Violent Crime - Wikispacesdavisonscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Violent+Crime.pdf · Road rage 857,000 assaults ... 18 percent of all violent crime ... PowerPoint Presentation Author:
Post on 20-Mar-2018
224 Views
Preview:
Transcript
Introduction
Expressive violence:
acts that vent rage,
anger, and frustration
Instrumental violence:
acts that improve a
financial or social
position
The Causes of Violence
• Personal Traits and Makeup
Neurological impairments
Low intelligence/ anger management
Abnormal personality structures (brain function)
Physical:
• testosterone levels
• Extra Y chromosome
• Free testosterone was measured in the saliva of 89 male prison
inmates.
• Inmates with higher testosterone had been convicted of violent
crimes.
• 9 out of 11 inmates with the lowest testosterone had committed
nonviolent crimes,
• 10 out of 11 inmates with the highest testosterone had committed
violent crimes. And had more punishments for disciplinary infractions
in prison.
• In the housing unit where peer ratings were most reliable, inmates
rated as tougher by their peers were higher in testosterone."
The Causes of Violence
• Drugs and violence
Psychopharmacological relationship: between drugs and criminal
mind set
Lose your understanding of right and wrong
Commit crime for economic gain when “need” drug
Rival drug dealers or gangs may be violent toward each other.
The Causes of Violence
• Upbringing
Children exposed to
violence at home,
school, and environment
are more likely to use
violence themselves
Parents who fail to set
adequate limits reinforce
a child’s coercive
behavior
Physical punishment
may lead to defiance
• Spanking v. abuse
The Causes of Violence
• Abused Children
Abused children are likely to later engage in delinquent behaviors
Abused children are likely to physically abuse siblings
Abused children are likely to engage in spousal abuse
The Causes of Violence
• Exposure to Violence
People who are
constantly exposed to
violence may adopt
violent methods
themselves
Crusted over: refers to
children who do not
express their
feelings…show no
indication that they are
affected by violence
around them.
(vulnerable to the lure of
delinquent gangs)
The Causes of Violence
• Subculture of Violence
Violence is legitimized by norms and customs
Violence is higher in subculture areas within urban areas
The Causes of Violence
• Peer Group Influences
Gangs are more likely to
own guns and weapons
Gang violence may be
initiated for:
• Display of toughness
• Retaliation for actual or
perceived grievances
• Protection of ownership
(graffiti)
• Protection of turf
The Causes of Violence
National (or regional)
values are predictive of
violence:
• social disorganization
• economic stress
• child abuse rates
• violence by government
• political corruption
• inefficient justice systems.
Murder and Homicide
• Definition of Murder: “the unlawful killing of a human being with
malice aforethought.”
• Degrees of Murder
First-degree murder
• Premeditation
• Deliberation
Second-degree murder
• Wanton disregard
Manslaughter
• Voluntary (heat of passion)
• Involuntary (negligent)
Born and alive
• Feticide
Murder and Homicide
• The Nature and Extent of Murder
About 16,300 people killed in 2003
Almost one-quarter of homicides occur in cities with populations
of more than 1 million
Murder victims (75 percent) and offenders (90 percent) tend to
be male
About 49 percent of all victims are African Americans
Infanticide (about 500 per year)
Eldercide (less than 5 percent per year)
Murder and Homicide
Stranger homicides typically occur during commission of a felony
Acquaintance homicides are much more common
• Spousal Relations
Men may kill spouses or partners for fear of losing control and
power
Most females murder after suffering repeated violent attacks
• Self defense OR
• revenge
Some people kill mates out of jealousy (love triangles)
Murder and Homicide
• Student Relations
90 percent of schools
with 1000 or more
students experience
violence each year
Many offenders have
history of being abused
or bullied
Assault and Battery
• Definition of battery: requires offensive touching (i.e slapping, hitting,
or punching)
• Definition of assault: requires no actual touching, but involves wither
attempted battery or intentionally frightening the victim by word or
deed.
Assault and Battery
• Nature and Extent of Assault
Road rage
857,000 assaults reported in 2003
Most arrests are young White males (80 percent)
Assault rates highest in urban areas during the summer in the
South and the West
Most common weapons are blunt instruments
Assault and Battery
Factors associated with spousal abuse include:
• Alcohol
• socioeconomic factors
• military service
• having been battered as a child
• And control
Robbery
• Definition of robbery: “the taking or attempting to take anything of
value from the care, custody or control of a person or persons by
force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in
fear.”
In 2003, the FBI recorded 413,000 robberies
Northeastern states have the highest rates
There has been a decade-long drop in rates
Robbery
• The Armed Robber
Most common: opportunistic. Not a professional
Robberies seem to peak during the winter months
Choose vulnerable victims
Emerging Forms of Interpersonal Violence
• Hate Crimes are violent acts directed toward a particular person or
members of a group merely because the targets share certain racial,
ethnic, religious, or gender characteristics
• Thrill-seeking hate crimes (sadistic thrills)
• Reactive hate crimes (defensive stand)
• Mission hate crimes (duty bound)
Retaliatory hate crimes are committed in response to “threat”
whether real or percieved
Emerging Forms of Interpersonal Violence
• The Nature and Extent of Hate Crime
During 2003, 9,100 offenses were reported
Racial bias accounts for nearly 49 percent of hate crimes
Religious bias accounts for 17 percent
Ethnicity or national origin bias accounts for 14 percent
Bias against physical or mental disability accounts for 0.5 percent
Emerging Forms of Interpersonal Violence
• Controlling Hate Crimes
Most state have enacted some form of legislation to combat hate
crime
39 states have laws against bias motivated violence
19 states have mandates regarding the collection of hate crime
data
Some suggest bias crimes should be punished more severely
due to the likely chance of violence
• Legal Controls
Virginia v. Black (2003) upheld by the Supreme Court prohibiting
cross burning as intimidation
Emerging Forms of Interpersonal Violence
• Workplace Violence
Considered the third leading cause of occupational injury or death
More than 2 million people are victimized each year
• Creating Workplace Violence
Factors include: management style, romantic relationships, and
irate clients and customers
• The Extent of Workplace Violence
18 percent of all violent crime
Assaults are the most common (1.3 million)
Police officer are the greatest risk, along with correctional officers,
taxi drivers, and bartenders
Emerging Forms of Interpersonal Violence
• Stalking
Affects 1.4 million victims annually
Most stalking stops within one to two years
Most victims know their stalker
Women are most likely to be stalked by an intimate partner,
whereas men are stalked by strangers or casual acquaintances
Terrorism
• What is Terrorism?
International terrorism
involves citizens or
territory of more than
one country
The calculated use of
violence (or threat of
violence) against
civilians in order to
attain goals that are
political or religious
Terrorism
• Contemporary Forms of Terrorism
Revolutionary Terrorism: Use violence in an attempt to replace
the existing government
Political Terrorism: Is directed shaping political or religious
ideology
Nationalist Terrorism: Ethnic or religious groups wanting its own
independent homeland
Cause-Based Terrorism: Use violence to impose their social or
religious code on the world
Environmental Terrorism: Is directed at slowing down developers
believed to be threatening the environment
State-Sponsored Terrorism: Repressive government regime
forces its people into oppression and stifles political dissent
Criminal Terrorism: Incorporates crimes such as drug dealing,
kidnapping, and selling of nuclear materials
Terrorism
• What Motivates Terrorists?
• What does this have in common with gangs?
Socialization to violence
Extreme ideological beliefs
Feelings of alienation and failure (psychological disturbances)
top related