U.S. History-Honors Unit 3: An Emerging New Nation (1783-1850) Chapters 7-9.
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U.S. History-HonorsUnit 3: An Emerging New Nation (1783-1850)
Chapters 7-9
Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below indicating American scholars and artists of the late-17th and early-18th centuries. (pgs. 240-241)
Person Cultural Importance
Mercy Otis Warren
Benjamin Rush
Benjamin Banneker
Charles Willson Peale
Phillis Wheatley
Noah Webster
• Republican Virtues – self-reliance, hard work, frugality, harmony, and sacrificing individual needs for the common good.
• US population 1780 – 2.7 million 1830 – 12 million Why? Average birthrate ~5 children
• Effects of a Mobile SocietyGreat opportunity to improve your life Improved social skills to deal with new people and
settings• Marriage
Courtship – longer periods of getting to know potential spouse
• Protestants Christian Bible, aka Scripture, is the final authority Salvation can only be achieved through a personal belief in
Jesus Demonstrate faith through performing good deeds
• Evangelical movement focusing on congregations
Second Great Awakening
Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below explaining the new denominations that grew during the Second Great Awakening. (pgs. 246-247)
Denomination Leader Beliefs
Methodists
Unitarians
Mormons
Millennialists
“the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.”
-John L. O’SullivanJuly 1845
Acquisition of FloridaSeminole War of 1818
Adams-Onís Treaty
Expansion
• Appalachians - through the Cumberland Gap (KY) into the Ohio River valley
• Rockies – mountain men fur trapped• Soon develop overland trails to mass migrate
settlersOregon Trail – began in 1842; 4-6 months travel.
Wanted land.Mormon Trail – 1847 led by Brigham Young,
Mormons settle near the Great Salt Lake to escape religious persecution
Santa Fe Trail – began in 1821 to trade with Mexico
California Trail – to Northern California to get rich
Daniel Boone
The Doomed Donner The Doomed Donner PartyParty
The Doomed Donner The Doomed Donner PartyParty
James Reed & Wife
James Reed & Wife
Margaret Patrick John Breen Breen Breen
Margaret Patrick John Breen Breen Breen
April 1846 – April 1847 Of the 83 members of
the Donner Party, only 45 survived to get to California!
April 1846 – April 1847 Of the 83 members of
the Donner Party, only 45 survived to get to California!
CANNIBALISM ! !
CANNIBALISM ! !
The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail -Albert Bierstadt, 1869-Albert Bierstadt, 1869
The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail -Albert Bierstadt, 1869-Albert Bierstadt, 1869
The Oregon Dispute: The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or 54’ 40º or Fight!Fight!
The Oregon Dispute: The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or 54’ 40º or Fight!Fight!
By the mid-1840s “Oregon Fever” was spurred on by the promise of free land.
The joint British-U.S. occupation ended in 1846.
California Gold Rush (1849)
California Gold Rush (1849)
Between 1840 and 1860, more than 250,000 people made the trek westward.
Overland Immigration to the West
The Pony ExpressThe Pony ExpressThe Pony ExpressThe Pony Express
• Delivered news and mail between St. Louis, MO and San Francisco, CA
• Took 10 days
• Replaced by the transcontinental telegraph line
• 1821 – Mexico wins independence from Spain• 1822 – Missourian Stephen Austin received permission
from the Mexican government to establish a colony in Texas on three conditions. No slavery Become a Mexican citizen Convert to Catholicism
• Americans ignored these and moved anyway
• They then pushed for greater political power
Texas
Stephen Austin
• Battle of the Alamo (2-3/1836)– Mexico defeats the Texans
• 3/2/1836 – Texans sign their declaration of independence founding the Republic of Texas
• Battle of San Jacinto (4/21/1836) – Texans led by Sam Houston defeat the Mexicans and capture Gen. Santa Anna
• Treaty of Velasco (5/14/1836) – Santa Anna is forced to sign recognizing Texan independence
• 1836-1845: Texas is an independent country
• 1845: Texas is annexed by the U.S.
