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Using Brackish Water to Meet the State’s Growing Water Demands:
Will There be an Impact on the Oil & Gas Industry?
Background of Desalination: Focus on Brackish Groundwater
• Desal used worldwide
• To date Texas desal capacity modest
• Current Drought brought greater attention to increase water supply
Background of Desalination: Focus on Brackish Groundwater
TEXAS WELL-SUITED
– 300 MILES COASTLINE
– 30 AQUIFERS, ALL INCLUDE BRACKISH
– LBG-GUYTON 2003 REPORTS 2.7 BILLION ACRE-FEET
CURRENT SOURCES
– BRACKISH GROUNDWATER
– BRACKISH SURFACE WATER
– BRACKISH GROUNDWATER
– SEAWATER
Background of Desalination: Focus on Brackish Groundwater
• TWDB says
– Salinity of brackish groundwater or surface water ranges between 1,000 and 10,000 mg/L TDS
– Salinity of ocean water ranges between 30,000 and 35,000 mg/L TDS
Texas and Desalination
Guidance Manual for Brackish Desalination, Joseph W. (Bill) Norris, Texas Desal
September 2013
Groundwater Quality
(mg/L TDS)
> 10,000
3,000 to 10,000
1,000 to 3,000
< 1,000
http://www.twdb.state.tx.us/innovativewater/desal/doc/maps/bracwells_gw_db_all.jpg
Texas Water Development Board Wells in the Groundwater Database
Background of Desalination: Focus on Brackish Groundwater
• Safe Drinking Water Act regulates quality of drinking water in public water systems
• Public water systems include more than your local water utility
• EPA suggests TDS be limited to no more than 500 mg/L
• Texas rules set a limit of 1,000 mg/L
• These parameters for TDS address cosmetic or aesthetic effects, not adverse health effects
Background of Desalination: Focus on Brackish Groundwater
• Desal in Texas
– Is using “mildly brackish” water - between 1,000 and 3,000 mg/L TDS
– About ½ is surface water and ½ is groundwater
– Studies underway for desal of ocean water
– This presentation focuses on groundwater desal
State Water Plan: Use Of Brackish Groundwater Through Desalination
• 307,082 acre-feet of new water supplies from desalination were recommended for development by 2060:
– 181,568 acre-feet of brackish groundwater desalination and
– 125,514 acre-feet of seawater desalination supplies.
State Water Plan: Use Of Brackish Groundwater Through Desalination
• Concerns:
– Cross-contamination of fresh water by brackish water extraction wells
– Lack of data about brackish portions of aquifers
– Presence of substances such as arsenic in source water
Oil & Gas Production Issues: Protection Of Groundwater Quality
• FRACKING
• EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL & GAS BY TRADITIONAL VERTICAL WELLS
• OIL AND GAS DISPOSAL WELLS
• SURFACE DISPOSAL
• GROUNDWATER QUALITY WORTHY OF PROTECTION
• ABANDONED WELLS
Oil & Gas Production Issues: Use Of High Quantities Of Groundwater During Fracking
• Single use and then disposal
• Recycle on-site
• Use brackish and leave fresh for public water supply
Barnett Area Municipal Use = 1 million acre-ft = 326 billion gallons of water.
326 billion gal = 1.2x1012 L
University of Texas, Fracturing and Sand Control JIP, 2010 Annual Meeting.
Water Needs in Shale Gas Well Fracturing
2,700,000 gal = 1.0x107 L
31
The Latest in Membrane Research for Water Purification, Benny Freeman, Texas Desal September 2013
Oil & Gas Production Issues: Role Of Groundwater Conservation Districts
• Standing to challenge disposal well permits?
• Limit fresh water production?
• Limit brackish water production?
Oil & Gas Production Issues: Regulation Of Brackish Groundwater
• 83rd Legislature – bills on brackish water
• RRC well completion rules changes
• RRC injection well rule changes
• RRC oil and gas waste disposal – recycling rule changes
State Regulation: 83rd Session Brackish Water Bills
• SB 1284/HB 2752
• Sen. Schwertner, Rep. Larson, Rep. Callegari
• Public private partnership to partner desalination facility and power generation facility
• Amend TWC Chapter 36 so GCDs have no authority over brackish water (1,000 -10,000 TDS)
State Regulation: 83rd Session Brackish Water Bills
• HB 3718
• Rep. Martinez Fischer
• Uniform regulation of brackish aquifers
• Highest and best use = desalination and use produced water for hydraulic fracturing
• Promote recycling of produced water
State Regulatory Issues: Brackish Water Failed Legislation
• HB 2334
• Reps. Callegari, Lucio III, and Larson
• Regulation, development, and treatment of brackish and marine water
• As introduced: – No TCEQ water rights permit to appropriate brackish
surface water or marine water
– No GCD jurisdiction over brackish groundwater
– Brackish = > 1,000 TDS mg/L
– Marine = > 10,000 TDS and from Gulf
State Regulation: 83rd Session Brackish Water Bills
• HB 2334 – Committee Substitute • Modified TCEQ permit required to divert brackish
surface water • No TCEQ permit required to use seawater • Study needed on various aspects of the use of saline
water of all types • TCEQ to approve plans and specs of desal facilities that
produce drinking water • Establish Texas Center for Innovative Desalination
Technology (University of Houston, UT Brownsville, and UTEP)
State Regulatory Issues: 83rd Session Brackish Water Bills
• HB 2578
• Larson, Callegari, Anderson, & Villalba
• Many of same features of HB 2334 Committee Substitute
