VARIABLE COSTING: A TOOL FOR MANAGEMENT Chapter 6 PowerPoint Authors: Susan Coomer Galbreath, Ph.D., CPA Charles W. Caldwell, D.B.A., CMA Jon A. Booker,

VARIABLE COSTING:A TOOL FOR MANAGEMENT

Chapter 6

PowerPoint Authors:Susan Coomer Galbreath, Ph.D.,

CPACharles W. Caldwell, D.B.A., CMAJon A. Booker, Ph.D., CPA, CIA

Copyright © 2011 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin

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Learning Objective 1Learning Objective 1

Explain how variable costing differs from

absorption costing and compute unit product costs

under each method.

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Overview of Absorption and Overview of Absorption and Variable CostingVariable Costing

Direct Materials

Direct Labor

Variable Manufacturing Overhead

Fixed Manufacturing Overhead

Variable Selling and Administrative Expenses

Fixed Selling and Administrative Expenses

VariableCosting

AbsorptionCosting

ProductCosts

PeriodCosts

ProductCosts

PeriodCosts

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Quick Check Quick Check

Which method will produce the highest values for work in process and finished goods inventories? a. Absorption costing.b. Variable costing.c. They produce the same values for these

inventories.d. It depends. . .

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Which method will produce the highest values for work in process and finished goods inventories? a. Absorption costing.b. Variable costing.c. They produce the same values for these

inventories.d. It depends. . .

Quick Check Quick Check

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Harvey Company produces a single productwith the following information available:

Unit Cost ComputationsUnit Cost Computations

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Unit product cost is determined as follows:

Under absorption costing, all production costs, variable and fixed, are included when determining unit product

cost. Under variable costing, only the variable production costs are included in product costs.

Unit Cost ComputationsUnit Cost Computations

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Learning Objective 2Learning Objective 2

Prepare income statements using both variable and absorption

costing.

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Income Comparison ofIncome Comparison ofAbsorption and Variable CostingAbsorption and Variable Costing

Let’s assume the following additional information for Harvey Company.• 20,000 units were sold during the year at a price

of $30 each.• There is no beginning inventory.

Now, let’s compute net operatingincome using both absorptionand variable costing.

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Absorption CostingAbsorption Costing

Fixed manufacturing overhead deferred in inventory is 5,000 units × $6 = $30,000.

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Variable CostingSales (20,000 × $30) 600,000$ Less variable expenses: Beginning inventory -$ Add COGM (25,000 × $10) 250,000 Goods available for sale 250,000 Less ending inventory (5,000 × $10) 50,000 Variable cost of goods sold 200,000 Variable selling & administrative expenses (20,000 × $3) 60,000 260,000 Contribution margin 340,000 Less fixed expenses: Manufacturing overhead 150,000$ Selling & administrative expenses 100,000 250,000 Net operating income 90,000$

Variablemanufacturing

costs only.

All fixedmanufacturing

overhead isexpensed.

Variable CostingVariable Costing

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Learning Objective 3Learning Objective 3

Reconcile variable costing and absorption costing net

operating incomes and explain why the two

amounts differ.

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Comparing the Two MethodsComparing the Two Methods

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Variable costing net operating income 90,000$ Add: Fixed mfg. overhead costs deferred in inventory (5,000 units × $6 per unit) 30,000 Absorption costing net operating income 120,000$

Fixed mfg. overhead $150,000 Units produced 25,000 units= = $6 per unit

We can reconcile the difference betweenabsorption and variable income as follows:

Comparing the Two MethodsComparing the Two Methods

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Extended Comparisons of Income Extended Comparisons of Income Data Harvey Company – Year TwoData Harvey Company – Year Two

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Unit Cost ComputationsUnit Cost Computations

Since the variable costs per unit, total fixed costs, Since the variable costs per unit, total fixed costs, and the number of units produced remained and the number of units produced remained unchanged, the unit cost computations also unchanged, the unit cost computations also

remain unchanged.remain unchanged.