Texas War for Independence
Sam Houston Davy Crockett
The Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag Republic
John C. FrémontJohn C. Frémont
The Revolt June 14, 1846
* White settlers declare their independence in California
The Revolt June 14, 1846
* White settlers declare their independence in California
The Mexican War The Mexican War (1846-1848)(1846-1848)The Mexican War The Mexican War (1846-1848)(1846-1848)
Causes• Dispute over southern border
of the newly annexed Texas US says Rio Grande Mexico says Nueces River
• Pres. Polk wanted to realize true manifest destiny
• Nov. 1845: US sent diplomat John Slidell to buy California and New Mexico for $30 million. Mexico refused to meet with him or hear his offer.
• Polk sends troops to the border, a few Americans are killed, thus providing a reason to declare war.
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848
Nicholas Trist,American Negotiator
Nicholas Trist,American Negotiator
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848
Mexico gave up claims to Texas north of the Rio Grande.
Mexico gave the U.S. California and New Mexico, plus the modern states of Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and parts of Wyoming & Colorado
U.S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000).
Mexico gave up claims to Texas north of the Rio Grande.
Mexico gave the U.S. California and New Mexico, plus the modern states of Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and parts of Wyoming & Colorado
U.S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000).
The Mexican CessionThe Mexican CessionThe Mexican CessionThe Mexican Cession
Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846
“Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.”
“Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.”
Congr. David Wilmot(D-PA)
Congr. David Wilmot(D-PA)
Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853
Gadsden Purchase – paid $10 million for land needed to build a southern transcontinental railroad
Gadsden Purchase – paid $10 million for land needed to build a southern transcontinental railroad
Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below identifying the American inventor and explaining the effect of their new products during the Industrial Revolution. (pgs. 272-278)
Inventor Inventions When Political, Economic or Social Effect
Samuel Slater
Eli Whitney
Robert Fulton
Francis Lowell
• Roads – Cumberland (National) Road. Most were privately built for profit (i.e. tolls).
• Rivers – acted as transportation themselves or to connect roads. Most important: Ohio and Mississippi
• Canals – man-built waterways connecting waterways. Most important: Erie Canal – linked Atlantic Ocean with Great Lakes
• Railroads – 1828: first railroad in America is constructed connecting Baltimore to the Ohio River (B&O)
Transportation Revolution
• America shifts from an agrarian to manufacturing economy, most notably in New England
• Growth of the free enterprise system aka capitalism• People work outside of the home in specialized jobs• Less self-sufficiency leads to more shopping
• Banking – first appears in the 1780s Loan people money and charge interest thus making a profit Uncontrolled lending led to economic recessions/depressions
called “Panics” in 1819, 1837 & 1839 Banks created bank notes rather than deal in specie
Market Revolution
Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below comparing the economies of the North. (pgs. 280-283)
Economy Old Northwest Northeast
Type of Economy
Industrial
Urban Growth
Major Products
Economic Challenges
Spoiled products
• Manufacturing led to migration to cities from rural areas
• Standard of living was very poor Unsanitary: no sewage or fresh water Lived in tenements
• New factories were designed to make $• Thus they paid laborers very little and forced them to
work long hours (12+ a day)• Led to workers going on strike and forming Labor
Unions to protect their interests
Growth of Northern Cities & Labor
Changes in Cotton Changes in Cotton ProductionProduction
Changes in Cotton Changes in Cotton ProductionProduction
18201820
18601860
• “King Cotton” – nearly all southern states were dependent on cotton productionVirginia and North Carolina stuck with tobacco
• RuralVery few major cities – Richmond, VA; Charleston, SC & New Orleans, LAVery little industry, roads, railroads, or banks
Thus dependent on the North and Europe
Southern Economy
Value of Cotton Exports Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US ExportsAs % of All US Exports
Value of Cotton Exports Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US ExportsAs % of All US Exports
Southern Southern PopulationPopulationSouthern Southern
PopulationPopulation
Slave-Owning Families Slave-Owning Families (1850)(1850)
Slave-Owning Families Slave-Owning Families (1850)(1850)
Only 25% of Southern white families owned slaves.
Southern farmers who did not own slaves were called yeoman.
• Viewed as propertyMost worked in the fieldsOthers cooked, cleaned, or served their masters
• RevoltsDenmark Vesey (1822)
– planned to seize Charleston, SC. Ratted out and hanged.