• Compromise to bring groundwater regulation into the mix
• Designation of brackish groundwater production zones
State Regulatory Issues: 83rd Session Brackish Water Bills
• HB 3317/SB 1749
• Rep. Keffer & Ken King/Sen. Uresti
• Would exempt water wells supplying drilling, exploration, and completion O & G activities
• Could be construed as exempting hydraulic fracturing water supply wells from GCD jurisdiction
State Regulation: 83rd Session Brackish Water Bills
• SB 873
• Hegar
• Deletes “oil & gas exemption” of TWC 36.117
• Amends to put water wells supplying water for drilling, exploration, or production on equal footing with other permitted wells, but requires expedited consideration
State Regulation: 83rd Session Brackish Water Bills
• HB 2624 • Rep. Ashby • Amend Water Well Driller’s Act (TDLR –
Occupations Code) • Brackish defined as between 1,000 and 35,000
TDS • Wells drilled to produce such water within TDLR
jurisdiction • TDLR groundwater protection rules must be
consistent with those of the RRC
State Regulation: 83rd Session Brackish Water Bills
• SB 1249
• Carona
• Amend Occupations Code – Water Well Driller and Pump Installer Acts
• Clarifies responsibility as between service company and well owner – notice of injurious water and abandoned wells
– plugging and completion
• Shortens deadline for plugging such wells
State Regulation: RRC Rule Changes
• RRC revamped its recycling permit rules
• Amended Rule 8 (16 TAC 3.8 Water Protection) and Commercial Recycle Rules
• Adds semi-mobile commercial recycling facility permit category
• No permit for certain non-commercial recycling facilities
State Regulation: RRC Rule Changes
• Rule 13 (Casing, Cementing, Drilling, Well Control, and Completion Requirements
• Related changes to Rule 99 (Cathodic Protection Wells)
• Related changes to Rule 100 (Seismic Holes and Cores Holes)
• Adopted in June – effective Jan. 1, 2014
State Regulation: RRC Rule Changes
• Injection wells regulated by the RRC
• Disposal wells (Rule 9); wells and operations in hydrogen sulfide areas (Rule 36); and fluid injection into productive reservoirs (Rule 46)
• Adequate protection of freshwater formations and protection of “usable-quality water”
• New rulemaking underway
Groundwater Quality Worthy of Protection
• The City of Odessa desalination project
• Considered CRMWD groundwater
• 6,000 to 12,000 TDS
• 3,500 to 5,000 feet deep
• Fort Stockton option
• Untapped aquifer 3,500 feet down
• Possibly 1,200 to 1,300 TDS
• Trinity Edwards freshwater above at 700 feet
Texas and Desalination
'Brackish' Groundwater
Guidance Manual for Brackish Desalination, Joseph W. (Bill) Norris, Texas Desal September 2013
Use limitations for saline water.
Salt
Concentration Use
(mg/L TDS)
< 1,000 Considered fresh and usable for drinking.
< 1,500 Usable for irrigation, depending on the
crop type and level of specific salts.
< 3,000 Usable for some livestock.
> 3,000 Considered unusable without treatment.
35,000 Seawater Concentration
• End Products
–Guidance Manual
–Interactive Website
• Available from TWDB
Guidance Manual
Availability
Guidance Manual for Brackish Desalination, Joseph W. (Bill) Norris, Texas Desal
September 2013
http://www.twdb.texas.gov/publications/reports/contracted_reports/doc/0604830581_BrackishDesal.pdf
Recycle Produced Water
• Shale formation HF uses millions of gallons of chemical-laced water
• 20% re-emerges as produced water
• Water Rescue Services runs recycling service for Fasken Oil and Ranch
• Goal – not use freshwater for fracking
• RRC revamped recycling permit rules in March
Challenges in Produced Water
Treatment and Measurement
Emerging Trends
Texas Desal
David B. Burnett
Department of Petroleum Engineering GPRI
Texas A&M University
September 2013
GPRI EFD
Challenges Facing Produced Water Management
Varying Water Compositions
Lack of Infrastructure
Public/policy Demands (environmental &
perception Issues)
Water Transport/storage
Variation in Use of Product Water
Disposal
Challenges in Produced Water Treatment and Measurement David B. Burnett, Texas
Desal September 2013
Key Aspects of Treatment:
Offending Materials Produced water: Water
C hemicals(and heavy metals)
Low-solids percentage and distribution
hydrocarbons
Varies by location
Some sort of separation from oil is usually
done
Drilling Wastes Water
H I g h solids (~ 5-8% by volume)
C hemicals (mud additives)
Lower Hydrocarbons concentration
Miscellaneous
Challenges in Produced Water Treatment and Measurement, David B. Burnett, Texas
Desal September 2013
The Environmentally Friendly Drilling Systems
Program
Challenges in Produced Water Treatment and Measurement, David B. Burnett, Texas
Desal September 2013
Demonstra*ng innova*ve technologies that reduce
environmental footprints www.efdsystems.org
www.efd-tip.org
Emerging Trend
EFD Field Trials
Challenges in Produced Water Treatment and Measurement, David B. Burnett, Texas
Desal September 2013
A&M Lab in the Eagle Ford
Challenges in Produced Water Treatment and Measurement, David B. Burnett, Texas
Desal September 2013
Mobile Frackwater Purification Unit
40
The Latest in Membrane Research for Water Purification, Benny Freeman,
Texas Desal September 2013
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