United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates of Women (Men) by Age, Annual Averages, 1948-2001.
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United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates of Women (Men) by Age, Annual Averages, 1948-2001.
Slide Design and Animation copyright 2001, Margaret F. Brinig, College of Law, University of Iowa
1948
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16-24years
25-34years
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55-64years
Age 65and
older
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Age 65and
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Age 65and
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Age 65and
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Age 65and
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1955
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Age 65and
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Age 65and
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1958
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Age 65and
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1959
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Age 65and
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1960
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Age 65and
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Age 65and
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1962
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Age 65and
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1963
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Age 65and
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1964
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Age 65and
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1965
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Age 65and
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1966
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16-24years
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Age 65and
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1967
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25-34years
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55-64years
Age 65and
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1968
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16-24years
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45-54years
55-64years
Age 65and
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1969
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25-34years
35-44years
45-54years
55-64years
Age 65and
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1970
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55-64years
Age 65and
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1971
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Age 65and
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1972
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Age 65and
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Age 65and
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Age 65and
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Age 65and
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1977
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Age 65and
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1978
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1980
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1999
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Age 65and
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Market Solutions for Adoption?
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Variable B RISK B RISK B RISK B RISK I: Control Variables: Cohabited 1.7717 5.8808** 1.6776 5.3528** 1.6677 5.2998** 1.6651 5.2863** Number of Children -.6076 .5447** -.6187 .5387** -.6291 .5331** -.6475 .5234** Husband’s Wages -.0019 .9981 -.0047 .9953 -.0046 .9954 -.0050 .9951 Wife’s Wages -.0101 .9899 -.0130 .9870 -.0108 .9893 -.0103 .9898 Husband Black .4167 1.5169* .3728 1.4519* .3759 1.4562* .4213 1.5239* Husband Hispanic .3080 1.3607 .2441 1.2765 .2716 1.3120 .3054 1.3572 Husband Asian .3517 1.4215 .2471 1.2804 .2455 1.2783 .2506 1.2848 Husb American Indian
.5910 1.8058 .4515 1.5707 .3698 1.4475 .3338 1.3962
Different Races .0184 1.0186 .0492 1.0505 .0402 1.0410 .0396 1.0404 Husband’s Education
.0017 1.0017 -.0141 .9860 -.0164 .9837 -.0219 .9783
Wife’s Education .0017 1.0017 -.0083 .9918 -.0154 .9847 -.0142 .9859 Husband Age Marriage
.0002. 1.0002 .0041 1.0041 .0039 1.0039 .0055 1.0055
Wife Age Marriage -.0757 .9271** -.0689 .9334** -.0700 .9324** -.0745 .9282** Husb Parents Divorced
.6762 1.9665** .6231 1.8648** .5941 1.8115** .5326 1.7033**
Wife Parents Divorced
.6771 1.9681** .6203 1.8594** .6096 1.8396** .6080 1.8368**
II: Division of Labor:
Husb Hours Paid Work
.0154 1.0155** .0154 1.0155** .0090 1.0091
Wife Hours Paid Work
.0019 1.0020 .0015 1.0015 .0360 1.0367*
Husb Hours male tasks
-.0244 .9759** -.0253 .9750** -.0926 .9115
Husb Hrs female tasks
.0133 1.0134** .0150 1.0151** .1142 1.1210*
Wife Hours male tasks
-.0417 .9592* -.0386 .9621* -.2882 .7496*
Wife Hrs female tasks
.0065 1.0065* .0066 1.0066* .0497 1.0509**
III. Sense of Fairness:
Husband Household -.1558 .8557 .1775 1.1942 Wife Household -.2478 .7805** -.4391 .6446* Husband Paid Work -.3753 .6871** -.6066 .5452* Wife Paid Work -.0176 .9825 .7369 2.0895** III: Fairness -Hours Interaction
Husb Fairness Paid X Hours Male Tasks
.0201 1.0203
Husb Fairness Paid X Hrs Female Tasks
-.0218 .9784
Husb Fairness H’hold X Hours Paid
-.0054 .9946
Wife Fairness Paid X Hours Male Tasks
.0884 1.0925*
Wife Fairness Paid X Hrs Female Tasks
-.0141 .9860**
Wife Fairness H’hold X Hours Paid
.0092 1.0093*
Husband Fair H’hold X Hrs MaleTasks
.0029 1.0029
Husband Fair H’hold X Hrs FemaleTasks
-.0117 .9883*
Wife Fair H’hold X Hours MaleTasks
-.0079 .9922
Wife Fair H’hold X Hours in FemaleTasks
-.0002. .9997
Husband Fair Paid X Hours Paid Work
.0083 1.0084
Wife Fair Paid X Hours Paid Work
-.0199 .9803**
N
2858
-2LL 778.310 Change (-2LL)
443.766** 44.070** 20.076** 24.066**
According to the National Survey of Family Growth (1995),approximately 500,000 women currently seek to adopt a child. This is about 3.3 times higher than the number of children available for adoption. (National Survey of Family Growth, 1988)
About equal proportions of black and nonblack women sought to adopt in 1988. (Bachrach, London, Maza, 1991). However,numerically and proportionately more black than white children are in foster care.
