOR/ COORDINATOR

tasksinformation

Knowledge & Preferences repository

INFORMER

MANAGERMANAGER

with the same relative internal structure

UMP includes 6 canonical roles and their interrelations

Components: Universal Management Paradigm (UMP)Components: Universal Management Paradigm (UMP)

Dynamic Role Model (computational)

Integration of IPK in the definition of role(TOGA)

Role (competences, duties, privileges )

Competences: what he/she/it is able to do, possessed models of the domain (knowledge)

Duties: responsibility, tasks and requested preferences

Privileges: Access to the information. It produces conceptual images of the domain. Access to execution tools (information); org.power.

The roles are specified by their own IPK Bases Set:

Information Bases – how situation looks, continuously updated

Preferences Bases – importance scales/relations, ethics rules

Knowledge Bases – required models & know how

Remark: Structure depends on roles, and roles depend on IPKs

Pathologies of Organizations: Examples

Adam Maria Gadomski, http:// erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/

High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group, 2005

Complex situation: Every human-agent is in 3 roles together :

1. Organizational role – requested/defined by the structure (fixed)

2. Informal role – applied, structure independent (variable)

3. Personal/real role – really realized (variable)

Conflicts of Roles

Compromise, inefficient risky decisions. Necessity of negotiations

Dynamics of roles may create different lack of congruence between them & conflict of interests

Conflict of Interests/Motivations

Differ Risk-Benefits modelling for

All of them influence Org. DM

Social interest

Organization interest

Personal interest

Decision-Making

New Information or task

Knowledge Base

Preferences Base

Decision-Making

No action/response

Meta-action/Pseudo-action

Action adequate to D-M’er role and situation

Cognitive Definitions [TOGA]

Decision-making: an individual or group reasoning implied by the request/necessity of a choice caused by received information or task, or by delivered conclusion about possibility of risks/benefits. It is started when either choice criteria are unknown or alternatives are unknown and finished when choice is performed.

Action-oriented decision-making: it is a decisional process when alternatives represent possible actions in pre-chosen physical domain.

Mental decision-making: when the final choice refers not to actions but to conceptual objects related to a preselected domain of activity of intelligent agent.

Group decision-making: when responsibility for decision is allocated to a group of intelligent agents and is based on shared decision-making process.

Pathologies of Decision-Making (computational models)

Controlability & updating of Ethics concept

reasoning pathcriticalnode

alternatives

d-mdata decision

decision

Types of Proper and Pathological Decisions

Main classes: - meta-D-M , - pseudo D-M, - proper D-M.

Pathologies are related to:

- response on source type ( “safety” filters );

- response on subject ( lack of competences, emotional reaction, out of Interest).

- response according domain-preferences (organizational/personal role): proper DM.

If D-M autonomy increases then: Efficacy of Control decreases & Importance of Ethics and personal motivation increases. This rule indicate importance of Motivation Management.

Pathology of Bureaucracy: two iron lawsPathology of Bureaucracy: two iron laws

There are two iron laws of bureaucratic behavior of the self-aggrandizement managers :

1. They tend to maximize the resources they control, usually at the expense of their competitors within the organization.[J. Wilson, 2005]

2. They (in different manners) tend to minimaize their own personal risk. [G.Ridman, 2001]

The primary: such actions increase subjective security and informal power.

The second law implies that managers tends to take only unavoidable risks, and all decisions that seem to carry some risk to the decision-maker will be (bucked up) as far as possible.

These laws apply equally to private- and public-sector.

Frequently the personal risk is hidden and officially “does not exist” but it influences strongly bureaucratic decision-making, and it is significant component of vulnerability (VoHO).

Strategies: continuous improvementby D. Keith Denton, Creating a system for continuous improvement - improving an

organization's decision-making process. Business Horizons, Jan-Feb, 1995

• To have continuous improvement , there has to be some factor that binds people together.

• There must be a common purpose, and each member must understand his or her role.

• If you want real, long-lasting change, then you must have a way of focusing people on the change.

Individual motivation building is essential factor for the organization continuous improvement and robustness.

Strategies: Human-OrientedStrategies: Human-Oriented MANAGEMENT OF STRATEGIES:

A primary concern of every consumer of management theory is to understand where it applies, and where it does not apply. {Paul R. Carlile, 2005]

On November 14, 2005, KMCI will hold its One-Day Workshop on Reducing Risk by Killing Your Worst Ideas.

Most contemporary approaches to risk concentrate on assessing risk in the context of some model being applied by the person or group assessing risk, so if that model is false or illegitimate the risk assessment is too.