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Absorption CostingSales (30,000 × $30) 900,000$ Less cost of goods sold: Beg. inventory (5,000 × $16) 80,000$ Add COGM (25,000 × $16) 400,000 Goods available for sale 480,000 Less ending inventory - 480,000 Gross margin 420,000 Less selling & admin. exp. Variable (30,000 × $3) 90,000$ Fixed 100,000 190,000 Net operating income 230,000$

Absorption CostingAbsorption Costing

Fixed manufacturing overhead released from inventory is 5,000 units × $6 = $30,000.

Unit product

cost.

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Variable CostingVariable Costing

All fixedmanufacturing

overhead isexpensed.

Variablemanufacturing

costs only.

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Variable costing net operating income 260,000$ Deduct: Fixed manufacturing overhead costs released from inventory (5,000 units × $6 per unit) 30,000 Absorption costing net operating income 230,000$

We can reconcile the difference betweenabsorption and variable income as follows:

Fixed mfg. overhead $150,000 Units produced 25,000 units= = $6 per unit

Comparing the Two MethodsComparing the Two Methods

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Comparing the Two MethodsComparing the Two Methods

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Summary of Key InsightsSummary of Key Insights

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Learning Objective 4Learning Objective 4

Understand the advantages and disadvantages of both

variable and absorption costing.

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Impact on the ManagerImpact on the ManagerOpponents of absorption costing argue thatshifting fixed manufacturing overhead costs

between periods can lead to faulty decisions.

These opponents argue that variable costing incomestatements are easier to understand because net operating

income is only affected by changes in unit sales. Thisproduces net operating income figures that are

consistent with managers’ expectations.

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CVP Analysis, Decision MakingCVP Analysis, Decision Makingand Absorption costingand Absorption costing

Absorption costing does not dovetail with CVP analysis, nor does it support decision making. It treats fixed manufacturing

overhead as a variable cost. It assigns per unit fixed manufacturing overhead costs to production.

Treating fixed manufacturing overhead as a variable cost can:• Lead to faulty pricing decisions and faulty keep-or-drop decisions.

Assigning per unit fixed manufacturing overhead costs to production can:• Potentially produce positive net operating income even when the number of units sold is less than the breakeven point.

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External Reporting and Income TaxesExternal Reporting and Income Taxes

To conform toTo conform toGAAP requirements,GAAP requirements,

absorption costing must be used forabsorption costing must be used forexternal financial reports in theexternal financial reports in the

United States. United States.Under the Tax

Reform Act of 1986,absorption costing must be

used when filling out income tax returns.Since top executives

are typically evaluated based on earnings reported to shareholders

in external reports, they may feel that decisions should be based on

absorption costing data.

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Advantages of Variable CostingAdvantages of Variable Costingand the Contribution Approachand the Contribution Approach

Advantages

Management findsit more useful.

Consistent withCVP analysis.

Net operating income is closer to

net cash flow.

Profit is not affected bychanges in inventories.

Consistent with standardcosts and flexible budgeting.

Impact of fixedcosts on profitsemphasized.

Easier to estimate profitabilityof products and segments.

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VariableCosting

Variable versus Absorption CostingVariable versus Absorption Costing

Fixed manufacturingcosts must be assignedto products to properlymatch revenues and

costs.

Fixed manufacturing costs are capacity costs

and will be incurredeven if nothing is

produced.

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Variable Costing and the Theory of Variable Costing and the Theory of Constraints (TOC)Constraints (TOC)

Companies involved in TOC use a form of variable costing. However, one difference of the TOC approach is that it treats direct labor as a fixed cost for three reasons: Many companies have a commitment to guarantee

workers a minimum number of paid hours.

Direct labor is usually not the constraint.

TOC emphasizes the role direct laborers play in driving continuous improvement. Since layoffs often devastate morale, managers involved in TOC are extremely reluctant to lay off employees.

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Impact of Lean ProductionImpact of Lean Production

When companies use Lean Production . . .

Productiontends to equal

sales . . .

So, the difference between variable andabsorption income tends to disappear.

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End of Chapter 6