Race of Child Percent of Total in Foster Care
Number
White Non-Hispanic 36 203001 Black Non-Hispanic 42 239516 Hispanic 15 84924 Asian/PI Non-Hispanic
1 6304
Unknown, unable to determine
4 25346
U.S. Department Of Health And Human Services, Administration For Children And Families, Administration On Children, Youth And Families, Children’s Bureau, The AFCARS Report 3 (Current
Estimates As Of October 2000 (4). http:// www.Acf.Dhhs.gov/Programs/Cb)
All Mothers Depression Drug Use Delinquency Morbidity Variable R2=.046
R2=.070 (N=20195)
R2=.030 (N=20403)
R2=.037 (N=20542)
Constant 6.658 (5.563)**
-2.519 (-3.504)**
8.157 (5.912)**
6.858E-02 (2.255)**
Mother Binges .365 (10.067)**
Child Lives with Mother Only
.461 (2.682)**
.481 (4.866)**
.478 (2.408)**
6.516E-03 (1.494)
Child Lives with Dad Only
1.185 (.287)
2.507 (1.067)
1.184 (.248)
9.175E-02 (.873)
Child’s Age .411 (14.443)**
.337 (20.634)**
5.588E-02 (1.697)*
6.552E-02 (9.052)**
Child’s Sex 1.224 (12.906)**
-.202 (-3.701)**
-1.869 (-17.043)**
-1.81E-03 (-.749)
Household Income (000)
-2.912E-02 (-2.888)**
-8.93E-04 (-1.527)
4.87E-04 (.371)
-7.71E-05 (-3.008)**
Mother’s Age -9.66E-03 (-1.225)
-6.87E-03 (-1.509)
-1.29E-02 (-1.412)
5.260E-07 (.003)
Mother Never Married
1.092 (1.037)
-.440 (-.689)
-.144 (-.119)
1.632E-02 (.610)
Mother is Married .491 (.473)
-.196 (-.311)
-.534 (-.447)
5.651E-03 (.214)
Mother is Widowed
.911 (.852)
-7.62E-02 (-.118)
1.395E-02 (.011)
1.946E-02 (.717)
Mother Divorced-Separated
.764 (.733)
-.168 (-.265)
.181 (.151)
1.302E-02 (.492)
Mother’s Prior Relationship Ended in Divorce
.348 (2.658)**
.304 (4.038)**
.184 (1.215)
-9.23E-04 (-.278)
Mother’s Years of Schooling
-.180 (-8.431)**
-2.86E-02 (-2.344)**
-3.01E-02 -1.221
-4.70E-03 (-8.674)**
Mother is Hispanic 1.604 (1.721)*
-.662 (-1.226)
2.198 (2.048)**
4.109E-02 (1.713)*
Mother is Black -7.221E-02 (-.201)
-1.507 (-20.473)**
-7.82 (-1.882)*
1.839E-02 (2.011)**
Mother is Asian .869 (2.004)**
-.904 (-7.432)**
1.589E-04 (.000)
1.198E-03 (.110)
Mother is Native American
.377 (.788)
-.684 (-2.777)**
.773 (1.400)
3.186E-02 (1.547)
Mother is Other Race
.508 (1.946)*
-.876 (-7.216)**
-.207 (-.685)
9.334E-03 (1.401)
All Mothers Depression Drug Use Delinquency Morbidity
Child Adopted .669(2.549)**
7.083E-02(.474)
.511(1.686)*
1.033E-02(1.547)
Child Fostered .246(.178)
1.053(1.949)*
2.096(1.964)**
6.882E-02(2.959)**
Child Black .798(2.205)**
.400(.956)
2.478E-02(2.688)**
Child Asian .464(1.037)
.327(.638)
2.142E-02(1.904)*
Child Native American
.883(2.060)**
2.056(4.119)**
5.016E-02(4.581)**
Child Other Race .316(1.401)
1.304(4.996)**
2.441E-02(4.250**
Child Black and Fostered
4.856(2.411)**
Child Asian and Fostered
4.075(.676)
Child N.A. and Fostered
5.886(.977)
Child Other Race and Fostered
6.606(2.230)**
A total of 403 children were adopted by both parents, of whom 78 were black. A total of 61 children were foster children, of whom 22 were black. The dataset is Richard Udry, and Peter Bearman, The National Longitudinal Study
of Adolescent Health from the Carolina Population Center, UNC. 1994-95. The URL for the study is http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealth/datasets.html.
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