This workshop views risk assessment from this internal perspective.

It tells you how to reduce risk, particularly in business, by using both creative learning

and critical thinking. The problem of a wrong strategy choice how to cope with vulnerability

- What is clear but How is not yet well defined.Systemic Approach

Response STRATEGIES: TOGA

Strategy ( A, B, C, D, E, F , . ) is a pattern for a class of actions, it depends on attributes of , and R|X..

Components of a Strategy in different phases of the lifecycle of an organization ( they have decrease vulnerability v(, X) ).

A. Learning (continuous knowledge acquisition)

B. Training (real, simulated), games

C. Motivation building (individual, group), competition

D. IDSS functions (computerized, real-time)

E. Reorganization (in crisis)

F. Bottom-up local reasoning according to clear and accepted top-down rules (routine).

Strategies/actions for Decreasing of vulnerability

The take-away Effective knowledge management goes beyond information technology or special, one-time efforts. Successful companies (as reckoned by financial and other performance indicators) set ambitious goals for product development and process innovation and provide a range of financial and nonfinancial incentives for employees who share knowledge with colleagues. http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/article_abstract.asp?tk=352635:991:21&ar=991&L2Risk and carrier building strategies, against soc-cognitive vulnerability

Risk and carrier building strategies (CaBS)- a natural process gives motivation to increase labor effort and to the acceptation of higher decisional risks.

Strategies: Intelligent Infrastructures (IIN)Strategies: Intelligent Infrastructures (IIN)

IINs are highly autonomous systems which support services and industrial/production systems enabling them to execute human end-users oriented functions.

IINs are one of emergent challengers of our new century, they are feasible for realization.

Recently, intelligent infrastructures networks or intelligent networked infrastructures( a "multi-brain nervous system") are becoming emergent components of embedded dependable computer and human-computer systems.

They should lead to the building of different forms of "collective intelligence“ (organiz-human-computer).

EC, Unit G3: "Embedded Systems"

Abstract Intelligent Kernel for Intelligent Infrastructures

Functional requests

We need a software module with capacity of: - autonomy in decision making - reasoning/inferencing in problem solving - learning from the environment and from communication - modification of its own goal - modeling/identification of its world (discovery) - knowledge and information acquisition by communication - interaction with environment by effectors and communication. ... and TOGA includes a preliminary framework of such abstract properties.

Applications: TOGA Methodology for Intelligent Kernel Design

From the ENEA’s Tech. Proposals of the EU Project EIDA,1996 & EMIR 2004

(Abstract Managerial Intelligence)

Based on SPG Approach.

Infrastructure Simulation Game System

World Editor

World Simulator

IntelI.Infrast.Kernel

Human Supervisor or Manager

“Absolute Observer” (designer)

Interface

Servicies Units

Communication

Interface

Communication

Servicies Functional Units Intelligent Infrastructure

Top view of the Infrastructure Simulation Game System

MANAGERMANAGER

INFORMERs EXECUTORs

information tasks

ADVISORs

expertises COOPERATINGMANAGERs

cooperation

SUPERVISOR

tasks informationKnowledge Preferences

An example: Intelligent Chip for m-Learning & m-IDSS

I-Chip

USB m PC PC+Web

Intelligence Infrastrutture Network

Domain of Activity

Artificial Organization – mixed two webs

(Personoids, see Web)http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/wwwerg26701/per-hom2.html

TOGA’s-Model

Computer support & substitution of human functions

HUMAN tasks COMPUTER personoids tasks

Life-functions Information Systems & DSSs or Robots

Social-functions (Decision-Making Sypport Systems) Activities

% contribution to an activity/task

Development of autonomous computer infrastructure networks

Some References, 11. A.M. Gadomski .TOGA: A methodological and Conceptual Pattern for modelling of Abstract Intelligent

Agent. In Proc. of the ‘First International Round-Table on Abstract Intelligent Agent’,25-27 Jan 1993, Enea print (1994).

2. A. M. Gadomski. Personoids Organizations: An Approach to Highly Autonomous Software Architectures, “11th International Conference on Mathematical and Computer Modeling and Scientific Computing,, March 31 - April 3, 1997, Georgetown University Conference Center, Washington.

3. A.M.Gadomski et al., Towards Intelligent Decision Support Systems for Emergency Managers: The IDA Approach. International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management, IJRAM, 2001, Vol 2, No 3/4.

4. A. M. Gadomski, Meta-Knowledge Engineering Server (since \997): http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it

5. Hannan, Michael T., and John Freeman, "Structural Inertia and Organizational Change." American Sociological Review, 49 (1984): 149-164.