Nat Turner (1831) – attacked four plantations killing 50+ whites in Virginia. Hanged.
Slavery System & Revolts
Supreme Court case
Significance
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819):
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Directions: Complete the graphic organizer explaining nationalist Supreme Court decisions. (pgs. 291-292)
“Our policy, in regard to Europe…is, not to interfere in the internal concerns of any of its powers; to consider the government de facto as the legitimate government for us; to cultivate friendly relations with it, and to preserve those relations by a frank, firm, and manly policy; meeting, in all instances, the just claims of every power; submitting to injuries from none…It is impossible that the allied powers should extend their political system to any portion of either continent, without endangering our peace and happiness.”
-President James MonroeDecember 2, 1823“Monroe Doctrine”
• 1824 – “Corrupt Bargain” J.Q. Adams wins Along with Sec. of State Henry Clay, promotes American System which saw gov promote economic
development and pass protective tariffs encouraging business growth
• Democratic (Jeffersonian) Republican Party splits Jacksonian Democrats National Republicans
• 1828 – Andrew Jackson wins Largely due to relaxing voting laws
(i.e. you no longer had to own land)
Elections of 1824 & 1828
Henry Clay
“The Great Compromiser”
Voting Requirements in the Early 19th Century
• “The Spoils System” aka patronage • Relied on his “Kitchen Cabinet”• Vetoed more bills than all presidents before him.• Nullification Crisis
Congress passed the Tariff of 1828 heavily taxing imports Hurt the South since it increased the cost of manufactured goods. Called it the “Tariff of Abominations.” South Carolina, led by VP and ex-Sen. John Calhoun declared states could nullify federal laws they viewed as unconstitutional In 1832, they nullified a new tariff and threatened to secede Jackson threatened to send in troops, but Henry Clay negotiated a compromise reducing the tariff and SC cancelled the
nullification
• Vetoed a bill re-chartering the Second Bank of the United States Moved money to pet banks in the states. The lack of a plan to deal with national finances led to the Panics of 1837 and
1839.
Age of Jackson
Andrew Jackson
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Trail of Tears1838 – 15,000 Cherokees are forced to walk over 1,000 miles from GA to OK
25% die.
Indian Leader
Tribe(s) Resistance & Result
Black Hawk
Osceola
Directions: Complete the graphic organizer explaining Indian resistance to the Indian Removal Act. (pgs. 301-302)
• Sequoyah developed Cherokee alphabet
Reform Effort Leader(s) Actions
Protestant Revivalists
Transcendentalists
Temperance
Public Education
Prison
Utopian Communities
Directions: Complete the graphic organizer describing the various reform movements, their leaders, and actions. (pgs. 310-316)
• 1822 – American Colonization Society establishes the colony of Liberia in West Africa to send emancipated slaves and free blacks
• 1831 – Newspaper publisher William Lloyd Garrison opens The Liberator, an antislavery newspaper calling for abolition
• Frederick Douglass Former slave that was self-educated Preeminent antislavery orator Published autobiography in 1845 Served an example of a “good” negro
Antislavery Movement
William Lloyd Garrison
Frederick Douglass
• Divisions within the Movement Women’s participation Race Tactics
• Abolitionists were a vast minority in the North
• They were nearly non-existent in the South
• Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman aka “Black Moses” Abolitionists communicated to slaves through Quilts Link 40,000+ slaves use to find freedom
Antislavery Movement
Harriet Tubman
• Cultural and Legal Limits Place was in the home Raise children Did not engage in public activities Could not vote or keep money earned
• Enter public life thru temperance and abolition movements• 1848 – Seneca Falls Convention
Wrote Declaration of Sentiments calling for women’s rights including suffrage
Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lucretia Mott
Women’s Rights Movement
• 1820s – 143,000 immigrants• 1830s – 600,000 immigrants• 1850s – 2.6 million immigrants
• 1820s-1860s – First Great WavePrimarily from Ireland and Germany
Ireland suffered the Irish Potato Famine Settled in Northeastern cities
Germany had a series of failed rebellions Bought farmland in the Midwest
Rising Immigration
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