6. Amburgey, Terry L., Dawn Kelly, and William P. Barnett, "Resetting the Clock: The Dynamics of Organizational Change and Failure." Administrative Science Quarterly, 38 (1993): 51-73

7. Levinthal, D., "A Survey of Agency Models of Organizations." Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 9 (1988): 153-185

8. Eisenhardt, K. M., "Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review." Academy of Management Review, 14 (1989): 57-74.

9. Simon, H. (1976), Administrative Behavior (3rd edition). New York: The Free Press.

10. Allison, G. (1997), The Essence of Decision. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman & Co.

References, 2

Adam Maria Gadomski, http:// erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/

High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group

1. A.M. Gadomski , SOPHOCLES - - EUREKA & MURST & ENEA: Intelligent Cognitive Systems Engineering, Transparent-sheets, 20/09/2000, Updated 17/06/2001 ENEA , ITEA materials.

2. A.M. Gadomski , SOPHOCLES Project – Cyber Virtual Enterprise for Complex Systems Engineering: Cognitive Intelligent Interactions Manager for Advanced e-Design,

Transparent-sheets, 28/08/2001, ENEA. ITEA materials.3. A.M.Gadomski. TOGA: A Methodological and Conceptual Pattern for modeling of Abstract

Intelligent Agent.Proceedings of the "First International Round-Table on Abstract Intelligent Agent". A.M. Gadomski (editor), 25-27 Gen., Rome, 1993, Published by ENEA, Feb.1994.

4. A.M.Gadomski, "The Nature of Intelligent Decision Support Systems". The key paper of the Workshop on "Intelligent Decision Support Systems for Emergency Management ", Halden, 20th-21st October, 1997.

5 . A.M.Gadomski, S. Bologna, G.Di Costanzo, A.Perini, M. Schaerf. Towards Intelligent Decision Support Systems for Emergency Managers: The IDA Approach. International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management, 2001.

For more information yet:

Thank you

Crisis and Vulnerability.Change management: Resistance to Change in Organisations Summary of a

survey among 245 individuals, (Oliver Recklies) , http:www.themanager.org

Crisis Response: It is no longer a question of “if” an organization will face a crisis; it is, rather, a question of “when,” “what type” and “how prepared” the company is to deal with it (Mitroff et al., 1996).

No one person or organization, no country, nor a system is immune from crisis (Coombs, 1999).

Fink (1986) suggests that planning for a crisis “… is the art of removing much ofthe risk and uncertainty to allow you to achieve more control over your own destiny”.

How to predict threats to ethical decision making during crisis? S. L. Christensen Business &

Society, Vol. 42, No. 3, 328-358 (2003).

Vulnerability Metrics – key problem.Complexity science does not make the current terminology redundant but gives a new context to crisis response. (A. Paraskevas,2005).

Implementing Vulnerability Scanning in a Large Organisation, Defence

in Depth strategy. “have I demonstrably improved the security of my organisation?”R. Grime, 2003.

Presentation outline

• Objective of the work• SoA: Human-Organizations Vulnerability

(HOV)• Human-Organization Theory (HOT) • HOT’s Top-Ontology• Social and Cognitive Factors• Critical Relations (weak points)• IPK, UMP and Role frameworks• Pathologies and Errors• Organization Decision-Making• Strategies• Intelligent Infrastructure Network• Conclusions

Critical relations: decision-making – org.structure

EXAMPLES of Soc-cog CASE STUDY

1. The Collapse of Decision Making and Organizational Structure on Storm King Mountain, T. Putnam, Ph.D. USDA Forest Service, Missoula Technology and Development Center,1995.

2. SOFT MODEL: Restrictive Control and Information Pathologies in

Organizations, W. Scholl Journal of Social Issues, Vol.55 Issue 1, Spring 1999 :

- Restrictive control is a form of power exertion in which one actor pushes his wishes through against the interests of another actor. - Promotive control, if an actor influences the other in line with his or her interests (common interests).Restrictive control has negative consequences for the production of new or better knowledge, because it induces information pathologies that in turn lower the

effectiveness of joint action. These two control hypotheses are tested in a study on 21 successful and 21 unsuccessful innovations.

Vulnerability of Human Organizations: Models & Methodological Synthesis Vulnerabilita delle Organizzazioni Umane: Modelli e Sintesi Metodologica Adam Maria.

visibility of vulnerability

vulnerability syntetic

vulnerability of d

vulnerability decreasing

situations of crisis

internal crisis

basic types of vulnerability

crisis states

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